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52-619: On January 27, 2020, the FCC authorized full use of the CBRS band for wireless service provider commercialization without the restrictions to prevent interference with military use of the spectrum. Under the new rules, wireless carriers using CBRS might be able to deploy 5G mobile networks without having to acquire spectrum licenses . Key use cases for CBRS network deployments include Fixed Wireless Access (FWA), mobile network densification, neutral host infrastructure and private networks. The creation of

104-448: A 2018 talk, Schmidt disclosed that the original inspiration for the name came from the location of the then Google Hamburg office's street address: ABC-Straße. Alphabet has chosen the domain abc.xyz with the .xyz top-level domain (TLD), which was introduced in 2014. It does not own the domain alphabet.com , which is owned by a fleet management division of BMW . Following the announcement, BMW said it would be "necessary to examine

156-403: A Series A round of $ 71 million along with Andreessen Horowitz and 20th Century Studios in music startup UnitedMasters , founded by Steve Stoute . In addition to funding startups, Alphabet also invests in more mature companies, including publicly traded companies like Uber and privately held companies like Medium . An analysis of the company's investments in 2017 suggested that it

208-499: A decade by Alphabet's Waymo (self-driving vehicle division). The proprietary technology is related to 14,000 documents believed to have been downloaded and stolen by a former Waymo engineer, subsequently employed by Uber. The lawsuit was settled in February 2018, with Uber agreeing not to use the self-driving technology in dispute and also agreed to provide Waymo with an equity stake of 0.34%, equating to around $ 245 million at

260-649: A different economic reality than the one we face today." In January 2024, Waymo, the autonomous driving division of Alphabet Inc., which operates extensively in San Francisco, filed an application with the California Public Utilities Commission to expand service in Los Angeles. Such a license would allow the company to make full use of its fleet in the city instead of test drives by invitation. In August 2024, following

312-628: A joint industry collaboration with Blue White Robotics and Intel . This article incorporates some material from the US Federal Communications Commission report, 3.5 GHz Band / Citizens Broadband Radio Service , accessed August 30, 2017, a source in the public domain . Wireless carrier A mobile network operator (MNO), also known as a mobile network provider , mobile network carrier , mobile telco , wireless service provider , wireless carrier , wireless operator , wireless telco , or cellular company ,

364-582: A mobile network operator can outsource any of these systems or functions and still be considered a mobile network operator. In addition to obtaining revenue by offering retail services under its own brand, a mobile network operator may also sell access to network services at wholesale rates to mobile virtual network operators (MVNO). Alphabet (company) Alphabet Inc. is an American multinational technology conglomerate holding company headquartered in Mountain View, California . Alphabet

416-454: A new public holding company , Alphabet Inc. Google co-founder and CEO Larry Page made this announcement in a blog post on Google's official blog. Alphabet was created to restructure Google by moving subsidiaries from Google to Alphabet, thus narrowing Google's scope. The new holding company would consist of Google as well as other businesses including X Development , Calico , Nest , Verily , Fiber , CapitalG , and GV . Sundar Pichai ,

468-767: A new publicly available transmission band in the 3.5 GHz band was identified as a possibility by the US National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) for shared federal and non-federal use in its 2010 Fast Track Report. This band was identified as the Citizens Broadband Radio Service in a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking released by the FCC in December 2012, which the FCC found would "promote two major advances that enable more efficient use of radio spectrum: small cells and spectrum sharing". The record

520-544: A number of CBRS trial projects were initiated in various cities in the US. In February 2017, Nokia, Alphabet and Qualcomm tested LTE technology in a CBRS-band broadcast of "live high-definition video of cars racing on a track in Las Vegas". In April, Kansas City, Missouri "approved a Google test of 3.5 GHz shared wireless in more than eight locations in that area for up to 18 months". In May, Google received permission from

572-520: A scalable and sustainable business model. In July 2021, Alphabet announced Intrinsic , a new robotics software company spun out of X. In November 2021, Alphabet announced a new company named Isomorphic Labs , using artificial intelligence for drug discovery and headed by DeepMind CEO Demis Hassabis . Alphabet is mainly owned by institutional investors, who own over 60% of shares. The founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin are each controlling around 3% of all shares, but are controlling with other insiders

