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43-563: Clo-oose ( Nuu-chah-nulth tluu7uus ) is an area adjacent to the mouth of the Cheewhat River on the west coast of southern Vancouver Island , British Columbia . Within the Pacific Rim National Park Reserve , the former steamboat stop is by road and trail about 102 kilometres (63 mi) south of Port Alberni and 119 kilometres (74 mi) west of Duncan . Part of the traditional territory of what

86-590: A predicate . Affixes can be appended to those clauses to signify numerous grammatical categories , such as mood , aspect or tense . Aspects in Nuu-chah-nulth help specify an action's extension over time and its relation to other events. Up to 7 aspects can be distinguished: Where each "–" signifies the root. Tense can be marked using affixes (marked with a dash ) and clitics (marked with an equal sign ). Nuu-chah-nulth distinguishes near future and general future: The first two markings refer to

129-509: A century ago. The dictionary, however, is a subject of controversy, with a number of Nuu-chah-nulth elders questioning the author's right to disclose their language. Nuu-chah-nulth has 12 different dialects: Nuuchahnulth had a name for each place within their traditional territory. These are just a few still used to this day: A Ehattesaht iPhone app was released in January 2012. An online dictionary, phrasebook, and language learning portal

172-482: A community infrastructure. These resident investors were urged to promptly purchase their waterfront lots. A large hotel, golf links, tennis courts, croquet and bowling greens, a seaside boardwalk, and large pier were proposed. To capitalize on the popularity of Banff 's mineral springs, similar springs at Clo-oose were falsely claimed, as was the absence of mosquitoes. The Cheewat River is tidal, cold, and salty, rendering it unpleasant for both bathing and drinking. Some of

215-446: A conversation in Nuu-chah-nulth. This represents a 23% increase over the 2016 census. The total included 280 speakers who reported the language as a mother tongue. The 35 consonants of Nuu-chah-nulth : The pharyngeal consonants developed from mergers of uvular sounds; /ħ/ derives from a merger of /χ/ and /χʷ/ (which are now comparatively rare) while /ʕ/ came about from a merger of /qʼ/ and /qʷʼ/ (which are now absent from

258-570: A decrepit cabin stands beside the West Coast Trail . English ivy and foxglove grow among the sword ferns and salal . The old telegraph line rusts in the treetops. In 1913, the West Coast Development Company of Victoria produced a pamphlet to promote a proposed oceanfront resort at Clo-oose. The Canadian Pacific Railway was already developing this symbolic pioneer spirit tourism with its bungalow camps along

301-521: A general event that will take place in the future (similar to how the word will behaves in English) and the two other suffixes denote that something is expected to happen (compare to the English going to ). Past tense can be marked with the =mit clitic that can itself take different forms depending on the environment and speaker's dialect: Grammatical mood in Nuu-chah-nulth lets the speaker express

344-555: A lifesaving station at Clo-oose in 1907. 1918: Purse seiner Renfrew wrecked on the bar out from the Nitinat Narrows, with the loss of 13 lives. 1923: SS Santa Rita wrecked on a reef to the southeast, with no loss of life. 1925: Schooner Raita wrecked on the rocks just off Whyac Point, with no loss of life. In 1970, the Pacific Rim National Park Reserve was established, and in 1973,

387-644: A problem weed on unmanaged heathland, it is readily browsed by cattle (especially in winter), so where traditional grazing management has been restored, the dense stands become broken up and the plant becomes a more scattered component of the heathland vegetation. As an invasive species , salal is resistant to many herbicides because of its waxy foliage, although Garlon and Silvex can be effective when properly applied. Attempts at mechanical removal may break up rhizomes and stimulate new growth, thus increasing salal cover. The dark blue berries and young leaves are edible and efficient appetite suppressants , both with

430-464: A safe harbour made the building of a pier pointless. Weather and rough seas affected the arrival of steamboats. Adverse conditions could delay a visit by up to two months. When sufficiently calm, the vessel anchored off-shore. Canoes paddled out to carry mail, freight, and passengers to the beach. Often people and supplies became soaked during the transfer. A school existed 1913–1936. The population decimated by World War I enlistments, few returned after

473-521: A unique flavor. The berries were a significant food resource for some Native American tribes, who ate them fresh and dried them into cakes. They were also used as a sweetener , and the Haida used them to thicken salmon eggs. The leaves of the plant were also sometimes used to flavor fish soup. More recently, the berries are used locally in jams, preserves, and pies. They are often combined with Oregon-grape because salal's mild sweetness partially masks

