109-491: Clan Chattan ( Scottish Gaelic : Na Catanaich or Clann Chatain ) is a unique confederation of Highland clans. This distinctive allied community comprised at its greatest extent seventeen separate clans (currently twelve), who each had their own clan chief recognized under Scottish law, but were further united and bound to the superior chief of the Confederation for mutual solidarity, sustenance and protection in
218-442: A 19% fall in bilingual speakers between the 1911 and 1921 Censuses. Michelle MacLeod of Aberdeen University has said that there was no other period with such a high fall in the number of monolingual Gaelic speakers: "Gaelic speakers became increasingly the exception from that point forward with bilingualism replacing monolingualism as the norm for Gaelic speakers." The Linguistic Survey of Scotland (1949–1997) surveyed both
327-568: A History teacher at Nanyang Girls' High School until 2022. Lachlan Ronald Duncan Mackintosh, 30th chief 1995 Served in the Royal Navy, with the rank of Lieutenant-Commander. Later served as a JP and was Deputy Lieutenant of Inverness-shire and Lord Lieutenant of Lochaber, Inverness, Badenoch and Strathspey. A Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland . Lachlan Donald Mackintosh, 29th chief 1957 Served in
436-564: A Pictish substrate. In 1018, after the conquest of Lothian (theretofore part of England and inhabited predominantly by speakers of Northumbrian Old English ) by the Kingdom of Scotland , Gaelic reached its social, cultural, political, and geographic zenith. Colloquial speech in Scotland had been developing independently of that in Ireland since the eighth century. For the first time,
545-523: A Royal Commission seeing the Camerons as rebels at that point. The MacBeans of Faillie ventured into land holdings but had developed a huge debt. As the MacBean's estate was not enough to pay off the debt, these lands fell under control of the court. The whole debt, with interests and costs, then fell onto the wider Clan Chattan. The burden, however, was still too heavy, and the estate was of little use to
654-524: A central feature of court life there. The semi-independent Lordship of the Isles in the Hebrides and western coastal mainland remained thoroughly Gaelic since the language's recovery there in the 12th century, providing a political foundation for cultural prestige down to the end of the 15th century. By the mid-14th century what eventually came to be called Scots (at that time termed Inglis ) emerged as
763-823: A challenge to revitalization efforts which occur outside the home. Positive engagements between language learners and native speakers of Gaelic through mentorship has proven to be productive in socializing new learners into fluency. In the 2022 census, 3,551 people claimed Gaelic as their 'main language.' Of these, 1,761 (49.6%) were in Na h-Eileanan Siar, 682 (19.2%) were in Highland, 369 were in Glasgow City and 120 were in City of Edinburgh; no other council area had as many as 80 such respondents. Gaelic has long suffered from its lack of use in educational and administrative contexts and
872-551: A dialect known as Canadian Gaelic has been spoken in Canada since the 18th century. In the 2021 census , 2,170 Canadian residents claimed knowledge of Scottish Gaelic, a decline from 3,980 speakers in the 2016 census . There exists a particular concentration of speakers in Nova Scotia , with historic communities in other parts of Canada having largely disappeared. Scottish Gaelic is classed as an indigenous language under
981-718: A feud between the Earl and the tutor Hector Mackintosh, son of Ferquhard Mackintosh, 12th chief. William became chief in 1540, however he was accused by Lachlan Mackintosh, the son of the man who murdered his father of conspiring to kill the Earl of Huntly. William Mackintosh, 15th chief was therefore executed in 1550. Lachlan Beg Mackintosh, 14th chief 1524 Younger brother of William Mackintosh, 13th chief. Married Jean Gordon, daughter of Alexander Gordon of Lochinvar. Murdered by his nephew, John, son of his half brother, Malcolm in 1524. William Mackintosh, 13th chief 1515 Son of Lachlan "Badenoch" Mackintosh who in turn
1090-489: A full range of language skills: speaking, understanding, reading and writing Gaelic. 40.2% of Scotland's Gaelic speakers said that they used Gaelic at home. To put this in context, the most common language spoken at home in Scotland after English and Scots is Polish, with about 1.1% of the population, or 54,000 people. The 2011 UK Census showed a total of 57,375 Gaelic speakers in Scotland (1.1% of population over three years old), of whom only 32,400 could also read and write
1199-722: A history of Clan Chattan, its chiefs and its Mackintosh branches, then in Chapter XV details the 'Tribes and Families of Clan Chattan other than the Mackintoshes of Inverness-shire'. Today, the Clan Chattan Association, which is based in Scotland with members across the world, comprises the following twelve principal clans: The following is a list of the traditional chiefs of the Clan Chattan before marriage between Aife/Eva, heiress of Clan Chattan, with
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#17327809924301308-586: A language ideology at odds with revitalization efforts on behalf of new speakers, state policies (such as the Gaelic Language Act), and family members reclaiming their lost mother tongue. New learners of Gaelic often have a positive affective stance to their language learning, and connect this learning journey towards Gaelic language revitalization. The mismatch of these language ideologies, and differences in affective stance, has led to fewer speaking opportunities for adult language learners and therefore
1417-631: A merchant in Jamaica , built a house there called Moy Hall. Later returned to Scotland and built Daviot House on the bank of the River Nairn . Aneas Mackintosh, 23rd chief 1820 Succeeded his uncle as chief. Raised a company of men for the 2nd Battalion of Frasers Highlanders under Simon Fraser of Lovat to fight in the Wars of American Independence . Fought at the Battle of Brooklyn . Built