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624-440: A total revenue of US$ 110,855 million in 2017 and a net income of US$ 12,662 million. On February 1, 2016, Alphabet Inc. surpassed Apple to become the world's most valuable publicly traded company until February 3, 2016, when Apple surged back over Alphabet to retake the position. Experts cited Apple's lack of innovation as well as increasing Chinese competition as reasons for the poor performance. As of 2019 , Alphabet

676-473: A variety of commercial uses on a shared basis with incumbent federal and non-federal users of the band in the US. Access and operations will be managed by a dynamic spectrum access system, conceptually similar to the databases used to manage Television White Spaces devices. The three tiers are: Incumbent Access , Priority Access , and General Authorized Access . Use of the CBRS band will not require spectrum license, and it has been asserted that they will reduce

728-501: Is "quite likely that the band will be used for 5G, and that might synch nicely with services offered in other countries that are actually targeting the band for 5G services". It is further proposed that such a 5G network "promises to let consumers download a high-definition movie in less than a second". The first trials were conducted in Finland in 2016 in collaboration between Nokia, VTT and other Finnish organizations. Beginning in 2017,

780-435: Is a telecommunications provider of services that sells, delivers and maintains mobile telephony services to an end user. A key defining characteristic of a mobile network operator is that it must own or control access to a radio spectrum license from a regulatory or government entity, and also that it must own or control the elements of the cellular network infrastructure necessary to provide services to subscribers over

832-514: Is held by a subsidiary known as XXVI Holdings, Inc. (referring to the Roman numeral of 26, the number of letters in the alphabet), so that they can be valued and legally separated from Google. At the same time, it was announced that Google would be reorganized as a limited liability company , Google LLC. Eric Schmidt said at an Internet Association event in 2015 that there may eventually be more than 26 Alphabet subsidiaries. He also said that he

884-464: Is inter-operable with existing Mototrbo networks. In 2021, DISH Network announced its customers would be able to set up 5G network hotspots using FreedomFi gateways and CBRS, with "rewards" paid in cryptocurrency . In 2022, California State University, Stanislaus , deployed a campus-wide 5G private local area network on CBRS. In May 2022, Federated Wireless deployed a private wireless network on CBRS to automate agricultural solutions as part of

936-463: Is ranked No. 15 on the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue. On January 16, 2020, Alphabet became the fourth US company to reach a $ 1 trillion market value entering the trillion dollar companies club for the first time. In October 2022, Alphabet recorded the weakest quarterly growth, with fewer sales in nearly a decade. The possible global recession,

988-536: Is the world's second-largest technology company by revenue , after Apple , and one of the world's most valuable companies . It was created through a restructuring of Google on October 2, 2015, and became the parent holding company of Google and several former Google subsidiaries . It is considered one of the Big Five American information technology companies, alongside Amazon , Apple , Meta , and Microsoft . The establishment of Alphabet Inc.

1040-812: The United States Department of Justice filed an antitrust lawsuit against Alphabet, alleging anti-competitive practices. On 2 December 2020, the National Labor Relations Board filed a complaint that claimed Alphabet Inc conducted unlawful monitoring and questioning of several workers at Google. The employees in question were fired for unionization attempts and protesting company policies. The board also alleges that Google unlawfully placed employees on administrative leave in retribution. Alphabet Inc has denied any wrongdoing and said it acted legally. On 7 June 2021, Alphabet Inc., announced it had settled an antitrust suit with

1092-866: The CBRS Alliance entered into an agreement with the Wireless Internet Service Providers Association (WISPA) "to cooperate closely in the advancement of the CBRS spectrum band". In January 2019 the Global Mobile Suppliers Association reported that there were 11 companies investing in CBRS trials in the US, including AT&T Mobility , Boingo Wireless , Charter Communications, Comcast, Google, Midcontinent Communications , T-Mobile US , US Cellular , Verizon Wireless and Windstream . Mobile Country Code 315 and Mobile Network Code 010 have been assigned for IMSIs in CBRS systems in

