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71-598: See text Malus ( / ˈ m eɪ l ə s / or / ˈ m æ l ə s / ) is a genus of about 32–57 species of small deciduous trees or shrubs in the family Rosaceae , including the domesticated orchard apple , crab apples (sometimes known in North America as crabapples ) and wild apples . The genus is native to the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere . Apple trees are typically 4–12 metres (13–39 feet) tall at maturity, with

142-398: A −C≡N functional group are called nitriles . An example of a nitrile is acetonitrile , CH 3 −C≡N . Nitriles usually do not release cyanide ions. A functional group with a hydroxyl −OH and cyanide −CN bonded to the same carbon atom is called cyanohydrin ( R 2 C(OH)CN ). Unlike nitriles, cyanohydrins do release poisonous hydrogen cyanide . Cyanide is basic. The p K

213-492: A nitrogen atom. In inorganic cyanides, the cyanide group is present as the cyanide anion C≡N . This anion is extremely poisonous . Soluble salts such as sodium cyanide (NaCN) and potassium cyanide (KCN) are highly toxic. Hydrocyanic acid , also known as hydrogen cyanide, or HCN, is a highly volatile liquid that is produced on a large scale industrially. It is obtained by acidification of cyanide salts. Organic cyanides are usually called nitriles . In nitriles,

284-408: A of hydrogen cyanide is 9.21. Thus, addition of acids stronger than hydrogen cyanide to solutions of cyanide salts releases hydrogen cyanide . Cyanide is unstable in water, but the reaction is slow until about 170 °C. It undergoes hydrolysis to give ammonia and formate , which are far less toxic than cyanide: Cyanide hydrolase is an enzyme that catalyzes this reaction. Because of

355-483: A tailing pond or spent heap, the recoverable gold having been removed. The metal is recovered from the "pregnant solution" by reduction with zinc dust or by adsorption onto activated carbon . This process can result in environmental and health problems. A number of environmental disasters have followed the overflow of tailing ponds at gold mines. Cyanide contamination of waterways has resulted in numerous cases of human and aquatic species mortality. Aqueous cyanide

426-573: A dense, twiggy crown. The leaves are 3–10 centimetres ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 –4 inches) long, alternate, simple, with a serrated margin. The flowers are borne in corymbs , and have five petals , which may be white, pink, or red, and are perfect , with usually red stamens that produce copious pollen , and a half-inferior ovary ; flowering occurs in the spring after 50–80 growing degree days (varying greatly according to subspecies and cultivar ). Many apples require cross-pollination between individuals by insects (typically bees , which freely visit

497-407: A genus is determined by taxonomists . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of

568-651: A later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg. ; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010. In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is " correct name " or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split. Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as

639-628: A long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758, and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776. Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example,

710-409: A reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for

781-427: A taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question. In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name . An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval. ; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej. ;

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852-455: A total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year. "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses and prokaryotes, while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi, Index Nominum Algarum and AlgaeBase for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum and

923-532: Is a reductant and is oxidized by strong oxidizing agents such as molecular chlorine ( Cl 2 ), hypochlorite ( ClO ), and hydrogen peroxide ( H 2 O 2 ). These oxidizers are used to destroy cyanides in effluents from gold mining . The cyanide anion reacts with transition metals to form M-CN bonds . This reaction is the basis of cyanide's toxicity. The high affinities of metals for this anion can be attributed to its negative charge, compactness, and ability to engage in π-bonding. Among

994-421: Is a gas, making it more indiscriminately dangerous, however it is lighter than air and rapidly disperses up into the atmosphere, which makes it ineffective as a chemical weapon . Because of the high stability of their complexation with iron , ferrocyanides ( Sodium ferrocyanide E535, Potassium ferrocyanide E536, and Calcium ferrocyanide E538 ) do not decompose to lethal levels in the human body and are used in

1065-485: Is a globose pome , varying in size from 1–4 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 – 1 + 1 ⁄ 2  in) in diameter in most of the wild species, to 6 cm ( 2 + 1 ⁄ 4  in) in M. sylvestris sieversii , 8 cm (3 in) in M. domestica , and even larger in certain cultivated orchard apples. The centre of the fruit contains five carpels arranged star-like, each containing one or two seeds . 36 species and 4 hybrids are accepted. The genus Malus

1136-436: Is concentrated on carbon C. Cyanides are produced by certain bacteria , fungi , and algae . It is an antifeedant in a number of plants. Cyanides are found in substantial amounts in certain seeds and fruit stones, e.g., those of bitter almonds , apricots , apples , and peaches . Chemical compounds that can release cyanide are known as cyanogenic compounds. In plants, cyanides are usually bound to sugar molecules in

1207-612: Is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). The type genus forms

1278-428: Is hydrolyzed rapidly, especially in sunlight. It can mobilize some heavy metals such as mercury if present. Gold can also be associated with arsenopyrite (FeAsS), which is similar to iron pyrite (fool's gold), wherein half of the sulfur atoms are replaced by arsenic . Gold-containing arsenopyrite ores are similarly reactive toward inorganic cyanide. The second major application of alkali metal cyanides (after mining)

