Misplaced Pages

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52-618: Impermeable marine shales in the Clearwater Formation provided part of the trapping mechanism for the underlying Athabasca oil sands in the McMurray Formation . Sandstone units in the Clearwater Formation, including the Wabiskaw Member, can contain oilsand and heavy oil resources. Nearly complete specimens of plesiosaurs and ichthyosaurs , as well as one ankylosaur , have been recovered from

104-414: A hard, fissile, metamorphic rock known as slate . With continued increase in metamorphic grade the sequence is phyllite , then schist and finally gneiss . Shale is the most common source rock for hydrocarbons ( natural gas and petroleum ). The lack of coarse sediments in most shale beds reflects the absence of strong currents in the waters of the depositional basin. These might have oxygenated

156-487: A heavier but less expensive crude oil. Since 2012 "Lima has run over 60,000 bpd of Canadian crude, but only about 3,000 bpd of that would be particularly heavy with an API gravity below 30." In early January 2015, an explosion damaged the refinery's 26,000-bpd isocracker unit. Later that year Husky announced that, given the low price of oil, it would postpone its US$ 300 million crude oil flexibility project. The project will process up to 40,000 bpd of WCS. Husky and BP arranged

208-863: A joint venture in 2008 in order to develop and process Alberta bitumen through which Husky acquired a 50% share in the 155,000-bpd BP-Husky Toledo Refinery in Oregon, Ohio and BP acquired a 50% share of the Husky-operated Sunrise field in Alberta. This refinery has been upgraded with a coker and is processing bitumen from Sunrise. In December 2009, Husky acquired 98 Sunoco and Petro-Canada stations in Ontario as part of Suncor Energy 's acquisition of Petro-Canada. In October 2015, Husky announced an agreement with Imperial Oil to combine its commercial cardlock network with Esso's network. As part of

260-748: A maximum thickness of 85 metres (280 ft) on the Athabasca River, thins out to 6 metres (20 ft) in the Cold Lake area, and wedges out towards the south. It is not present south of Edmonton . The Clearwater Formation is part of the Mannville Group . It is conformably overlain by the Grand Rapids Formation and conformably overlies the McMurray Formation . It is equivalent to the Bluesky Formation and

312-468: A portfolio of oil sands leases, encompassing 2,500 square kilometres in the Fort McMurray region of northern Alberta. Its Sunrise Energy Project achieved first production in early 2015 and supports online applicants. Husky is using steam-assisted gravity drainage technology at Sunrise, where bitumen is heated with steam to reduce its viscosity. When the liquid becomes more fluid, it is pumped to

364-1201: Is accompanied by telogenesis , the third and final stage of diagenesis. As erosion reduces the depth of burial, renewed exposure to meteoric water produces additional changes to the shale, such as dissolution of some of the cement to produce secondary porosity . Pyrite may be oxidized to produce gypsum . Black shales are dark, as a result of being especially rich in unoxidized carbon . Common in some Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata , black shales were deposited in anoxic , reducing environments, such as in stagnant water columns. Some black shales contain abundant heavy metals such as molybdenum , uranium , vanadium , and zinc . The enriched values are of controversial origin, having been alternatively attributed to input from hydrothermal fluids during or after sedimentation or to slow accumulation from sea water over long periods of sedimentation. Fossils , animal tracks or burrows and even raindrop impressions are sometimes preserved on shale bedding surfaces. Shales may also contain concretions consisting of pyrite, apatite , or various carbonate minerals. Shales that are subject to heat and pressure of metamorphism alter into

416-1276: Is advancing the liquids-rich BD field offshore Indonesia, along with three additional shallow water fields. Husky owns and operates the Lloydminster Heavy Oil Upgrader in Lloydminster , Saskatchewan, the Asphalt Refinery in Lloydminster, Alberta, and the Superior Refinery in Superior, Wisconsin. Husky also operates the Husky Lloydminster Ethanol Plant and the Minnedosa Ethanol Plant . Husky Energy's operations are divided into two business segments: Upstream and Downstream. The Upstream division focuses on oil and gas exploration and extraction. In addition to its existing producing assets and opportunities in Heavy Oil and Western Canada,

468-420: Is characterized by its tendency to split into thin layers ( laminae ) less than one centimeter in thickness. This property is called fissility . Shale is the most common sedimentary rock. The term shale is sometimes applied more broadly, as essentially a synonym for mudrock , rather than in the narrower sense of clay-rich fissile mudrock. Shale typically exhibits varying degrees of fissility. Because of