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1144-696: The CBRS Alliance. As of mid-2017, the CBRS Alliance listed over 60 members, including Alphabet (Google) AT&T , Charter Communications , Cisco Systems , Comcast , the CTIA , Ericsson , Federated Wireless , Intel , Nokia , Qualcomm , Ruckus Wireless (now part of CommScope ), and SpiderCloud Wireless . Bloomberg Technology has described CBRS as potentially being "[m]ore reliable than Wi-Fi" and "technology that risks making Wi-Fi outmoded", and quotes CBRS Alliance president Michael Peeters characterizing CBRS as possibly "a better option for factories , airports and ports ". Network World has noted that it

1196-401: The CBRS band will be required to "take care not to interfere with others already using nearby airwave bands in some locations, including military radar stations and satellite receiver stations". As with Wi-Fi , CBRS equipment will be deployed to individual building owners, and those owners, or end users occupying the property, would pay a fee for spectrum allocation through a server . In 2015,

1248-627: The FCC rules. This test harness was turned over to the NTIA Institute for Telecommunications Sciences on May 26, 2018 and testing began on the SAS implementations provided by Amdocs, CommScope, Google, Federated Wireless and Sony. This testing was completed in June 2019, and marked the last major milestone necessary for the FCC to allow initial commercial deployment. In 2016, six companies interested in promoting CBRS technology and driving adoption formed

1300-475: The FCC to test wireless technology within the CBRS band at four NASCAR race events held during the summer of 2017, in Bristol, Tennessee , Brooklyn, Michigan , Darlington, South Carolina , and Richmond, Virginia . By August 2017, Verizon Communications had formed a consortium "to carry out the first use of CBRS band 48 spectrum in a 4G LTE Advanced (LTE-A) carrier aggregation demonstration". In November 2017,

1352-597: The French Autorité de la concurrence with a payment of $ 270 million. The settlement amounted to less than 0.7% of Alphabet Inc.'s yearly earnings. On 12 June 2021, it was announced that Japan would launch an antitrust probe into Alphabet Inc. and Apple Inc. to determine whether their dealings with Japanese smartphone makers violate current antitrust measures or could necessitate new ones. In May 2022, Russian authorities seized Google's Russian bank account, forcing them to file for bankruptcy one month later due to

1404-472: The US. The LTE frequency band for CBRS in the US is referred to as band 48 in the 3GPP standards. In March 2019, Motorola Solutions launched Mototrbo Nitro, the first fully managed CBRS platform and product offerings. Mototrbo Nitro is a line of business-critical, CBRS communications and data products, which includes the first purpose-built OnGo portable radio. Deployment of Mototrbo Nitro infrastructure allows for services such as Nitro Cloud management, and

1456-635: The WInnForum supporting SAS to CBSD communication (WINNF-TS-0016), and in addition, the WInnForum CBRS Test and Certification Task Group has developed a test specification (WINNF-TS-0122) and test harness supporting that standard. The FCC has determined that successful completion of the Wireless Innovation Forum defined tests will provide evidence of Part 96 compliance in this area. Final test code for CBSD protocol testing

1508-462: The companies that are pretty far afield of our main internet products contained in Alphabet instead". He further stated that the motivation behind the reorganization is to make Google "cleaner and more accountable and better" and that he wanted to improve "the transparency and oversight of what we're doing". Former executive Eric Schmidt (now Technical Advisor) revealed in the conference in 2017

1560-462: The company's Product Chief, became the new chief executive officer of Google, replacing Page, who transitioned to the role of running Alphabet, along with co-founder Sergey Brin. In his announcement, Page stated that the planned holding company would allow for "more management scale, as we can run things independently that aren't very related" to Google. He clarified that, as a result of the new holding company, Google would be "a bit slimmed down, with

1612-419: The cost of data transmissions. However, users will be required to pay their Spectrum Access System (SAS) a "reasonable" fee for access, even when only using GAA channels. This will enable carriers "to deploy 5G faster and easier, using the shared airwaves instead of trying to acquire spectrum licenses at auction or through deals". Since these frequencies have historically been used for government purposes, users of

