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47-431: The primary goal of ChronoZoom is to make time relationships between different studies of history clear and vivid. In the process, it provides a framework for exploring related electronic resources. It thus serves as a "master timeline" tying together all kinds of specialized timelines and electronic resources, and aspires to bridge the gap between the humanities and the sciences and to bring together and unify all knowledge of

94-430: A Candidate Recommendation. The criterion for advancement to W3C Recommendation is "two 100% complete and fully interoperable implementations". On 16 September 2014, W3C moved HTML5 to Proposed Recommendation. On 28 October 2014, HTML5 was released as a W3C Recommendation, bringing the specification process to completion. On 1 November 2016, HTML 5.1 was released as a W3C Recommendation. On 14 December 2017, HTML 5.2

141-543: A Living Standard for HTML, continuously maintaining the specification rather than freezing it in a state with known problems, and adding new features as needed to evolve the platform. Since then, the WHATWG has been working on this specification (amongst others), and the W3C has been copying fixes made by the WHATWG into their fork of the document (which also has other changes). The two entities signed an agreement to work together on

188-758: A form of DRM, was "in scope" and will potentially be included in the HTML 5.1 standard. WHATWG 's "HTML Living Standard" continued to be developed without DRM-enabled proposals. Manu Sporny, a member of the W3C , said that EME would not solve the problem it was supposed to address. Opponents point out that EME itself is just an architecture for a DRM plug-in mechanism. The initial enablers for DRM in HTML5 were Google and Microsoft. Supporters also include Adobe. On 14 May 2014, Mozilla announced plans to support EME in Firefox ,

235-642: A large number of elements. They include the basic standard attributes: these include accesskey, class, contenteditable, contextmenu, data, dir, hidden, id, lang, style, tabindex, title . There are also some experimental ones. Both xml:lang and xml:base have been deprecated. The multiple aria-* attributes improve accessibility. The event handler attributes are listed later on. Technically all standard attributes must be accepted by all elements, though they will not function with some elements. The table below lists some common standard attributes, and some elements they can function with. The standard attributes include

282-483: A modifier of a HTML element type . An attribute either modifies the default functionality of an element type or provides functionality to certain element types unable to function correctly without them. In HTML syntax, an attribute is added to a HTML start tag . Several basic attributes types have been recognized, including: (1) required attributes needed by a particular element type for that element type to function correctly; (2) optional attributes used to modify

329-454: A position paper at a World Wide Web Consortium workshop in June 2004, focusing on developing technologies that are backward-compatible with existing browsers, including an initial draft specification of Web Forms 2.0. The workshop concluded with a vote—8 for, 14 against—for continuing work on HTML. Immediately after the workshop, WHATWG was formed to start work based upon that position paper, and

376-508: A public-facing form on 22 January 2008, with a major update and "W3C Recommendation" status in October 2014. Its goals were to improve the language with support for the latest multimedia and other new features; to keep the language both easily readable by humans and consistently understood by computers and devices such as web browsers , parsers , etc., without XHTML's rigidity; and to remain backward-compatible with older software. HTML5

423-508: A refusal to implement EME would have accomplished little more than convincing many users to switch browsers. This decision was condemned by Cory Doctorow and the Free Software Foundation . HTML attribute HTML attributes are special words used inside the opening tag to control the element's behaviour. It is a piece of markup language used to adjust the behavior or display of an HTML element.HTML attributes are

470-613: A second draft, Web Applications 1.0, was also announced. The two specifications were later merged to form HTML5. The HTML5 specification was adopted as the starting point of the work of the new HTML working group of the W3C in 2007. WHATWG's Ian Hickson ( Google ) and David Hyatt ( Apple ) produced W3C's first public working draft of the specification on 22 January 2008. Many web browsers released after 2009 support HTML5, including Google Chrome 3.0, Safari 3.1, Firefox 3.5 , Opera 10.5, Internet Explorer 9 and later. While some features of HTML5 are often compared to Adobe Flash ,

517-480: A single version of HTML on 28 May 2019. In addition to the contradiction in the < cite > element mentioned above, other differences between the two standards include at least the following, as of September 2018 : §9 Communication §10 Web workers §11 Web storage <address> is in section Grouping content . <address> is in section Sections . § 4.3.11.3 Exposing outlines to users The following table provides data from

