32-589: List of Clematis species Atragene L. Coriflora Weber Viorna Rchb. Clematis is a genus of about 380 species within the buttercup family, Ranunculaceae . Their garden hybrids and cultivars have been popular among gardeners , beginning with Clematis 'Jackmanii' , a garden staple since 1862; more cultivars are being produced constantly. They are mainly of Chinese and Japanese origin. Most species are known as clematis in English, while some are also known as: The genus name Clematis
64-484: A link between pavilions . They are different from green tunnels , with a green tunnel being a type of road under a canopy of trees. Depending on the context, the terms "pergola", " bower ", and " arbor " are often used interchangeably. An "arbor" is also regarded as being a wooden bench seat with a roof, usually enclosed by lattice panels forming a framework for climbing plants; in evangelical Christianity , brush arbor revivals occur under such structures. A pergola, on
96-423: A moist, cool substrate, while the herbage can take full sun. Some more delicate cultivars such as 'Nelly Moser' do better in light shade. Many clematis can be grown successfully in containers. Different varieties and cultivars require varied pruning regimes from no pruning to heavy pruning annually. The pruning regime for a cultivated clematis falls into three categories: Over 80 varieties and cultivars have gained
128-631: A stem rot caused by the fungus Phoma clematidina , causes dramatic wilting and death of whole branches, although many species are resistant to it. The species of this genus are also alternate hosts of Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici . C. mandshurica specifically is known to provide inoculum transferrable to wheat in the former eastern Soviet territories, and several of this genus are hosts for several other P. recondita strains and other Puccinia . Other pests and diseases include powdery mildew , viruses , slugs and snails , scale insects, aphids , earwigs , and green flower disease, which
160-654: A structure on which to grow. In 1498, Leonardo da Vinci decorated the Sala delle Asse of the Castello Sforzesco in Milan to give the illusion of the great square and vaulted reception hall being within a pergola that was made up of the intertwined branches of sixteen huge mulberry trees. The novel project was commissioned by the Duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza . Pergolas are more permanent architectural features than
192-495: A weather-resistant wood, such as western red cedar ( Thuja plicata ) or, formerly, of coast redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens ). They are painted, stained , or use wood treated with preservatives for outdoor use. For a low maintenance alternative to wood, the contemporary materials of vinyl, fiberglass, aluminum, and CPVC can be used. These materials do not require yearly paint or stain like a wooden pergola would, and their manufacture can make them even stronger and longer-lasting than
224-655: Is a monophyletic group within Clematis . Species to be transferred include: A partial list of species: One recent classification recognised 297 species of clematis. Consequently, taxonomists and gardeners subdivide the genus. Several classification systems exist. Magnus Johnson divided Clematis into 19 sections , several with subsections. Christopher Grey-Wilson divided the genus into 9 subgenera ( Clematis , Cheiropsis , Flammula, Archiclematis , Campanella , Atragene , Tubulosae , Pseudanemone , Viorna ), several with sections and subsections within them. Several of
256-452: Is also a constituent of Bach's Rescue Remedy . Leaf extracts from two Ethiopian species ( Clematis longicauda steud ex A. Rich. and Clematis burgensis Engl.) are used locally to treat ear disorders and eczema. Phytochemical screening of the extracts from both of these species showed antibacterial and antifungal activity. The extracts of these plants also possess wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities which could also be attributed to
288-564: Is from Ancient Greek κληματίς : clēmatís, ("a climbing plant") from κλήμα : klḗma – 'twig, sprout, tendril'. The genus is composed of mostly vigorous, woody, climbing vines / lianas . The woody stems are quite fragile until several years old. Leaves are opposite and divided into leaflets and leafstalks that twist and curl around supporting structures to anchor the plant as it climbs. Some species are shrubby , while others, like C. recta , are herbaceous perennial plants . The cool temperate species are deciduous , but many of
320-473: Is most commonly an outdoor garden feature forming a shaded walkway, passageway, or sitting area of vertical posts or pillars that usually support crossbeams and a sturdy open lattice , often upon which woody vines are trained . The origin of the word is the Late Latin pergula , referring to a projecting eave. It also may be an extension of a building or serve as protection for an open terrace or