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1664-560: The development of the standards alone was not sufficient to fully support a commercial ecosystem, the members of the WInnForum went on to establish a number of certification programs: This last program was developed in coordination with the FCC: in order to be FCC certified to operate in the CBRS band, an equipment manufacturer needs to show that their CBSD can communicate with a Spectrum Access System (SAS) and follow its directives as per 47 CFR Part 96. The CBRS ecosystem has developed standards in

1716-483: The firm's early 2018 value. In October 2018, a class action lawsuit was filed against Google and Alphabet due to "non-public" Google+ account data being exposed as a result of a privacy bug that allowed app developers to gain access to the private information of users. The litigation was settled in July 2020 for $ 7.5 million with a payout to claimants of at least $ 5 each, with a maximum of $ 12 each. In October 2020,

1768-478: The first time. This surge follows the announcement of the company's first-ever dividend payout and a significant $ 70 billion stock buyback program. The company's first-quarter earnings also exceeded analyst expectations, further contributing to the positive investor sentiment. As of June 2024, the company is one of the 10 largest components of the MSCI KLD 400 Social Index . In November 2017, Alphabet Inc. led

1820-615: The inability to pay vendors and staff. However, free services such as Google Search, YouTube, Gmail, Maps, Android and Play were to remain available. In 2023, the company was criticized for conducting mass lay-offs without informing employees before they arrived to work, including many long-tenured and recently promoted employees. Around 12,000 jobs were cut, which reduced the company's workforce by 6%. According to various posts on social media, several Google employees discovered they had been terminated after they were unable to access their accounts and confirming it through news articles discussing

1872-466: The inspiration for this structure came from Warren Buffett and his management structure of Berkshire Hathaway a decade ago. Schmidt said he encouraged Page and Brin to meet with Buffett in Omaha to see how Berkshire Hathaway was a holding company made of subsidiaries with strong CEOs who were trusted to run their businesses. Before it became a subsidiary of Alphabet, Google Inc. was first structured as

1924-481: The lawsuit filed by the United States Department of Justice in 2020, a United States district court has found Alphabet guilty of violating antitrust law. This marked the first antitrust ruling against a U.S. company in 24 years. Alphabet has appealed the ruling. Alphabet Inc. is the parent of a diverse set of subsidiaries: Tekedra Mawakana As of September 1, 2017 , their equity

1976-453: The legal trademark implications" of the proposals. Additionally, it does not own the domain abc.com , which is the domain of the Disney -owned American Broadcasting Company . Google's mission statement , from the outset, was "to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful", and its unofficial slogan is " Don't be evil ". In October 2015, a related motto

2028-407: The licensed radio spectrum . In addition the operator would also contain other elements like the back haul infrastructure and provisioning computer systems. A mobile network operator typically also has the necessary provisioning, billing, and customer care computer systems, and the marketing, customer care, and engineering organizations needed to sell, deliver, and bill for services. However,

2080-451: The majority of voting shares . The largest shareholders in December 2023 were: Sources: Page explained the origin of the company's name: We liked the name Alphabet because it means a collection of letters that represent language, one of humanity's most important innovations, and is the core of how we index with Google search! We also like that it means alpha‑bet ( Alpha is investment return above benchmark), which we strive for! In

2132-549: The majority vote on the board of directors. Sundar Pichai , the CEO of Google, assumed the CEO role at Alphabet while retaining the same at Google. The firm completed a stock split in mid-2022. On January 20, 2023, Pichai wrote a letter to all employees announcing that the company would be laying off about 12,000 jobs, or 6% of its global workforce. In the letter, Pichai wrote, "Over the past two years we've seen periods of dramatic growth. To match and fuel that growth, we hired for