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516-477: Is 5 to 10 centimetres (2 to 4 inches) long. Each leaf generally lives for 2 to 4 years before it is replaced. The inflorescence of flowers consists of a bracteate raceme , one-sided, with 5–15 flowers at the ends of branches. Each flower is composed of a deeply five-parted, glandular-haired calyx and an urn-shaped pink to white, glandular to hairy, five-lobed petals (corolla), 7 to 10 millimetres ( 1 ⁄ 4 to 3 ⁄ 8  in) long. The fruit

559-591: Is available at the First Voices Ehattesaht Nuchatlaht Community Portal. Gaultheria shallon Gaultheria shallon is an evergreen shrub in the heather family ( Ericaceae ), native to western North America. In English, it is known as salal , shallon , or (mainly in Britain) gaultheria . Gaultheria shallon is 0.4 to 3.05 metres ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 to 10 feet) tall, sprawling to erect. It

602-724: Is heaviest when other low-growing species become covered in snow; in Western Washington salal leaves composed 30.4% of deer diet by volume in January, compared to only 0.5% in June. The leaves have relatively low nutritional value, and deer which feed exclusively on them have shown signs of malnutrition , cementing their status as a winter and emergency food for ungulates . Beavers and the white-footed vole are known to feed on salal leaves, as are domestic goats and sheep in some areas. The band-tailed pigeon , wrentit , various species of grouse , and numerous songbirds consume

645-426: Is loosely to densely branched and often forms dense, nearly impenetrable thickets. The twigs are reddish-brown, with shredding bark. Twigs can live up to 16 years or more, but bear leaves only the first few years. The leaves are alternate, evergreen , leathery, thick and egg shaped. They are shiny and dark green on the upper surface, and rough and lighter green on the lower. Each finely and sharply serrate leaf

688-616: Is reddish to blue, rough-surfaced, covered in tiny hairs, nearly spherical and 6 to 10 mm in diameter. The fruits are 'pseudoberries', or capsules made up of a fleshy outer calyx, and each fruit contains an average of 126 brown, reticulate seeds approximately 0.1 mm in length. These berries are also edible. Lewis and Clark reported the local Chinook Jargon name of the omnipresent evergreen shrub to be shallon , shelwel , or shellwell , but when Scottish naturalist David Douglas arrived at Fort George in April 1825 he noted that it

731-591: The Chinookan -speaking peoples of the lower Columbia River led to the foundations of the trade jargon that became known as Chinook. Nootkan words in Chinook Jargon include hiyu ("many"), from Nuu-chah-nulth for "ten", siah ("far"), from the Nuu-chah-nulth for "sky". A dictionary of the language, with some 7,500 entries, was created after 15 years of research. It is based on both work with current speakers and notes from linguist Edward Sapir , taken almost

774-423: The western swordfern or vine maple , although it still competes with conifer seedlings for water, nutrients, and space. There are mixed reports on its impact on Douglas-fir regrowth; on some sites it may hinder it, but on others it may add nutrients to the soil and actually increase conifer regeneration. The leaves are browsed by deer and elk , and it is an important winter food for those species. Browsing

817-437: The 1960s led to consolidation at the head of Nitinat Lake , where logging roads from Port Alberni or Lake Cowichan provided access. The move coincided with talks about creating a national park, which would encompass Clo-oose, where some tribal members continued to spend part of the year. Europeans had visited the area since the maritime fur trade in the 1700s, but the first settler was G.F. Groves. In 1892, he purchased land on

860-472: The 1970s, when the various groups of speakers of this language joined together, disliking the term "Nootka" (which means "go around" and was mistakenly understood to be the name of a place, which was actually called Yuquot ). The name given by earlier sources for this language is Tahkaht ; that name was used also to refer to themselves (the root aht means "people"). Using data from the 2021 census, Statistics Canada reported that 665 individuals could conduct

903-532: The Cheewhat River, raised cattle, and ran a store/trading post. Meeting newcomers David and Sarah Logan in Victoria in 1894, he persuaded the couple to manage the operation while he went home on a visit to Australia, but Groves never returned. That year, Rev. William. J. Stone established a Methodist mission. Daughter, Gwendolyn Hoop-Kwis-Tuck (1898–1996), was the first non-native born in the community. Around 1906, Rev. Charles Docksteader replaced Stone. David Logan