520-638: Is composed of about 58% clay minerals, 28% quartz, 6% feldspar , 5% carbonate minerals, and 2% iron oxides . Most of the quartz is detrital (part of the original sediments that formed the shale) rather than authigenic (crystallized within the shale after deposition). Shales and other mudrocks contain roughly 95 percent of the organic matter in all sedimentary rocks. However, this amounts to less than one percent by mass in an average shale. Black shales, which form in anoxic conditions, contain reduced free carbon along with ferrous iron (Fe ) and sulfur (S ). Amorphous iron sulfide , along with carbon, produce

572-430: Is evidence that shale acts as a semipermeable medium, allowing water to pass through while retaining dissolved salts. The fine particles that compose shale can remain suspended in water long after the larger particles of sand have been deposited. As a result, shales are typically deposited in very slow moving water and are often found in lakes and lagoonal deposits, in river deltas , on floodplains and offshore below

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624-455: Is more likely to form nonfissile mudstone than shale. On the other hand, black shales often have very pronounced fissility ( paper shales ) due to binding of hydrocarbon molecules to the faces of the clay particles, which weakens the binding between particles. Lithification follows closely on compaction, as increased temperatures at depth hasten deposition of cement that binds the grains together. Pressure solution contributes to cementing, as

676-452: Is reduced. In addition to this physical compaction, chemical compaction may take place via pressure solution . Points of contact between grains are under the greatest strain, and the strained mineral is more soluble than the rest of the grain. As a result, the contact points are dissolved away, allowing the grains to come into closer contact. It is during compaction that shale develops its fissility, likely through mechanical compaction of

728-438: Is then repeated multiple times." An Alberta Energy Regulator (AER) news release explained the difference between high pressure cyclic steam stimulation (HPCSS) and steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD). "HPCSS has been used in oil recovery in Alberta for more than 30 years. The method involves injecting high-pressure steam into a reservoir over a prolonged period of time. As heat softens the bitumen and water dilutes and separates

780-776: The Atlantic region, off Canada's East Coast, the company holds interests in 20 exploration licenses and producing properties at Terra Nova and White Rose. In the United States, the company owns a refinery in Lima, Ohio , a refinery in Superior, Wisconsin and holds a 50% ownership interest with BP in the BP-Husky Toledo Refinery in Oregon, Ohio . At 2015 year-end, Husky Energy had total proved reserves before royalties of 1.3 billion boe and probable reserves of 1.6 billion boe. In 2015 its reserves replacement ratio

832-399: The U.S. Gulf Coast . As sediments continue to accumulate, the older, more deeply buried sediments begin to undergo diagenesis . This mostly consists of compaction and lithification of the clay and silt particles. Early stages of diagenesis, described as eogenesis , take place at shallow depths (a few tens of meters) and are characterized by bioturbation and mineralogical changes in

884-669: The wave base . Thick deposits of shale are found near ancient continental margins and foreland basins . Some of the most widespread shale formations were deposited by epicontinental seas . Black shales are common in Cretaceous strata on the margins of the Atlantic Ocean , where they were deposited in fault -bounded silled basins associated with the opening of the Atlantic during the breakup of Pangaea . These basins were anoxic, in part because of restricted circulation in

936-617: The Asia Pacific and Atlantic regions. In Asia Pacific, Husky's Liwan Gas Project in the South China Sea achieved first production in 2014. The liquids-rich BD field offshore of Indonesia came online in 2017, and the company is advancing additional shallow water fields. Husky also has a portfolio of oil sands leases, encompassing some 2,500 square kilometres in the Fort McMurray region of northern Alberta. Its Sunrise Energy Project achieved first production in early 2015. In

988-601: The Clearwater Formation are more difficult to tap than those of the McMurray Formation. Cenovus Inc.'s Tucker thermal oilsands project which opened in 2006 began to post a modest return in 2013. Cenovus Inc. (CVE), with its head office in Calgary, Alberta, Canada is an integrated oil and natural gas producer. Canadian Natural Resources use "employs cyclic steam or "huff and puff" technology to develop bitumen resources. This technology requires one well bore and

1040-477: The Clearwater Formation, operated by CNRL subsidiary Horizon Oil Sands , use the high pressure cyclic steam stimulation (HPCSS).( AER 2013 ) Shale Shale is a fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock formed from mud that is a mix of flakes of clay minerals (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g., kaolin , Al 2 Si 2 O 5 ( OH ) 4 ) and tiny fragments ( silt -sized particles) of other minerals, especially quartz and calcite . Shale