1526-805: A national centre for Gaelic Language and Culture, based in Sleat , on the Isle of Skye . This institution is the only source for higher education which is conducted entirely in Scottish Gaelic. They offer courses for Gaelic learners from beginners into fluency. They also offer regular bachelors and graduate programs delivered entirely in Gaelic. Concerns have been raised around the fluency achieved by learners within these language programs because they are disconnected from vernacular speech communities. In regard to language revitalization planning efforts, many feel that
1635-441: A new Band of Union was signed in 2009 to renew the clans historic connection. It is not clear if the Confederation had a formal dispute resolution process for internal disputes. There is however a recorded agreement dated 4 June 1726, appointing Macgillivray of Dunmaglass arbiter between Lachlan, 20th chief of Mackintosh, and Lachlan Macpherson of Cluny, in any disputes that might arise in the carrying out of an agreement made between
1744-549: A process of Gaelicisation (which may have begun generations earlier) was clearly under way during the reigns of Caustantín and his successors. By a certain point, probably during the 11th century, all the inhabitants of Alba had become fully Gaelicised Scots, and Pictish identity was forgotten. Bilingualism in Pictish and Gaelic, prior to the former's extinction, led to the presence of Pictish loanwords in Gaelic and syntactic influence which could be considered to constitute
1853-610: A proportion of Gaelic speakers greater than 65% (the highest value is in Barvas , Lewis , with 64.1%). In addition, no civil parish on mainland Scotland has a proportion of Gaelic speakers greater than 20% (the highest is in Ardnamurchan , Highland , with 19.3%). Out of a total of 871 civil parishes in Scotland, the proportion of Gaelic speakers exceeds 50% in seven parishes, 25% in 14 parishes, and 10% in 35 parishes. Decline in traditional areas has recently been balanced by growth in
1962-536: A situation where new learners struggle to find opportunities to speak Gaelic with fluent speakers. Affect is the way people feel about something, or the emotional response to a particular situation or experience. For Gaelic speakers, there is a conditioned and socialized negative affect through a long history of negative Scottish media portrayal and public disrespect, state mandated restrictions on Gaelic usage, and highland clearances . This negative affect towards speaking openly with non-native Gaelic speakers has led to
2071-598: A successful merchant in the Indian trade. In 1799 moved across the Detroit River into Upper Canada and built a house called Moy Hall near Sandwich. Married Archange St Martin, daughter of an officer of the French Army. Later returned to Scotland and died at Daviot House. Alexander Mackintosh, 24th chief 1827 Succeeded his second cousin as chief. Eldest son of Duncan Mackintosh of Castle Leathers. Became
2180-625: A translation of the New Testament. In 1798, four tracts in Gaelic were published by the Society for Propagating the Gospel at Home, with 5,000 copies of each printed. Other publications followed, with a full Gaelic Bible in 1801. The influential and effective Gaelic Schools Society was founded in 1811. Their purpose was to teach Gaels to read the Bible in their own language. In the first quarter of
2289-470: Is The Clan Wurrich (Macpherson), 1291 and the third is The Clan Vean (Macbeans), 1292 ; then the fourth is The Clan Day (Davidsons), 1350 . Others follow including (No.9) The Clan Tearlich (Macleans of the North), 1400, (No.10) The Clan Revan (Macqueens), 1400 and (No.14) The Clan Phail (Macphails), 1500 . In his 'The Mackintoshes and Clan Chattan' (1903), A. M. Mackintosh arranges his chapters to provide
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#17327809924302398-719: Is a Goidelic language (in the Celtic branch of the Indo-European language family ) native to the Gaels of Scotland . As a Goidelic language, Scottish Gaelic, as well as both Irish and Manx , developed out of Old Irish . It became a distinct spoken language sometime in the 13th century in the Middle Irish period, although a common literary language was shared by the Gaels of both Ireland and Scotland until well into
2507-490: Is a significant step forward for the recognition of Gaelic both at home and abroad and I look forward to addressing the council in Gaelic very soon. Seeing Gaelic spoken in such a forum raises the profile of the language as we drive forward our commitment to creating a new generation of Gaelic speakers in Scotland." Bilingual road signs, street names, business and advertisement signage (in both Gaelic and English) are gradually being introduced throughout Gaelic-speaking regions in
2616-411: Is no evidence that Gaelic was ever widely spoken. Many historians mark the reign of King Malcolm Canmore ( Malcolm III ) between 1058 and 1093 as the beginning of Gaelic's eclipse in Scotland. His wife Margaret of Wessex spoke no Gaelic, gave her children Anglo-Saxon rather than Gaelic names, and brought many English bishops, priests, and monastics to Scotland. When Malcolm and Margaret died in 1093,
2725-416: Is said to have escaped but was later captured and imprisoned again until being released after the Battle of Flodden in 1513. Duncan Mackintosh, 11th chief 1496 Son of Malcolm Beg Mackintosh, 10th chief. He married Florence Macdonald, daughter of Alexander of Islay, Earl of Ross . Malcolm Beg Mackintosh, 10th chief 1457 Son of William Mackintosh, 7th chief. Supported Donald of
2834-528: The Battle of Corrichie against the Earl of Huntly.. First chief to be buried at Petty , which became the hereditary burial ground for Mackintosh chiefs. Married a daughter of Mackenzie of Kintail. His younger son, William, founded the Mackintosh of Borlum branch. William Mackintosh, 15th chief 1550 Aged three when his father died, he was brought up by his uncle, the Earl of Moray which led to
2943-553: The Battle of Culloden . William Mackintosh, 21st chief 1740 Succeeded his second cousin as chief, grandson of the 17th chief. Married Christian Menzies of Castle Menzies . Lachlan Mackintosh, 20th chief 1731 Supported the Jacobite rebellion of 1715 , was captured and imprisoned along with his kinsmen, William Mackintosh of Borlum at the Battle of Preston (1715) . Borlum escaped to France after five months in prison. He later returned to Scotland in 1719 and