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946-471: The Pacific Northwest down to Southern California. It is a common coniferous forest understory species where shade is not heavy and may dominate large areas with its spreading rhizomes . Individual plants may live for hundreds of years, spreading from their rhizomes. The plant is sensitive to frost. It is tolerant of salt spray and grows well on stabilized dunes , exposed slopes, and bluffs near

989-484: The attitude towards what they're saying and how did they get presented information. Nuu-chah-nulth's moods are: Not counting the articles, all moods take person endings that indicate the subject of the clause. The Nuu-chah-nulth language contributed much of the vocabulary of the Chinook Jargon . It is thought that oceanic commerce and exchanges between the Nuu-chah-nulth and other Southern Wakashan speakers with

1032-537: The community. The poem is regarded as a eulogy to Charles Hansen and Ho Hee, lost on the Renfrew , and buried on a knoll near the First Nations cemetery. The use of the singular may be representative of the era, where newspaper accounts and official reports often excluded Chinese deaths in the tally of disasters. Included in this instance, the 11 Europeans were listed, the two Chinese were not named. Alternatively,

1075-489: The federal government designates the Ditidaht First Nation , the main villages were 3 kilometres (2 mi) north at Whyac, and 7 kilometres (4 mi) south at Qua-ba-diwa (Carmanah). During First Nations travel and trade by canoe between these and other villages along this coast, Clo-oose was a stopping point. The name means camping beach or landing place. Alternative meanings have been suggested. In 1791,

1118-417: The first syllable is stressed. Nuu-chah-nulth has phonemic short and long vowels. Traditionally, a third class of vowels, known as "variable length" vowels, is recognized. These are vowels that are long when they are found within the first two syllables of a word, and short elsewhere. Nuu-chah nulth is a polysynthetic language with VSO word order . A clause in Nuu-chah-nulth must consist of at least

1161-403: The former lifesaving trail became a hiking trail. At kilometre 35, Clo-oose is almost in the middle. During the 1960s, Helen Dorothy Ordway, and her son, ran a teahouse in the vicinity. Another woman offered her homemade beer to hikers. Both provided shelter to hikers during storms. Ordway was the final postmaster 1961–1966. The West Coast Development Company accurately predicted the popularity of

1204-652: The former's tartness. Salal is widely cultivated as an ornamental both within and outside of its native range, useful for ground cover and landscaping. In the Pacific Northwest, the harvesting of G. shallon is the heart of a large industry which supplies cut evergreens worldwide for use in floral arrangements . It is used in native plant gardens and sold as "Lemon Leaf". The species has been used for its medicinal properties by local natives for generations, although its medicinal uses are not widely known. The leaves have an astringent effect, making it an effective anti-inflammatory and anti-cramping herb. Leaves prepared in

1247-534: The fruit, as do mammals such as the red squirrel , black bear , black-tailed deer, Townsend's chipmunk , and the Douglas squirrel . Salal flowers are pollinated by hummingbirds, bees, and flies, and are browsed by deer. It provides important cover and hiding places for a variety of species, from large ungulates to small birds and mammals. Salal is adapted to a fire regime of infrequent fires, from intervals of 50 to 500+ years. Although aboveground portions of

1290-695: The language). Nuu-chah-nulth vowels are influenced by surrounding consonants with certain "back" consonants conditioning lower, more back vowel allophones . The mid vowels [ɛː] and [ɔː] appear in vocative forms and in ceremonial expressions. [ə] is a possible realization of /a/ after a glottalized sonorant. In the environment of glottalized resonants as well as ejective and pharyngeal consonants, vowels can be "laryngealized" which often means creaky voice . In general, syllable weight determines stress placement; short vowels followed by non-glottalized consonants and long vowels are heavy. In sequences where there are no heavy syllables or only heavy syllables,

1333-457: The main line, which complemented such destination properties as the luxury Banff Springs Hotel . However, Clo-oose, and the hundreds of kilometres of this coastline served by steamboats, lacked any comparable tourist accommodation. Described as an easy distance to Vancouver , Victoria and Seattle , the qualification "as the crow flies" was omitted. The aim was not only to draw those same wealthy American tourists, but also lure settlers to develop

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1376-424: The ocean, as well as in coastal brushfields and coastal shore pine and Sitka spruce forests. Salal tolerates moderate shade and does well in sun. It grows in a variety of soils but prefers moist sandy or peaty soils, and commonly establishes on decaying wood and stumps or as an epiphyte in extremely humid areas. Conifer regeneration is typically better on sites dominated by salal than on sites dominated by