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564-479: A topic of mainstream media attention around April 2010 after Apple Inc. 's then-CEO Steve Jobs issued a public letter titled "Thoughts on Flash" in which he concluded that "Flash is no longer necessary to watch video or consume any kind of web content" and that "new open standards created in the mobile era, such as HTML5, will win". This sparked a debate in web development circles suggesting that, while HTML5 provides enhanced functionality, developers must consider

611-623: Is also a candidate for cross-platform mobile applications because it includes features designed with low-powered devices in mind. Many new syntactic features are included. To natively include and handle multimedia and graphical content, the new <video> , <audio> and <canvas> elements were added; expandable sections are natively implemented through <summary>...</summary> and <details>...</details> rather than depending on CSS or JavaScript; and support for scalable vector graphics (SVG) content and MathML for mathematical formulas

658-631: Is also possible using JavaScript and HTML 4 , and within SVG elements through SMIL , although browser support of the latter remains uneven as of 2011 . XML documents must be served with an XML Internet media type (often called " MIME type") such as application/xhtml+xml or application/xml , and must conform to strict, well-formed syntax of XML. XHTML5 is simply XML-serialized HTML5 data (that is, HTML5 constrained to XHTML's strict requirements, e.g., not having any unclosed tags), sent with one of XML media types. HTML that has been written to conform to both

705-415: Is considered unsafe. Although most attributes are provided as paired names and values, some affect the element simply by their presence in the start tag of the element (like the ismap attribute for the img element ). The abbreviation element, abbr , can be used to demonstrate these various attributes: This example displays as HTML in blue without being a link, and in most browsers, pointing

752-456: Is intended to subsume not only HTML 4 but also XHTML1 and even the DOM Level 2 HTML itself. HTML5 includes detailed processing models to encourage more interoperable implementations; it extends, improves, and rationalizes the markup available for documents and introduces markup and application programming interfaces (APIs) for complex web applications . For the same reasons, HTML5

799-476: The Fortune 500 U.S. companies implemented HTML5 on their corporate websites. Since 2014, HTML5 is at least partially supported by most popular layout engines. The following is a cursory list of differences and some specific examples. W3C Working Group publishes "HTML5 differences from HTML 4", which provides a complete outline of additions, removals and changes between HTML5 and HTML4. On 18 January 2011,

846-559: The Outercurve Foundation . Work continued through 2014 supported by Microsoft Research (Redmond). The work continues as of 2015 supported by Axiell (Sweden), Fontys University ( Eindhoven ), and the University of Amsterdam . The project code is freely accessible on GitHub . HTML5 HTML5 ( Hypertext Markup Language 5 ) is a markup language used for structuring and presenting hypertext documents on

893-661: The World Wide Web . It was the fifth and final major HTML version that is now a retired World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommendation. The current specification is known as the HTML Living Standard . It is maintained by the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG), a consortium of the major browser vendors ( Apple , Google , Mozilla , and Microsoft ). HTML5 was first released in

940-403: The HTML and DOM standards to WHATWG on 28 May 2019, as it considered that having two standards is harmful. The HTML Living Standard is now authoritative. However, W3C will still participate in the development process of HTML. Before the ceding of authority, W3C and WHATWG had been characterized as both working together on the development of HTML5, and yet also at cross purposes ever since

987-403: The HTML and XHTML specifications and therefore produces the same DOM tree whether parsed as HTML or XML is known as polyglot markup . There is no DTD for XHTML5. HTML5 is designed so that old browsers can safely ignore new HTML5 constructs. In contrast to HTML 4.01, the HTML5 specification gives detailed rules for lexing and parsing , with the intent that compliant browsers will produce

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1034-407: The HTML5 specification work, focusing on a single definitive standard, which is considered a "snapshot" by WHATWG. The WHATWG organization continues its work with HTML5 as a "living standard". The concept of a living standard is that it is never complete and is always being updated and improved. New features can be added but functionality will not be removed. In December 2012, W3C designated HTML5 as

1081-659: The HTML5 specification, and HTML5 also better defines the processing for any invalid documents. The Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG) began work on the new standard in 2004. At that time, HTML 4.01 had not been updated since 2000, and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was focusing future developments on XHTML 2.0 . In 2009, the W3C allowed the XHTML 2.0 Working Group's charter to expire and decided not to renew it. The Mozilla Foundation and Opera Software presented

1128-493: The July 2012 split. The W3C "HTML5" standard was snapshot-based (HTML5, HTML 5.1, etc.) and static, while the WHATWG "HTML living standard" is continually updated. The relationship had been described as "fragile", even a "rift", and characterized by "squabbling". In at least one case, namely the permissible content of the < cite > element, the two specifications directly contradicted each other (as of July 2018), with