3052-551: The Cameron Highlanders . Convener of Inverness-shire County Council, Lord Lieutenant of Inverness 1905 – 1938 Alexander Æneas Mackintosh, 27th chief 1875 Commanded 10th Roy Bridge Company, 1st Administrative Battalion, Inverness-shire Rifle Volunteers , known as Mackintosh's Company . Married a daughter of Sir Fredrick Graham of Netherby in 1875. Alexander Mackintosh, 26th chief 1861 Continued his father's trading business. Fought in
3161-755: The Clan Chattan 1345 Brought up in the court of his uncle, Alexander Og MacDonald, Lord of Islay . Fought against the English at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, under Randolph, Earl of Moray. His lands of Meikle Geddes, Rait Castle and Inverness Castle were taken by the Clan Comyn . Married Eva, the daughter of Gilpatric Dougal Dall, the 6th chief of Clan Chattan. After Gilpatric's death Angus became chief of both Clan Mackintosh and Clan Chattan. Ferquhard Mackintosh, 5th chief 1274 Fought in support of Alexander III of Scotland against
3270-837: The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages , which the UK Government has ratified, and the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005 established a language-development body, Bòrd na Gàidhlig . The Scottish Parliament is considering a Scottish Languages Bill which proposes to give the Gaelic and Scots languages official status in Scotland. Aside from "Scottish Gaelic", the language may also be referred to simply as "Gaelic", pronounced / ˈ ɡ æ l ɪ k / GAL -ik in English . However, "Gaelic" / ˈ ɡ eɪ l ɪ k / GAY -lik also refers to
3379-555: The Outer Hebrides , accommodation ethics exist amongst native or local Gaelic speakers when engaging with new learners or non-locals. Accommodation ethics, or ethics of accommodation, is a social practice where local or native speakers of Gaelic shift to speaking English when in the presence of non-Gaelic speakers out of a sense of courtesy or politeness. This accommodation ethic persists even in situations where new learners attempt to speak Gaelic with native speakers. This creates
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3488-626: The Royal Navy , and commanded the destroyer HMS Medea in World War I , and went on to command the light cruiser Charybdis and the aircraft carriers Eagle , Victorious and Implacable during World War II, retiring with the rank of Vice-Admiral in 1950. Alfred Donald Mackintosh, 28th chief 1938 Officer in the Highland Light Infantry and later commanding officer of 3rd (Militia) Battalion of
3597-688: The Scottish Lowlands . Between the 2001 and 2011 censuses, the number of Gaelic speakers rose in nineteen of the country's 32 council areas. The largest absolute gains were in Aberdeenshire (+526), North Lanarkshire (+305), the Aberdeen City council area (+216), and East Ayrshire (+208). The largest relative gains were in Aberdeenshire (+0.19%), East Ayrshire (+0.18%), Moray (+0.16%), and Orkney (+0.13%). In 2018,
3706-585: The War of American Independence , saving a garrison on Lake Huron from starvation after running a gauntlet of fire from American riflemen on both sides of the River St Claire. Later returned to Scotland with his father where he succeeded as chief. Angus Mackintosh, 25th chief 1833 Succeeded his brother as chief. Set out to Detroit in 1777 after the American War of Independence and became
3815-786: The significant increase in pupils in Gaelic-medium education since that time is unknown. Gaelic Medium Education is one of the primary ways that the Scottish Government is addressing Gaelic language shift. Along with the Bòrd na Gàidhlig policies, preschool and daycare environments are also being used to create more opportunities for intergenerational language transmission in the Outer Hebrides. However, revitalization efforts are not unified within Scotland or Nova Scotia, Canada. One can attend Sabhal Mòr Ostaig ,
3924-541: The 14th century, the Clan Chattan was a conventional clan. However it evolved into an alliance or confederation of at least seventeen clans which was made up of: William Forbes Skene , however, gave a different version of how Clan Chattan was formed prior to the Mackintosh alliance. Clan Vuirich (Clan MacPherson) and Clan Day (Clan Davidson) were the original co-founders and referred to as old Clan Chattan . Added to these were six "stranger septs" who took protection from
4033-477: The 17th century. Most of modern Scotland was once Gaelic-speaking, as evidenced especially by Gaelic-language place names. In the 2011 census of Scotland , 57,375 people (1.1% of the Scottish population aged over three years old) reported being able to speak Gaelic, 1,275 fewer than in 2001. The highest percentages of Gaelic speakers were in the Outer Hebrides . Nevertheless, there is a language revival , and
4142-601: The 19th century, the SSPCK (despite their anti-Gaelic attitude in prior years) and the British and Foreign Bible Society distributed 60,000 Gaelic Bibles and 80,000 New Testaments. It is estimated that this overall schooling and publishing effort gave about 300,000 people in the Highlands some basic literacy. Very few European languages have made the transition to a modern literary language without an early modern translation of
4251-404: The 2011 Census. The 2011 total population figure comes from table KS101SC. The numbers of Gaelic speakers relate to the numbers aged 3 and over, and the percentages are calculated using those and the number of the total population aged 3 and over. Across the whole of Scotland, the 2011 census showed that 25,000 people (0.49% of the population) used Gaelic at home. Of these, 63.3% said that they had
4360-533: The 27th October, 1756, in presence of Donald MacBean and Alexander Fraser, farmer in the Mains of Tordarroch. This document is peculiarly interesting in respect that it is dated several years after the Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746 came into effect, which abolished such agreements and the powers of clan chiefs. To celebrate the 400th anniversary of the 1609 Clan Chattan Band of Union,
4469-407: The 4th–5th centuries CE, by settlers from Ireland who founded the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata on Scotland's west coast in present-day Argyll . An alternative view has been voiced by archaeologist Ewan Campbell , who has argued that the putative migration or takeover is not reflected in archaeological or placename data (as pointed out earlier by Leslie Alcock ). Campbell has also questioned