1419-402: The other Nuu-chah-nulth communities, making reports of their voyages. From 1803–1805 John R. Jewitt , an English blacksmith , was held captive by chief Maquinna at Nootka Sound . He made an effort to learn the language, and in 1815 published a memoir with a brief glossary of its terms. The provenance of the term "Nuu-chah-nulth", meaning "along the outside [of Vancouver Island]" dates from

1462-647: The people were already marked with smallpox scars when the Columbia called. The combined tribal population at Whyack and Clo-oose was 198 by 1906, but less than 30 by 1964. In the early 1900s, the Indian Department encouraged the Ditidaht-speaking peoples of the area to consolidate their settlements at Clo-oose, which was supplied by a coastal steamboat , visiting every 10 days. When this service ceased in 1952, many left. Federal initiatives in

1505-406: The plant may be consumed, rhizomes in the soil will survive and resprout after light to moderate fires. Severe fires on dry, shallow soil will penetrate into the roots and kill the plant. It readily colonizes heathland and acidic woodland habitats in southern England, often forming very tall and dense evergreen stands which smother other vegetation. Although heathland managers widely regard it as

1548-565: The poet may be merging the two into one to represent either their shared deaths, or the many sailors drowned along the coast. In reality, this pair either worked in the cannery or on a fishing boat. Nuu-chah-nulth language It is the first language of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast to have documentary written materials describing it. In the 1780s, Captains Vancouver , Quadra , and other European explorers and traders frequented Nootka Sound and

1591-493: The region, but for a very different tourist destination to that of a seaside resort. Over recent decades, inconsiderate hikers have wandered into properties still owned, looting and vandalizing. Graves have been desecrated. In the late 1990s the campground at Cheewat was closed, which largely ensures hikers no longer stop and veer from the trail. Marjorie Pickthall (1883–1922), poet and author, resided 1921–1922, and her poem, "Ebb Tide: The Sailor's Grave at Clo-oose, V.I." mentions

1634-810: The salal.' Salal is found in Southeast Alaska , British Columbia , Washington and Oregon and along much of the California coast. It grows as far north as Baranof Island , Alaska . Western poison oak is a common associate in the California Coast Ranges . The species was introduced to Britain in 1828 by David Douglas, who intended the plant to be used as an ornamental . It is believed to have been planted as cover for pheasants on shooting estates. G. shallon grows in moist to dry, montane to lowland coastal conifer forests as well as forested peatland and swamps throughout

1677-540: The seven remaining families left. After the supply ship withdrawal, and lacking road access, only a missionary and a linesman remained, but the Ordway family arrived in 1953. By the late 1960s, only three families resided for a large part of the year. In 1970, the Pacific Rim National Park Reserve absorbed the locality. To evict the remaining residents, Parks Canada required people to live full-time, an impractical burden. Nowadays, gardens have returned to wilderness. Only

1720-483: The supposedly waterfront properties for sale lacked ocean views, were landlocked, or were below the high-water mark. World War I permanently scuttled the project. 1906: Barkentine Skagit wrecked on the reef to the northwest, with the loss of two lives. Earlier that year, the SS Valencia sank 17 kilometres (11 mi) northwest, with the loss of more than 125 lives, prompting the federal government to establish

1763-488: The war. The cannery, which operated intermittently at nearby Nitinat Narrows 1917–1931, provided the only significant employment opportunities. Throughout the 1920s, servicing the trade conducted by rum-running vessels bound for California , during Prohibition in the United States , offered more questionable rewards. However, increased drunkenness attracted a provincial police presence. During World War II , four of

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1806-642: Was not called shallon but rather salal or sallal . The genus Gaultheria was named by Pehr Kalm for his guide in Canada, fellow botanist Jean François Gaultier . In the Squamish language , the fruits are called t’áḵa7 and the bush is called t’áḵa7áy̓ . In the Saanich dialect , salal berries are called DAḴE In the Lushootseed language, the month of August is named pədt̕aqaʔ, literally 'time of

1849-435: Was the inaugural postmaster 1911–1938, a role commonly performed by a storeowner in such places. He was also a justice of the peace, telegraph linesman , and raised cattle. From 1913, the handful of Europeans at Clo-oose were augmented by dozens of new settlers, who set up tents, built log cabins, and believed prosperity awaited. Their new subdivision was called Clovelly, but Clo-oose remained the postal address. The absence of

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