1092-715: The Husky Refining Company, with the acquisition by Glenn Nielsen of assets of the 4-year-old Park Refining Company from founder Valentine Monroe Kirk . The first refinery was in Cody, with a second constructed later in Riverton, Wyoming . In 1946, the Company relocated to Canada, with the Riverton refinery moved to Lloydminster , Alberta to take advantage of the expanding asphalt and heavy oil opportunities in

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1144-803: The Jeanne d'Arc Basin) includes two production wells at South White Rose that came online in 2015. Exploration work is underway at the Bay du Nord discovery area in the Flemish Pass, with partner Statoil. Husky also owns a 40% interest in the Wenchang project offshore China, located near the mouth of the Pearl River . The remaining 60% of the project is owned by the China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC). Husky

1196-478: The United States and the Asia Pacific region, with upstream and downstream business segments. In the 2020 Forbes Global 2000 , Husky Energy was ranked as the 1443rd-largest public company in the world. In January 2021, Husky was acquired by Cenovus Energy . Its retail operations were sold to Federated Co-operatives and Parkland Corporation later that year. Husky Energy was founded in 1938 in Cody, Wyoming as

1248-486: The agreement, all Husky cardlock locations were rebranded as Esso cardlocks in 2017, and selected retail locations—including Husky's travel centres—were converted to the Esso brand. In January 2019, Husky stated that it was exploring the sale of its retail network and Prince George refinery. In December 2021, Cenovus announced its intent to sell 337 gas stations to Parkland Fuel and Federated Co-operatives , retaining

1300-646: The area. A wholly-owned subsidiary, Husky Oil and Refining Ltd., was created and headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The Cody refinery continued operations well into the 1970s, producing primarily asphalt. The refinery was razed in the late 1990s. In 1978–1979, amid a bidding war between Petro-Canada and Occidental Petroleum , controlling ownership of Husky was acquired by Alberta Gas Trunk Lines (which in 1980 became NOVA Corporation). In 1986, Hong Kong-based Li Ka-shing acquired 43% of Husky, and in 1991 he purchased NOVA's remaining interests, expanding his stake to 95%. In 1998, Husky purchased Mohawk Oil ,

1352-469: The bitumen from the sand, the pressure creates cracks and openings through which the bitumen can flow back into the steam-injector wells. HPCSS differs from steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) operations where steam is injected at lower pressures without fracturing the reservoir and uses gravity drainage as the primary recovery mechanism." Canadian Natural Resources Limited's (CNRL) Primrose and Wolf Lake in situ oil sands project near Cold Lake, Alberta in

1404-421: The black coloration. Because amorphous iron sulfide gradually converts to pyrite , which is not an important pigment, young shales may be quite dark from their iron sulfide content, in spite of a modest carbon content (less than 1%), while a black color in an ancient shale indicates a high carbon content. Most shales are marine in origin, and the groundwater in shale formations is often highly saline . There

1456-506: The clumps of clay particles produced by flocculation vary in size from a few tens of microns to over 700 microns in diameter. The floccules start out water-rich, but much of the water is expelled from the floccules as the clay minerals bind more tightly together over time (a process called syneresis ). Clay pelletization by organisms that filter feed is important where flocculation is inhibited. Filter feeders produce an estimated 12 metric tons of clay pellets per square kilometer per year along

1508-408: The color of the rock. Red, brown and green colors are indicative of ferric oxide ( hematite – reds), iron hydroxide ( goethite – browns and limonite – yellow), or micaceous minerals ( chlorite , biotite and illite – greens). The color shifts from reddish to greenish as iron in the oxidized ( ferric ) state is converted to iron in the reduced ( ferrous ) state. Black shale results from

1560-457: The company dropped a bid to acquire MEG Energy after failing to get shareholder support. In 2020, Cenovus Energy offered to acquire Husky for $ 3.8 billion ; Li would own 27.2% of the merged company. The acquisition was completed in January 2021. On April 26, 2018, Husky's Superior, Wisconsin refinery experienced a series of explosions and fires , resulting in 11 injuries, one of which

1612-823: The company has identified three pillars for growth: the Asia Pacific Region, the Oil Sands and the Atlantic Region. Its Heavy Oil business include seven thermal developments in Saskatchewan. The company's Western Canada portfolio includes a focus on resource plays. In the Asia Pacific Region, Husky's Liwan Gas Project in the South China Sea began production in 2014. Husky is advancing the liquids-rich BD field offshore Indonesia, along with three additional shallow water fields. Husky has