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4578-569: The Bible; the lack of a well known translation may have contributed to the decline of Scottish Gaelic. Counterintuitively, access to schooling in Gaelic increased knowledge of English. In 1829, the Gaelic Schools Society reported that parents were unconcerned about their children learning Gaelic, but were anxious to have them taught English. The SSPCK also found Highlanders to have significant prejudice against Gaelic. T. M. Devine attributes this to an association between English and
4687-680: The Bruce's enemies, the Clan Comyn . The earliest official document, the MS 1467 which recognises the Clan Chattan is dated 1467; but the chronicler Bower , writing about 1440, speaks of Clan Chattan in 1429. Bellenden , in his translation of Boece , about 1525, is the first who mentions this clan having been at the Inches in Perth in 1396, and this probably owing to a misprint in the original, of Clan Quhete for Quhele'. He referred to it as Quhattan. Prior to
4796-585: The Chief of Clan Mackintosh, through whose marriage a new line of Mackintosh Captains (Chiefs) of Clan Chattan was created : Thereafter the Chiefs of Clan Mackintosh are also the Chiefs of Clan Chattan. See: Chiefs of Clan Mackintosh . Each Clan in the Confederation retained their chiefs, but acknowledged the Mackintosh chief as the overall Captain of the Confederation. In 1942, the Lyon Court separated
4905-480: The Clan Chattan lands. As a result, the lands at Arkaig were occupied by Clan Cameron who claimed that they had been abandoned. This was the beginning of a long and bitter feud that was fought between the Clan Chattan and Clan Cameron until 1666. Another reason for the migration is explained in MacPherson clan traditions is that in 1309, Robert the Bruce offered the lands of Badenoch to them if they destroyed
5014-631: The Clan Chattan possessed the lands of Glen Loy and Loch Arkaig . It was here that Tor Castle became the clan chief's seat. Not much is certain about the history of the clan until towards the end of the 13th century. Eva, (most probably incorrectly anglicized from Aife ), daughter and heiress of Gilpatric or Dougal Dall, 6th chief of Clan Chattan in Lochaber , married Angus Mackintosh, 6th chief of Clan Mackintosh , in 1291. Thus Angus Mackintosh also became 7th chief of Clan Chattan. Some members of alternative male inheritance lines have however questioned
5123-594: The EU's institutions. The Scottish government had to pay for the translation from Gaelic to other European languages . The deal was received positively in Scotland; Secretary of State for Scotland Jim Murphy said the move was a strong sign of the UK government's support for Gaelic. He said; "Allowing Gaelic speakers to communicate with European institutions in their mother tongue is a progressive step forward and one which should be welcomed". Culture Minister Mike Russell said; "this
5232-416: The Earl. The Earl then issued at letter of intercommuning against the Clan Chattan, preventing anyone from assisting or harboring clan members under severe penalty. The matter was resolved after large fines were paid and several clan members executed. Details of this issue was recorded by John Spalding , a noted historian of the era. The Badenoch Land clearances of 1797, affected the township of Biallid Beag,
5341-538: The Forth–Clyde line and along the northeastern coastal plain as far north as Moray. Norman French completely displaced Gaelic at court. The establishment of royal burghs throughout the same area, particularly under David I , attracted large numbers of foreigners speaking Old English. This was the beginning of Gaelic's status as a predominantly rural language in Scotland. Clan chiefs in the northern and western parts of Scotland continued to support Gaelic bards who remained
5450-684: The Gaelic Act falls so far short of the status accorded to Welsh that one would be foolish or naïve to believe that any substantial change will occur in the fortunes of the language as a result of Bòrd na Gàidhlig 's efforts. On 10 December 2008, to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , the Scottish Human Rights Commission had the UDHR translated into Gaelic for
5559-762: The Gaelic aristocracy rejected their anglicised sons and instead backed Malcolm's brother Domnall Bán ( Donald III ). Donald had spent 17 years in Gaelic Ireland and his power base was in the thoroughly Gaelic west of Scotland. He was the last Scottish monarch to be buried on Iona , the traditional burial place of the Gaelic Kings of Dàl Riada and the Kingdom of Alba. However, during the reigns of Malcolm Canmore's sons, Edgar, Alexander I and David I (their successive reigns lasting 1097–1153), Anglo-Norman names and practices spread throughout Scotland south of
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#17327809924305668-564: The Highland and Island region. In 1616, the Privy Council proclaimed that schools teaching in English should be established. Gaelic was seen, at this time, as one of the causes of the instability of the region. It was also associated with Catholicism. The Society in Scotland for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge (SSPCK) was founded in 1709. They met in 1716, immediately after the failed Jacobite rising of 1715 , to consider
5777-416: The Highlands and Islands, including Argyll. In many cases, this has simply meant re-adopting the traditional spelling of a name (such as Ràtagan or Loch Ailleart rather than the anglicised forms Ratagan or Lochailort respectively). Some monolingual Gaelic road signs, particularly direction signs, are used on the Outer Hebrides , where a majority of the population can have a working knowledge of
5886-426: The Inner Hebridean dialects of Tiree and Islay, and even a few native speakers from Western Highland areas including Wester Ross , northwest Sutherland , Lochaber and Argyll . Dialects on both sides of the Straits of Moyle (the North Channel ) linking Scottish Gaelic with Irish are now extinct, though native speakers were still to be found on the Mull of Kintyre , on Rathlin and in North East Ireland as late as