352-536: Is usually caused by infection with a phytoplasma , a type of bacterium. List of Clematis species The following species in the flowering plant genus Clematis are accepted by Plants of the World Online . Although the genus is currently most diverse in warm temperate regions and mountainous habitats, molecular evidence suggests that this is of recent origin, and earlier diversification occurred in more tropical climes. Pergola A pergola
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#1732791462141384-684: The List of Award of Garden Merit clematis . This follows the classification adopted by V. Matthews in The International Clematis Register and Checklist 2002, except that C. ispahanica , now considered to have been included in error, has been omitted from the list of parent species in Tangutica Group. The European species did not enter into the herbalists ' pharmacopeia . In the American Old West ,
416-621: The Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit . In the Atragene group are woody deciduous climbers with bell-shaped flowers in spring, produced on the last year's growth. These include 'Markham's Pink', a pale pink breed. In the early large-flowered group, which flower on the last year's growth, are: In the Clematis integrifolia group (or Integrifolia group) are non- or semi-climbing plants that flower on
448-499: The Victorian era , famous for its nuanced flower symbolism . It came to symbolize both mental beauty and art as well as poverty . The climbing varieties are valued for their ability to scramble up walls, fences, and other structures, and also to grow through other plants, such as shrubs and trees. Some can be trained along the ground to provide cover. Because of their adaptability and masses of spectacular flowers, clematis are among
480-508: The green tunnels of late medieval and early Renaissance gardens that often were formed of springy withies —easily replaced shoots of willow or hazel —bound together at the heads to form a series of arches , then loosely woven with long slats on which climbers were grown, to make a passage that was both cool, shaded, and moderately dry in a shower. At the Medici villa , La Petraia , inner and outer curving segments of such green walks,
512-604: The 17th century. These species were also brought to Europe through Japan. Japanese garden selections, mostly cultivated in Edo Period using species that are native to Japan or China, were the first exotic clematises to reach European gardens, in the 18th century, long before the Chinese species were identified in their native habitat at the end of the 19th century. After it arrived in Europe, it acquired several meanings during
544-535: The Viticella section of the subgenus Flammula as defined by Grey-Wilson. These larger-flowered cultivars are often used within garden designs to climb archways, pergolas , or wall-mounted trellises , or to grow through companion plants. These forms normally have large 12–15 cm diameter upward-facing flowers and are believed to involve crosses of C. patens , C. lanuginosa , and C. viticella . Early-season, large-flowering forms such as 'Nelly Moser' tend towards
576-457: The Western white clematis, Clematis ligusticifolia , was called pepper vine by early travelers and pioneers, who took a tip from Spanish colonials and used seeds and the acrid leaves of yerba de chivato as a pepper substitute. The entire genus contains essential oils and compounds which are extremely irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. Unlike black pepper or Capsicum , however,
608-427: The combination of characters defining Clematis were formerly segregated as the genera Archiclematis (1 species) and Naravelia (several species). DNA sequence studies have found that these two genera are deeply nested in Clematis , the morphological characters they were erected on being either reversals or misinterpretations, and that consequently the genera should be reduced to the synonymy of Clematis . Naravelia
640-402: The company of the fifth Earl of Pembroke , Evelyn watched the coursing of hares from a "pergola" built on the downs near Salisbury for that purpose. The clearly artificial nature of the pergola made it fall from favor in the naturalistic gardening styles of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Yet handsome pergolas on brick and stone pillars with powerful cross-beams were a feature of
672-418: The compounds in clematis cause internal bleeding of the digestive tract if ingested in large amounts. C. ligusticifolia is essentially toxic. When pruning them, it is a good idea to wear gloves. Despite its toxicity, Native Americans used very small amounts of clematis as an effective treatment for migraine headaches and nervous disorders. It was also used as an effective treatment of skin infections. Clematis
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#1732791462141704-468: The current year's growth. These include the violet-pink 'Arabella'. In the late large-flowered group, which flower on the current year's growth, are: In the Clematis montana group (or Montana group) are vigorous climbers that flower in spring, such as: In the Clematis viticella group (or Viticella group) are compact deciduous climbers with small flowers produced on the current year's growth, such as: Other breeds include: For further details see