Clearwater Formation - Misplaced Pages Continue

1664-548: The context of underground coal mining , shale was frequently referred to as slate well into the 20th century. Black shale associated with coal seams is called black metal. [REDACTED] Media related to Shale at Wikimedia Commons Husky Energy Husky Energy Inc. was a Canadian company engaged in hydrocarbon exploration , headquartered in Calgary , Alberta , Canada. It operated in Western and Atlantic Canada,

1716-420: The cooling of the reservoir." "Roughly 35 per cent of all in situ production in the Alberta oil sands uses a technique called High Pressure Cyclic Steam Stimulation (HPCSS), which cycles between two phases: first, steam is injected into an underground oilsands deposit to soften the bitumen; then, the resulting hot mixture of bitumen and steam (called a "bitumen emulsion") is pumped up to the surface. The process

1768-542: The formation during oilsand mining. The Clearwater Formation consists of primarily of black and green shale, with some interbedded grey and green sandstone and siltstone, and ironstone concretions . To the southeast of Cold Lake it includes massive hydrocarbon-bearing, glauconitic salt-and-pepper sandstones with interbedded shales. The Wabiskaw Member forms the base of the Clearwater Formation. It consists of glauconitic sandstones with interbeds of black fissile shale, and it includes oilsand and heavy oil in some areas. It

1820-675: The largest independent chain of consumer filling stations in Western Canada. In 2000, the company acquired Renaissance Energy, controlled by Li Ka-shing . In 2003, it acquired the Canadian unit of the American-based Marathon Oil Corporation . In November 2017, Husky acquired the a refinery in Superior, Wisconsin from Calumet Specialty Products Partners LP for $ 492 million. In 2019,

1872-903: The lower Spirit River Formation in the Peace River region, and may be equivalent to the Cummings Member in the Lloydminster region. The Clearwater Formation was deposited in marine, near-shore and estuarine environments on the eastern side of the Western Interior Seaway , and it contains marine and, rarely, terrestrial fossils. Workers at mines near Fort McMurray have made a number of significant finds while removing Clearwater strata to expose underlying oilsand deposits. Plesiosaurs such as Nichollssaura and ichthyosaurs such as Athabascasaurus , some of them nearly complete, have been recovered at Syncrude Canada Ltd.'s mines. The well-preserved holotype specimen of

1924-592: The mineral dissolved from strained contact points is redeposited in the unstrained pore spaces. The clay minerals may be altered as well. For example, smectite is altered to illite at temperatures of about 55 to 200 °C (130 to 390 °F), releasing water in the process. Other alteration reactions include the alteration of smectite to chlorite and of kaolinite to illite at temperatures between 120 and 150 °C (250 and 300 °F). Because of these reactions, illite composes 80% of Precambrian shales, versus about 25% of young shales. Unroofing of buried shale

1976-433: The narrow Atlantic, and in part because the very warm Cretaceous seas lacked the circulation of cold bottom water that oxygenates the deep oceans today. Most clay must be deposited as aggregates and floccules, since the settling rate of individual clay particles is extremely slow. Flocculation is very rapid once the clay encounters highly saline sea water. Whereas individual clay particles are less than 4 microns in size,

2028-528: The nodosaurid Borealopelta markmitchelli has also been recovered at the Suncor Millennium Mine. Plesiosaurs and ichthyosaurs were large marine reptiles, but the ankylosaur was an armoured dinosaur and represents a terrestrial animal that became entombed in the sea floor approximately 200 kilometres (120 mi) from the nearest known paleo-shoreline. Its bloated carcass probably washed out to sea and floated for several days before sinking to

2080-415: The original open framework of clay particles. The particles become strongly oriented into parallel layers that give the shale its distinctive fabric. Fissility likely develops early in the compaction process, at relatively shallow depth, since fissility does not seem to vary with depth in thick formations. Kaolinite flakes have less tendency to align in parallel layers than other clays, so kaolinite-rich clay

2132-631: The parallel orientation of clay mineral flakes in shale, it breaks into thin layers, often splintery and usually parallel to the otherwise indistinguishable bedding planes . Non-fissile rocks of similar composition and particle size (less than 0.0625 mm) are described as mudstones (1/3 to 2/3 silt particles) or claystones (less than 1/3 silt). Rocks with similar particle sizes but with less clay (greater than 2/3 silt) and therefore grittier are siltstones . Shales are typically gray in color and are composed of clay minerals and quartz grains. The addition of variable amounts of minor constituents alters