1175-606: The Mozilla Development Network on compatibility with major browsers, as of September 2018 , of HTML elements unique to one of the standards: The W3C proposed a greater reliance on modularity as a key part of the plan to make faster progress, meaning identifying specific features, either proposed or already existing in the spec, and advancing them as separate specifications. Some technologies that were originally defined in HTML5 itself are now defined in separate specifications: Some features that were removed from

1222-448: The W3C definition allowing a broader range of uses than the WHATWG definition. The "Introduction" section in the WHATWG spec (edited by Ian "Hixie" Hickson ) is critical of W3C, e.g. " Note: Although we have asked them to stop doing so, the W3C also republishes some parts of this specification as separate documents." In its "History" subsection it portrays W3C as resistant to Hickson's and WHATWG's original HTML5 plans, then jumping on

1269-580: The W3C introduced a logo to represent the use of or interest in HTML5. Unlike other badges previously issued by the W3C, it does not imply validity or conformance to a certain standard. As of 1 April 2011, this logo is official. When initially presenting it to the public, the W3C announced the HTML5 logo as a "general-purpose visual identity for a broad set of open web technologies, including HTML5, CSS , SVG, WOFF , and others". Some web standard advocates, including The Web Standards Project , criticized that definition of "HTML5" as an umbrella term, pointing out

1316-545: The above technologies are included in the W3C HTML5 specification, though they are in the WHATWG HTML specification. Some related technologies, which are not part of either the W3C HTML5 or the WHATWG HTML specification, are as follows. The W3C publishes specifications for these separately: HTML5 cannot provide animation within web pages. Additional JavaScript or CSS3 is necessary for animating HTML elements. Animation

1363-570: The attribute name is used by several element types, but has slightly different functions in each. HTML attributes generally appear as name–value pairs , separated by = , and are written within the start tag of an element, after the element's name: Where element names the HTML element type, and attribute is the name of the attribute, set to the provided value . The value may be enclosed in single or double quotes, although values consisting of certain characters can be left unquoted in HTML (but not XHTML). Leaving attribute values unquoted

1410-413: The bandwagon belatedly (though Hickson was in control of the W3C HTML5 spec, too). Regardless, it indicates a major philosophical divide between the organizations: For a number of years, both groups then worked together. In 2011, however, the groups came to the conclusion that they had different goals: the W3C wanted to publish a "finished" version of "HTML5", while the WHATWG wanted to continue working on

1457-450: The blurring of terminology and the potential for miscommunication. Three days later, the W3C responded to community feedback and changed the logo's definition, dropping the enumeration of related technologies. The W3C then said the logo "represents HTML5, the cornerstone for modern Web applications". Industry players including the BBC , Google, Microsoft , Apple Inc. have been lobbying for

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1504-604: The cursor at the abbreviation should display the title text "Hypertext Markup Language" within a floating yellow background ( tooltip ). In this other example, your text will look like this: Most elements also take the language-related attributes lang and dir . Usually, HTML elements can take any of several most common standard attributes ( See the complete list ): HTML attributes are generally classified as required attributes , optional attributes , standard attributes , and event attributes : Standard attributes are also known as global attributes , and function with

1551-424: The default functionality of an element type; (3) standard attributes supported by many element types; and (4) event attributes used to cause element types to specify scripts to be run under specific circumstances. Doctype HTML is a declaration that tells the browser what version of HTML the document is written in. Some attribute types function differently when used to modify different element types. For example,

1598-464: The end of 2020. Adobe itself officially discontinued Flash on 31 December 2020 and all Flash content was blocked from running in Flash Player as of 12 January 2021. On 14 February 2011, the W3C extended the charter of its HTML Working Group with clear milestones for HTML5. In May 2011, the working group advanced HTML5 to "Last Call", an invitation to communities inside and outside W3C to confirm

1645-507: The inclusion of Encrypted Media Extensions (EME), a form of digital rights management (DRM), into the HTML5 standard. As of the end of 2012 and the beginning of 2013, 27 organizations including the Free Software Foundation have started a campaign against including digital rights management in the HTML5 standard. However, in late September 2013, the W3C HTML Working Group decided that Encrypted Media Extensions,