5995-410: The Irish language ( Gaeilge ) and the Manx language ( Gaelg ). Scottish Gaelic is distinct from Scots , the Middle English -derived language which had come to be spoken in most of the Lowlands of Scotland by the early modern era . Prior to the 15th century, this language was known as Inglis ("English") by its own speakers, with Gaelic being called Scottis ("Scottish"). Beginning in
6104-411: The Isles at the Battle of Harlaw in 1411 as commander of the left flank. A younger son of Malcolm's founded the Mackintosh of Killachie cadet branch. Ferquhard Mackintosh, 9th chief In 1409 abdicated from his clan and gave up the claims of his sons to succeed as chiefs after just two years as chief. He kept only the lands of Kyllachy and Corrnuvoy in Strathdearn, which his family held for
6213-446: The MacBeans after 1744. By 1756 William MacBean consented to MacKintosh's reclaiming the Laggau lands, signing a deed of consent. This deed was also signed by other leaders of Clan Chattan, such as Alexander MacPhail of Inverernie, Robert MacKintosh, Tacksman of Termite, William MacKintosh of Aberarder, William MacKintosh of Holme and John MacKintosh of Calclachie. These heads of Clan Chattan signed this agreement at Gask, in Strathnairn, on
6322-409: The Middle Ages and early modern period in the Great Glen and Cairngorms . A tribal coalition of this magnitude was a source of apprehension to both the Lord of the Isles and the Kings of Scots and records exist of machinations to "crying doon the Clan Chattan" by formenting internal dissension. There are multiple theories about the true origins of this clan: In the time of Malcolm II of Scotland
6431-487: The Norwegians. Killed in a duel in 1274. Shaw Mackintosh, 4th chief 1265 Son of Ferqhuard, 3rd chief's brother. Acquired the Castle of Rait and the lands of Meikle Geddes. Ferquhard Mackintosh, 3rd chief 1220 Brought up by his kinsman, Malcolm, Earl of Fife in an agreement with Bishop Moray. Quoted as Senschal of Badenoch. Shaw Mackintosh, 2nd chief 1210 Received confirmation of his father's lands from King William. Made Chamberlain of
6540-428: The UK Government as Welsh . With the advent of devolution , however, Scottish matters have begun to receive greater attention, and it achieved a degree of official recognition when the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act was enacted by the Scottish Parliament on 21 April 2005. The key provisions of the Act are: After its creation, Bòrd na Gàidhlig required a Gaelic Language Plan from the Scottish Government. This plan
6649-581: The Western Isles (−1,745), Argyll & Bute (−694), and Highland (−634). The drop in Stornoway , the largest parish in the Western Isles by population, was especially acute, from 57.5% of the population in 1991 to 43.4% in 2011. The only parish outside the Western Isles over 40% Gaelic-speaking is Kilmuir in Northern Skye at 46%. The islands in the Inner Hebrides with significant percentages of Gaelic speakers are Tiree (38.3%), Raasay (30.4%), Skye (29.4%), Lismore (26.9%), Colonsay (20.2%), and Islay (19.0%). Today, no civil parish in Scotland has
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#17327809924306758-589: The Western Isles. The Scottish Qualifications Authority offer two streams of Gaelic examination across all levels of the syllabus: Gaelic for learners (equivalent to the modern foreign languages syllabus) and Gaelic for native speakers (equivalent to the English syllabus). An Comunn Gàidhealach performs assessment of spoken Gaelic, resulting in the issue of a Bronze Card, Silver Card or Gold Card. Syllabus details are available on An Comunn's website. These are not widely recognised as qualifications, but are required for those taking part in certain competitions at
6867-466: The age and reliability of the medieval historical sources speaking of a conquest. Instead, he has inferred that Argyll formed part of a common Q-Celtic -speaking area with Ireland, connected rather than divided by the sea, since the Iron Age. These arguments have been opposed by some scholars defending the early dating of the traditional accounts and arguing for other interpretations of the archaeological evidence. Regardless of how it came to be spoken in
6976-448: The aim of promoting social interaction between people linked by a common name, and interest in their clan's history. Among these was the second Clan Chattan Association, founded in Glasgow in 1893. Initial support for the association was strong with the meetings, lectures and dances described as "a brilliant success", but it faded out by about 1900. Even so, clan historians of that period produced several works which are still used today. In
7085-408: The annual mods . In October 2009, a new agreement allowed Scottish Gaelic to be formally used between Scottish Government ministers and European Union officials. The deal was signed by Britain's representative to the EU, Sir Kim Darroch , and the Scottish government . This did not give Scottish Gaelic official status in the EU but gave it the right to be a means of formal communications in
7194-413: The bill be strengthened, a revised bill was published; the main alteration was that the guidance of the Bòrd is now statutory (rather than advisory). In the committee stages in the Scottish Parliament, there was much debate over whether Gaelic should be given 'equal validity' with English. Due to executive concerns about resourcing implications if this wording was used, the Education Committee settled on
7303-476: The captaincy of Clan Chattan, led The Lord Lyon of the day to create the historic separation of the two titles. Lachlan became The Mackintosh of Mackintosh, and his cousin Duncan Alexander Eliott Mackintosh became Mackintosh of Mackintosh-Torcastle , and Head of the hail kin of Clan Chattan . At this juncture the chieftainship of Mackintosh and Clan Chattan split. The last few Clan Chattan Confederation chiefs therefore were: Clan Mackintosh therefore remains
7412-625: The census of pupils in Scotland showed 520 students in publicly funded schools had Gaelic as the main language at home, an increase of 5% from 497 in 2014. During the same period, Gaelic medium education in Scotland has grown, with 4,343 pupils (6.3 per 1000) being educated in a Gaelic-immersion environment in 2018, up from 3,583 pupils (5.3 per 1000) in 2014. Data collected in 2007–2008 indicated that even among pupils enrolled in Gaelic medium schools, 81% of primary students and 74% of secondary students report using English more often than Gaelic when speaking with their mothers at home. The effect on this of