Clearwater Formation - Misplaced Pages Continue

2184-817: The presence of greater than one percent carbonaceous material and indicates a reducing environment. Pale blue to blue-green shales typically are rich in carbonate minerals . Clays are the major constituent of shales and other mudrocks. The clay minerals represented are largely kaolinite , montmorillonite and illite. Clay minerals of Late Tertiary mudstones are expandable smectites , whereas in older rocks (especially in mid-to early Paleozoic shales) illites predominate. The transformation of smectite to illite produces silica , sodium , calcium , magnesium , iron and water. These released elements form authigenic quartz , chert , calcite , dolomite , ankerite , hematite and albite , all trace to minor (except quartz) minerals found in shales and other mudrocks. A typical shale

2236-407: The production consists of the injection and production phases. First steam is "injected for several weeks, mobilizing cold bitumen". Then the flow "on the injection well is reversed producing oil through the same injection well bore. The injection and production phases together comprise one cycle. "Steam is re-injected to begin a new cycle when oil production rates fall below a critical threshold due to

2288-444: The richest source rocks may contain as much as 40% organic matter. The organic matter in shale is converted over time from the original proteins, polysaccharides , lipids , and other organic molecules to kerogen , which at the higher temperatures found at greater depths of burial is further converted to graphite and petroleum. Before the mid-19th century, the terms slate , shale and schist were not sharply distinguished. In

2340-653: The sea floor. All of the specimens now reside at the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology . The formation contains oilsand in the Cold Lake and Primrose Lake region. Heavy oil is produced from the loose sandstones of the Wabiskaw Member by means of horizontal drilling in the Wabasca oil field , and the Wabiskaw contains surface-mineable oilsand in the Fort McMurray area. The oilsands of

2392-433: The sediments, with only slight compaction. Pyrite may be formed in anoxic mud at this stage of diagenesis. Deeper burial is accompanied by mesogenesis , during which most of the compaction and lithification takes place. As the sediments come under increasing pressure from overlying sediments, sediment grains move into more compact arrangements, ductile grains (such as clay mineral grains) are deformed, and pore space

2444-645: The surface and back to the central facility. Husky has managed the terminal operations for Western Canada Select (WCS)—one of North America's largest heavy crude oil streams— since it came on stream in 2004. The Lloydminster Upgrader, in Lloydminster , Alberta , converts heavy oil to a high-quality, low sulphur synthetic oil. Husky's asphalt refinery , in Lloydminster, Alberta , produces more than 30 different types and grades of road asphalt. Husky's Ethanol Plant in Minnedosa, Manitoba has been producing ethanol to be blended into gasoline since 1981. In 2007 it

2496-414: The waters and destroyed organic matter before it could accumulate. The absence of carbonate rock in shale beds reflects the absence of organisms that might have secreted carbonate skeletons, also likely due to an anoxic environment. As a result, about 95% of organic matter in sedimentary rocks is found in shales and other mudrocks. Individual shale beds typically have an organic matter content of about 1%, but

2548-827: Was 166% (136% including economic factors), reflecting new additions from heavy oil thermal projects, the Sunrise Energy Project, the Liwan Gas Project and the company's natural gas fields offshore Indonesia. It owns approximately 490 retail stations in Canada. Husky is the operator of the White Rose field and a partner in the Terra Nova project in the Jeanne d'Arc Basin offshore Newfoundland . The White Rose field (located offshore Newfoundland in

2600-457: Was critical. A mandatory evacuation was issued by the Mayor of Superior, Jim Paine, after the fire spread and caused multiple additional explosions, with Douglas County (of which Superior is the county seat) declaring a state of emergency. The black smoke resulting from the explosions and fire traveled as far south as Solon Springs , 22 miles south of the refinery. Its offshore business includes

2652-618: Was defined in well Barnsdall West Wabiskaw No. 1 (located between Wabasca River and Lesser Slave Lake in central Alberta ) by P.C. Badgley in 1952. The Clearwater Formation is present in the subsurface of northeastern and central Alberta, and is exposed on lower course of the Athabasca River , as well as along the Christina River , a tributary of the Clearwater River southeast of Fort McMurray . It reaches

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2704-475: Was expanded and produces about 130 million litres of ethanol per year. The Husky Lloydminster Ethanol Plant came online in 2006 and produces 130 million litres of ethanol per year. In Canada ethanol is blended into gasoline. Feedstock for the plant is mainly non-food feed-grade wheat purchased locally. The plant can also produce Corn ethanol . Like other Midwest refiners, Husky was revamping its Lima, Ohio refinery to process Western Canadian Select , (WCS)

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