1692-488: The last major browser to avoid DRM. Calling it "a difficult and uncomfortable step", Andreas Gal of Mozilla explained that future versions of Firefox would remain open source but ship with a sandbox designed to run a content decryption module developed by Adobe, later it was replaced with Widevine module from Google which is much more widely adopted by content providers. While promising to "work on alternative solutions", Mozilla's Executive Chair Mitchell Baker stated that

1739-484: The more capable Cascading Style Sheets . There is also a renewed emphasis on the importance of client-side JavaScript used to create dynamic web pages . The HTML5 syntax is no longer based on SGML despite the similarity of its markup. It has, however, been designed to be backward-compatible with common parsing of older versions of HTML. It comes with a new introductory line that looks like an SGML document type declaration , <!DOCTYPE html> , which triggers

1786-411: The original HTML5 specification have been standardized separately as modules, such as Microdata and Canvas . Technical specifications introduced as HTML5 extensions such as Polyglot markup have also been standardized as modules. Some W3C specifications that were originally separate specifications have been adapted as HTML5 extensions or features, such as SVG . Some features that might have slowed down

1833-462: The past. ChronoZoom is planned as an educational tool as well as a research tool, by allowing researchers to plot various time series data next to each other for comparison. The 1.0 proof of concept was released on April 29, 2010 at the 97th Annual Faculty Research Lecture Series given by Alvarez. A 2.0 beta was released on March 14, 2012, completely rewritten in HTML5 and available as open source via

1880-480: The same results when parsing incorrect syntax. Although HTML5 now defines a consistent behavior for " tag soup " documents, those documents do not conform to the HTML5 standard. According to a report released on 30 September 2011, 34 of the world's top 100 Web sites were using HTML5 – the adoption led by search engines and social networks . Another report released in August 2013 has shown that 153 of

1927-742: The standardization of HTML5 were or will be standardized as upcoming specifications, instead. HTML5 introduces elements and attributes that reflect typical usage on modern websites. Some of them are semantic replacements for common uses of generic block ( <div> ) and inline ( <span> ) elements, for example <nav> (website navigation block), <footer> (usually referring to bottom of web page or to last lines of HTML code), or <audio> and <video> instead of <object> . Some deprecated elements from HTML 4.01 have been dropped, including purely presentational elements such as <font> and <center> , whose effects have long been superseded by

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1974-438: The standards-compliant rendering mode . Since 5 January 2009, HTML5 also includes Web Forms 2.0 , a previously separate WHATWG specification. In addition to specifying markup, HTML5 specifies scripting application programming interfaces (APIs) that can be used with JavaScript . Existing Document Object Model (DOM) interfaces are extended and de facto features documented. There are also new APIs, such as: Not all of

2021-439: The technical soundness of the specification. The W3C developed a comprehensive test suite to achieve broad interoperability for the full specification by 2014, which was the target date for recommendation. In January 2011, the WHATWG renamed its "HTML5" specification HTML Living Standard . The W3C nevertheless continued its project to release HTML5. In July 2012, WHATWG and W3C decided on a degree of separation. W3C will continue

2068-436: The two technologies are very different. Both include features for playing audio and video within web pages, and for using Scalable Vector Graphics . However, HTML5 on its own cannot be used for animation or interactivity – it must be supplemented with CSS3 or JavaScript . There are many Flash capabilities that have no direct counterpart in HTML5 (see Comparison of HTML5 and Flash ). HTML5's interactive capabilities became

2115-402: The varying browser support of the different parts of the standard as well as other functionality differences between HTML5 and Flash. In early November 2011, Adobe announced that it would discontinue the development of Flash for mobile devices and reorient its efforts in developing tools using HTML5. On 25 July 2017, Adobe announced that both the distribution and support of Flash would cease by

2162-534: Was also added. To enrich the semantic content of documents, new page structure elements such as <main> , <section> , <article> , <header> , <footer> , <aside> , <nav> , and <figure> are added. New attributes were introduced, some elements and attributes were removed, and others such as <a> , <cite> , and <menu> were changed, redefined, or standardized. The APIs and Document Object Model (DOM) are now fundamental parts of

2209-407: Was released as a W3C Recommendation. The W3C retired HTML5 on 27 March 2018. Additionally, the retirement included HTML 4.0, HTML 4.01, XHTML 1.0, and XHTML 1.1. HTML 5.1, HTML 5.2 and HTML 5.3 were all retired on 28 January 2021, in favour of the HTML living standard. The combined timelines for the W3C recommendations of HTML5, HTML 5.1, HTML 5.2 and HTML 5.3: The W3C ceded authority over

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