7521-419: The cities and professors of Celtic from universities who sought to preserve the language. The Education (Scotland) Act 1872 provided universal education in Scotland, but completely ignored Gaelic in its plans. The mechanism for supporting Gaelic through the Education Codes issued by the Scottish Education Department were steadily used to overcome this omission, with many concessions in place by 1918. However,
7630-446: The clan and bring to an end the "controversies, questions, debates and hosts, that has fallen furth betwixt the said haill kin of Clan Chattan these times bygone, whereupon there followed groat incanvanisnciss" The Chattan Confederation came together at Termit about five miles from Inverness in 1609 to sign a new Band. Renewal of the 1609 Band, signed at Kincairne, but with an additional clause of action against Ewan Cameron in response to
7739-480: The clan. These were Clan Vic Ghillevray (Clan MacGillivray), the Clan Vean (Clan MacBean), the Clan Vic Govies, the Clan Tarrel, the Clan Cheanduy, and the Sliochd Gowchruim or Smiths . However, Skene's phrase about "stranger septs" and the names linked to them is not supported by any of the works of the respected Clan Chattan historians, and may therefore be a historical error by Skene, whose shortcomings have been noted by later writers – one of Skene's harshest critics
7848-570: The concept of 'equal respect'. It is not clear what the legal force of this wording is. The Act was passed by the Scottish Parliament unanimously, with support from all sectors of the Scottish political spectrum, on 21 April 2005. Under the provisions of the Act, it will ultimately fall to BnG to secure the status of the Gaelic language as an official language of Scotland. Some commentators, such as Éamonn Ó Gribín (2006) argue that
7957-499: The dialect of the Scottish Gaelic language, and also mixed use of English and Gaelic across the Highlands and Islands. Dialects of Lowland Gaelic have been defunct since the 18th century. Gaelic in the Eastern and Southern Scottish Highlands, although alive until the mid-20th century, is now largely defunct. Although modern Scottish Gaelic is dominated by the dialects of the Outer Hebrides and Isle of Skye, there remain some speakers of
8066-582: The entire region of modern-day Scotland was called Scotia in Latin, and Gaelic was the lingua Scotica . In southern Scotland , Gaelic was strong in Galloway , adjoining areas to the north and west, West Lothian , and parts of western Midlothian . It was spoken to a lesser degree in north Ayrshire , Renfrewshire , the Clyde Valley and eastern Dumfriesshire . In south-eastern Scotland, there
8175-560: The first time. However, given there are no longer any monolingual Gaelic speakers, following an appeal in the court case of Taylor v Haughney (1982), involving the status of Gaelic in judicial proceedings, the High Court ruled against a general right to use Gaelic in court proceedings. While the goal of the Gaelic Language Act was to aid in revitalization efforts through government mandated official language status,
8284-587: The 💕 The following table is a list of chiefs of the Clan Mackintosh , a Highland Scottish clan . The 6th chief of Clan Mackintosh also became through marriage, the 7th chief of Clan Chattan , a confederation of Scottish clans that Mackintosh chief was chief of until 1938. Name (+ Gaelic Name) Died Further info John Lachlan Mackintosh of Mackintosh, 31st chief Alive Resides in Singapore , where he worked as
8393-657: The individual clans, as president and Vice Presidents: Of the remaining clans of the Chattan Confederation: "Syne he has gane far hynd attowre · Lord Chattan's land sae wyde That Lord a worthy wight was ay Quhen faes his courage seyd : Of Pictish race by mother's syde, Quhen Picts ruled Caledon, Lord Chattan claim'd the princely maid, Quhen he saift Pictish crown." Scottish Gaelic language Scottish Gaelic ( / ˈ ɡ æ l ɪ k / , GAL -ik ; endonym : Gàidhlig [ˈkaːlɪkʲ] ), also known as Scots Gaelic or simply Gaelic ,
8502-479: The initiatives must come from within Gaelic speaking communities, be led by Gaelic speakers, and be designed to serve and increase fluency within the vernacular communities as the first and most viable resistance to total language shift from Gaelic to English. Currently, language policies are focused on creating new language speakers through education, instead of focused on how to strengthen intergenerational transmission within existing Gaelic speaking communities. In
8611-502: The language. Compared with the 2001 Census, there has been a diminution of about 1300 people. This is the smallest drop between censuses since the Gaelic-language question was first asked in 1881. The Scottish government's language minister and Bòrd na Gàidhlig took this as evidence that Gaelic's long decline has slowed. The main stronghold of the language continues to be the Outer Hebrides ( Na h-Eileanan Siar ), where
8720-483: The language. These omit the English translation entirely. Bilingual railway station signs are now more frequent than they used to be. Practically all the stations in the Highland area use both English and Gaelic, and the use of bilingual station signs has become more frequent in the Lowlands of Scotland, including areas where Gaelic has not been spoken for a long time. Chiefs of Clan Mackintosh From Misplaced Pages,
8829-532: The late 15th century, it became increasingly common for such speakers to refer to Scottish Gaelic as Erse ("Irish") and the Lowland vernacular as Scottis . Today, Scottish Gaelic is recognised as a separate language from Irish, so the word Erse in reference to Scottish Gaelic is no longer used. Based on medieval traditional accounts and the apparent evidence from linguistic geography, Gaelic has been commonly believed to have been brought to Scotland, in
8938-498: The leadership of Clan MacKintosh and Clan Chattan. The leadership of Clan Chattan passed to the Mackintosh of Torcastle line. The Chief of Clan Mackintosh had been at the same time Captain of Clan Chattan, until the death of Alfred Donald Mackintosh of Mackintosh CBE, who chose as his heir to the Mackintosh inheritance Rear-Admiral Lachlan Donald Makintosh CB DSO DSC. The omission of a stipulation in Alfred's will, concerning inheritance of