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2184-735: The members of the Wireless Innovation Forum (WInnForum) formed the Spectrum Sharing Committee to "facilitate the interpretation and implementation of FCC rulemaking to a level that allows industry and government to collaborate on the implementation of a common, well functioning ecosystem...". Through this committee some 300 engineers from over 60 organizations developed the 10 baseline standards necessary for CBRS deployment. These standards covered requirements, security, protocols, professional installation, priority access licensing, and testing. Recognizing that

2236-554: The owner of Alphabet. The roles were reversed after a placeholder subsidiary was created for the ownership of Alphabet, at which point the newly formed subsidiary was merged with Google. Google's stock was then converted to Alphabet's stock. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law (where Alphabet is incorporated), a holding company reorganization such as this can be done without a vote of shareholders, as this reorganization was. The restructuring process

2288-476: The strong US dollar, and the pandemics all contributed to the slowed economy. In 2022, Alphabet was the company with the second-highest expenditure on research and development worldwide, with R&D expenditure amounting to US$ 39.5 billion. In 2023, Alphabet was ranked 7th in the Global 2000 (World's Largest Public Companies). On 26 April 2024, Alphabet surpassed a market valuation of $ 2 trillion for

2340-522: Was adopted in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase: "Do the right thing". The original motto was retained in the code of conduct of Google, now a subsidiary of Alphabet. The key trends of Alphabet Inc. are (as at the financial year ending December 31): As per its 2017 annual report, 86% of Alphabet's revenues came from performance advertising (through user clicks using AdSense and Google Ads ) and brand advertising. Of these, 53% came from its international operations. This translated to

2392-478: Was completed on October 2, 2015. Alphabet retains Google Inc.'s stock price history and continues to trade under Google Inc.'s former ticker symbols "GOOG" and "GOOGL"; both classes of stock are components of major stock market indices such as the S&;P 500 and NASDAQ-100 . On December 3, 2019, Page and Brin jointly announced that they would step down from their respective roles, remaining as employees and still

2444-645: Was currently meeting with the CEOs of the current and proposed Alphabet subsidiaries. He said, "You'll see a lot coming." While many companies or divisions formerly a part of Google became subsidiaries of Alphabet, Google remains the umbrella company for Alphabet's Internet-related businesses. These include widely used products and services long associated with Google, such as the Android operating system , YouTube , and Google Search , which remain direct components of Google. Former subsidiaries include Nest Labs , which

2496-401: Was merged into Google in February 2018 and Chronicle Security which was merged with Google Cloud in June 2019. Sidewalk Labs was absorbed into Google in 2021 following CEO Daniel L. Doctoroff 's departure from the company due to a suspected ALS diagnosis. In January 2021, Loon LLC CEO Alastair Westgarth mentioned in a blog post that the company would be shutting down, citing lack of

2548-544: Was prompted by a desire to make the core Google business "cleaner and more accountable" while allowing greater autonomy to group companies that operate in businesses other than Internet services. Founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin announced their resignation from their executive posts in December 2019, with the CEO role to be filled by Sundar Pichai , who is also the CEO of Google. Page and Brin remain employees, board members, and controlling shareholders of Alphabet Inc. On August 10, 2015, Google announced plans to create

2600-465: Was released by the Wireless Innovation Forum on 24 May 2018, and since that time over 30 CBSDs have been certified and received their FCC ID, proving compliance with WInnForum specifications. The members of the WInnForum also worked to facilitate SAS certification testing, developing an open source SAS test harness to assess compliance with the WInnForum SAS test specification (WINNF-TS-0065) and

2652-477: Was the most active investor in that period, outdoing the capital arm of Intel and also its own best customer. Alphabet, Inc. acquired seven of its own capital-backed startups in the 2017 financial year, with Cisco second having acquired six of the company's previous investments. In 2017, Alphabet Inc. sued Uber over technology similar to Alphabet's proprietary self-driving car technology. Alphabet's autonomous vehicle technology had been under development for

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2704-405: Was thereafter supplemented by a commission-level public notice and two workshops to discuss technical issues related to the proposed Service. In April 2014, the commission released a Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking that included detailed proposed rules to govern the new service. The Citizens Broadband Radio Service is governed by a three-tiered spectrum authorization framework to accommodate

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