736-480: The forerunners of pergolas, give structure to the pattern that can be viewed from the long terrace above it. The origin of the word is the Late Latin pergula , referring to a projecting eave . The English term was borrowed from Italian . The term was mentioned in an Italian context in 1645 by John Evelyn at the cloister of Trinità dei Monti in Rome He used the term in an English context in 1654 when, in
768-847: The gardens designed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by Sir Edwin Lutyens and Gertrude Jekyll and epitomize their trademark of firm structure luxuriantly planted. A particularly extensive pergola is featured at the gardens of The Hill in Hampstead (London), designed by Thomas Mawson for his client W. H. Lever . Pergola in Wrocław was designed in 1911 and became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2006. Modern pergola design materials including wood, vinyl, fiberglass, aluminum, and chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) rather than brick or stone pillars, are more affordable and are increasing in popularity. Wooden pergolas are made either from
800-450: The high-speed rail pergola structure picture elsewhere in the article for an illustration.) Pergolas may link pavilions or extend from a building's door to an open garden feature such as an isolated terrace or pool. Freestanding pergolas, those not attached to a home or other structure, provide a sitting area that allows for breeze and light sun, but offer protection from the harsh glare of direct sunlight. Pergolas also give climbing plants
832-548: The most popular of all garden plants. Many choice and rare cultivars are to be had from mail order and online catalogues. Specialists regularly put on displays in national flower shows such as the Chelsea Flower Show . In theory, it is possible to have a clematis in flower at any time throughout the year. Many varieties provide a second period of interest with a flush of flowers, or decorative seed heads. They will grow in any good garden soil. The roots usually require
864-515: The natural flowering habit of C. patens or C. lanuginosa while later-flowering forms such as × jackmanii are nearer in habit to C. viticella . Clematis patens C.Morren et Decne. ( Kazaguruma ), native to Japan, was introduced to Europe in 1836 by Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold . Today, it is the most frequently used species for developing large-flowered cultivars. The wild Clematis species, such as Clematis florida , native to China had also made their way into Japanese gardens by
896-509: The other hand, is a much larger and more open structure. Normally, a pergola does not include integral seating. Modern pergola structures can also include architectural or engineering structures having a pergola design, which are not used in gardens. California High-Speed Rail , for instance, uses large concrete pergolas to support high-speed rail guideways which cut over roadways or other rail tracks at shallow angles (unlike bridges or overcrossings which are usually nearly at right angles). (See
928-440: The phytoconstituents. Clematis has been listed as one of the 38 plants used to prepare Bach flower remedies , a kind of alternative medicine promoted for its effect on health. However, according to Cancer Research UK , "there is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer". Clematis species are susceptible to several pests and diseases. Clematis wilt,
960-618: The previous year's stems, summer/fall blooming clematis bloom only on the ends of new stems, and twice-flowering clematis do both. The genus Clematis was first published by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum in 1753, the first species listed being Clematis viticella . The genus name long pre-dates Linnaeus. It was used in Classical Greek for various climbing plants, and is based on κλήμα (klēma), meaning vine or tendril. Some morphologically distinctive taxa lacking
992-481: The subdivisions are fairly consistent between these two systems; for example, all of Grey-Wilson's subgenera are used as sections by Johnson. Alternatively, John Howell defined twelve groups: the Evergreen, Alpina, Macropetala, Montana, Rockery, Early Large-Flowered, Late Large-Flowered, Herbaceous, Viticella, Texensis, Orientalis, and Late Mixed groups. Many of the most popular garden forms are cultivars belonging to
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1024-536: The warmer climate species are evergreen . They grow best in cool, moist, well-drained soil in full sun. Clematis species are mainly found throughout the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, rarely in the tropics. Clematis leaves are food for the caterpillars of some Lepidoptera species , including the willow beauty ( Peribatodes rhomboidaria ). The timing and location of flowers varies; spring-blooming clematis flower on side shoots of
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