9047-462: The location of a ancient Macpherson/Macintyre cemetery, St. Patricks. The activities of the Clan are carried on by the Clan Chattan Association, a descendant of the original association established in 1727 for the purpose of defending the interests of the clan "against all who would seek the injury of any of its subscribers". In the nineteenth century, many clan societies and associations emerged, with
9156-459: The members of Highland school boards tended to have anti-Gaelic attitudes and served as an obstacle to Gaelic education in the late 19th and early 20th century. Loss of life due to World War I and the 1919 sinking of the HMY Iolaire , combined with emigration, resulted in the 1910s seeing unprecedented damage to the use of Scottish Gaelic, with a 46% fall in monolingual speakers and
9265-679: The mid-20th century. Records of their speech show that Irish and Scottish Gaelic existed in a dialect chain with no clear language boundary. Some features of moribund dialects have been preserved in Nova Scotia, including the pronunciation of the broad or velarised l ( l̪ˠ ) as [w] , as in the Lochaber dialect. The Endangered Languages Project lists Gaelic's status as "threatened", with "20,000 to 30,000 active users". UNESCO classifies Gaelic as " definitely endangered ". The 1755–2001 figures are census data quoted by MacAulay. The 2011 Gaelic speakers figures come from table KS206SC of
9374-532: The modern era. Some of this was driven by policy decisions by government or other organisations, while some originated from social changes. In the last quarter of the 20th century, efforts began to encourage use of the language. The Statutes of Iona , enacted by James VI in 1609, was one piece of legislation that addressed, among other things, the Gaelic language. It required the heirs of clan chiefs to be educated in lowland, Protestant, English-speaking schools. James VI took several such measures to impose his rule on
9483-548: The more important agreements of the Confederation in terms of Bands of union, friendship, maintenance and manrent. The Chattan Confederation‟s first band may have been created in 1397 after the Battle of the North Inch , but it only lasted 14 years until 1411 when Clan MacPherson decided to take a different stand than the rest of the Chattan Confederation in regional politics. Signed at Inverness by most of
9592-598: The next two hundred years. Lachlan Mackintosh, 8th chief 1407 Fought in battle against the Clan Cameron in 1370. Too old to fight at the Battle of the North Inch in 1396, where the men of Chattan were led by Shaw Mackintosh. William Mackintosh, 7th chief 1368 Began the feud with the Clan Cameron and fought against the English at the Battle of Neville's Cross in 1346. Angus Mackintosh, 6th chief of Clan Mackintosh and 7th chief of
9701-434: The number of speakers of the language under age 20 did not decrease between the 2001 and 2011 censuses. In the 2022 census of Scotland , it was found that 2.5% of the Scottish population had some skills in Gaelic, or 130,161 persons. Of these, 69,701 people reported speaking the language, with a further 46,404 people reporting that they understood the language, but did not speak, read, or write in it. Outside of Scotland,
9810-645: The official language of government and law. Scotland's emergent nationalism in the era following the conclusion of the Wars of Scottish Independence was organized using Scots as well. For example, the nation's great patriotic literature including John Barbour's The Brus (1375) and Blind Harry's The Wallace (before 1488) was written in Scots, not Gaelic. By the end of the 15th century, English/Scots speakers referred to Gaelic instead as 'Yrisch' or 'Erse', i.e. Irish and their own language as 'Scottis'. A steady shift away from Scottish Gaelic continued into and through
9919-459: The outcome of the act is distanced from the actual minority language communities. It helps to create visibility of the minority language in civil structures, but does not impact or address the lived experiences of the Gaelic speaker communities wherein the revitalization efforts may have a higher return of new Gaelic speakers. Efforts are being made to concentrate resources, language planning, and revitalization efforts towards vernacular communities in
10028-560: The overall proportion of speakers is 52.2%. Important pockets of the language also exist in the Highlands (5.4%) and in Argyll and Bute (4.0%) and Inverness (4.9%). The locality with the largest absolute number is Glasgow with 5,878 such persons, who make up over 10% of all of Scotland's Gaelic speakers. Gaelic continues to decline in its traditional heartland. Between 2001 and 2011, the absolute number of Gaelic speakers fell sharply in
10137-504: The principal clan of the Clan Chattan Confederation and the current and past Mackintosh of Mackintosh has been President of the Clan Chattan Association. Clan Chattan as a whole or as individual clans were involved in the following events: No single gathering point is known to exist for the entire Confederation to have ever used, but several other gathering points have been identified: The list below shows some of
10246-466: The prosperity of employment: the Highland economy relied greatly on seasonal migrant workers travelling outside the Gàidhealtachd . In 1863, an observer sympathetic to Gaelic stated that "knowledge of English is indispensable to any poor islander who wishes to learn a trade or to earn his bread beyond the limits of his native Isle". Generally, rather than Gaelic speakers, it was Celtic societies in
10355-460: The reform and civilisation of the Highlands, which they sought to achieve by teaching English and the Protestant religion. Initially, their teaching was entirely in English, but soon the impracticality of educating Gaelic-speaking children in this way gave rise to a modest concession: in 1723, teachers were allowed to translate English words in the Bible into Gaelic to aid comprehension, but there
10464-587: The region, Gaelic in Scotland was mostly confined to Dál Riata until the eighth century, when it began expanding into Pictish areas north of the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde. During the reign of Caustantín mac Áeda (Constantine II, 900–943), outsiders began to refer to the region as the kingdom of Alba rather than as the kingdom of the Picts. However, though the Pictish language did not disappear suddenly,
10573-590: The summer of 1933, the third Clan Chattan Association was founded in London. Now based in Scotland, the association has worldwide membership. It organizes a number of activities, such as the annual events in early August at Moy Hall in conjunction with the Highland Field Sports Fair. Members are kept informed of events through the annual journal of the association. The council of Clan Chattan Association comprises eight Chiefs, who represent all of
10682-521: The third Moy Hall in Scotland after the second one burnt down. Angus Mackintosh , 22nd chief 1770 Succeeded his brother as chief. Held a commission in the British Black Watch regiment under King George II of Great Britain , however his clan supported the Jacobite cause under the leadership of his wife, Lady Anne Farquharson-MacKintosh while he was away on duty, and Angus was not with his clansmen who fought as Jacobites at
10791-497: The tribes of Clan Chattan in reaction mainly to threats on their lands in Rothiemurchus by Clan Grant . Lachlan Mackintosh of Mackintosh wrote to the Chief of Clan Grant that he wanted to repurchase his "own native country of Rothiemurchus", but was ignored. Mackintosh then threatened to raise the tribes of Clan Chattan against him. After the death of Mackintosh of Dunnachten in 1606, the Mackintoshes made an effort to reunite
10900-690: The tutorship of his uncle, William Mackintosh of Benchar who reunited the Chattan Confederation under a bond of union in 1609. Lachlan Mackintosh was knighted by the King in 1617. Lachlan Mor Mackintosh, 16th chief 1606 Succeeded as chief in 1550, aged seven, only son of William. Brought up by the Mackenzies. Said to have joined the Munros and Frasers in taking Inverness Castle on behalf of Mary, Queen of Scots in 1562. Fought at
11009-770: The two at Moy Hall on 15 September 1724. Throughout the 16th Century, the Clan Chattan Confederation was caught up in the machinations of the Earls of Mar, Moray and Huntly, particularly George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly , mainly to use parts of the clan in their respective earldoms in disputes between themselves. This led to external attempts to divide the various tribes of Clan Chattan by undermining known internal disputes. James Stuart, 3rd Earl of Moray tried to take back lands in Pettie and Strathern from Clan Chattan his father, James Stewart, 2nd Earl of Moray had gifted them for loyal support. This then resulted in an insurrection against
11118-482: The validity of this decision through a female line which would lead to occasional discord. Neither side of this dispute have questioned the historicity of Aoife, merely the inheritance line. The couple resided at Tor Castle before withdrawing to Rothiemurchus apparently due to the enmity of Aonghus Óg of Islay , chief of Clan Donald , the uncle of Angus Mackintosh. Tradition has it that he had intended to marry Eva off to one of his family members and in so doing acquire
11227-399: Was accepted in 2008, and some of its main commitments were: identity (signs, corporate identity); communications (reception, telephone, mailings, public meetings, complaint procedures); publications (PR and media, websites); staffing (language learning, training, recruitment). Following a consultation period, in which the government received many submissions, the majority of which asked that
11336-710: Was later rescued by the Clan Macpherson . Was presented with the sword used by Viscount Dundee who was killed at the Battle of Killiecrankie in 1689. The sword is now preserved in Moy Hall. William Mackintosh, 18th chief 1660 Succeeded as chief aged nine. Later supported the King during the Civil War. Was made a Lieutenant under James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose in 1644. Died soon after The Restoration of King Charles II. Lachlan Mackintosh, 17th chief. 1622 Succeeded in minority under
11445-554: Was long suppressed. The UK government has ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in respect of Gaelic. Gaelic, along with Irish and Welsh, is designated under Part III of the Charter, which requires the UK Government to take a range of concrete measures in the fields of education, justice, public administration, broadcasting and culture. It has not received the same degree of official recognition from
11554-510: Was no further permitted use. Other less prominent schools worked in the Highlands at the same time, also teaching in English. This process of anglicisation paused when evangelical preachers arrived in the Highlands, convinced that people should be able to read religious texts in their own language. The first well known translation of the Bible into Scottish Gaelic was made in 1767, when James Stuart of Killin and Dugald Buchanan of Rannoch produced
11663-475: Was present at the Battle of Glenshiel where the Jacobites were defeated by government forces. Lachlan Mackintosh was released from prison in 1716. On 21 January 1717 he was created Lord Mackintosh in the Jacobite peerage . Lachlan Mackintosh, 19th chief 1704 Continued to dispute with the Camerons the lands of Glenoy and Loch Arkaig. Was captured by MacDonalds at the Battle of Mulroy in 1688 but
11772-441: Was the Scottish philologist Alexander MacBain . Noted historian of Clan Chattan, Charles Fraser-Mackintosh , in his 'An Account of the Confederation of Clan Chattan; its kith and kin' (the work known as 'Minor Septs of Clan Chattan') published a list of 16 associated tribes of Clan Chattan, along with an associated date reference, as written down by Sir Æneas Mackintosh. It begins with The Clan vic Gillivray, 1271 . The second clan
11881-523: Was the second son of Malcolm Beg Mackintosh, 10th of Mackintosh. Murdered by his kinsman, John "Ruaidh" Mackintosh, grandson of Alan mac Malcolm Beg. Ferquhard Mackintosh, 12th chief 1514 Whilst under his father's chiefship, joined Alexander MacDonald of Lochalsh during the Raid on Ross in 1491 and was imprisoned along with Mackenzie of Kintail in Edinburgh Castle in 1495. Ferquhard
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