1349-418: Is in the production of CN-containing compounds, usually nitriles. Acyl cyanides are produced from acyl chlorides and cyanide. Cyanogen , cyanogen chloride , and the trimer cyanuric chloride are derived from alkali metal cyanides. The cyanide compound sodium nitroprusside is used mainly in clinical chemistry to measure urine ketone bodies mainly as a follow-up to diabetic patients. On occasion, it

1420-422: Is mainly produced for the mining of silver and gold : It helps dissolve these metals allowing separation from the other solids. In the cyanide process , finely ground high-grade ore is mixed with the cyanide (at a ratio of about 1:500 parts NaCN to ore); low-grade ores are stacked into heaps and sprayed with a cyanide solution (at a ratio of about 1:1000 parts NaCN to ore). The precious metals are complexed by

1491-490: Is not an important crop in most areas, being extremely sour due to malic acid (which like the genus derives from the Latin name mālum ), and in some species woody, so is rarely eaten raw. In some Southeast Asian cultures, they are valued as a sour condiment , sometimes eaten with salt and chilli or shrimp paste . Some crabapple varieties are an exception to the reputation of being sour, and can be very sweet, such as

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1562-460: Is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance,

1633-806: Is subdivided into eight sections (six, with two added in 2006 and 2008). The oldest fossils of the genus date to the Eocene ( Lutetian ), which are leaves belonging to the species Malus collardii and Malus kingiensis from western North America (Idaho) and the Russian Far East ( Kamchatka ), respectively. 36 species and four natural hybrids are accepted: After Crabapples are popular as compact ornamental trees, providing blossom in spring and colourful fruit in autumn. The fruits often persist throughout winter. Numerous hybrid cultivars have been selected. Some crabapples are used as rootstocks for domestic apples to add beneficial characteristics. For example,

1704-474: Is the type species , and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with

1775-415: Is used in emergency medical situations to produce a rapid decrease in blood pressure in humans; it is also used as a vasodilator in vascular research. The cobalt in artificial vitamin B 12 contains a cyanide ligand as an artifact of the purification process; this must be removed by the body before the vitamin molecule can be activated for biochemical use. During World War I , a copper cyanide compound

1846-443: Is used to achieve a blue color on cast bronze sculptures during the final finishing stage of the sculpture. On its own, it will produce a very dark shade of blue and is often mixed with other chemicals to achieve the desired tint and hue. It is applied using a torch and paint brush while wearing the standard safety equipment used for any patina application: rubber gloves, safety glasses, and a respirator. The actual amount of cyanide in

1917-460: Is used to measure the temperature of interstellar gas clouds . Hydrogen cyanide is produced by the combustion or pyrolysis of certain materials under oxygen-deficient conditions. For example, it can be detected in the exhaust of internal combustion engines and tobacco smoke. Certain plastics , especially those derived from acrylonitrile , release hydrogen cyanide when heated or burnt. In IUPAC nomenclature , organic compounds that have

1988-442: The −C≡N group is linked by a single covalent bond to carbon. For example, in acetonitrile ( CH 3 −C≡N ), the cyanide group is bonded to methyl ( −CH 3 ). Although nitriles generally do not release cyanide ions, the cyanohydrins do and are thus toxic. The cyanide ion C≡N is isoelectronic with carbon monoxide C≡O and with molecular nitrogen N≡N. A triple bond exists between C and N. The negative charge

2059-621: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the " valid " (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question. Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to

2130-824: The International Plant Names Index for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names. Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom: The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names;

2201-517: The heart , are particularly affected. This is an example of histotoxic hypoxia . The most hazardous compound is hydrogen cyanide , which is a gas and kills by inhalation. For this reason, an air respirator supplied by an external oxygen source must be worn when working with hydrogen cyanide. Hydrogen cyanide is produced by adding acid to a solution containing a cyanide salt. Alkaline solutions of cyanide are safer to use because they do not evolve hydrogen cyanide gas. Hydrogen cyanide may be produced in

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2272-412: The mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. It attaches to the iron within this protein. The binding of cyanide to this enzyme prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted, meaning that the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that depend highly on aerobic respiration , such as the central nervous system and

2343-419: The nomenclature codes , which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists ), plants (also including algae and fungi ) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names , which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses ,

2414-404: The platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia,

2485-454: The 'Chestnut' cultivar. Crabapples are an excellent source of pectin . Using sugar and spices such as ginger, nutmeg, cinnamon, and allspice, their juice can be made into ruby-coloured crab apple jelly with a full, spicy flavour. A small percentage of crabapples in cider makes a more interesting flavour. As Old English Wergulu , the crab apple is one of the nine plants invoked in the pagan Anglo-Saxon Nine Herbs Charm , recorded in

2556-511: The 10th century. Applewood gives off a pleasant scent when burned, and smoke from an applewood fire gives an excellent flavour to smoked foods. It is easier to cut when green; dry applewood is exceedingly difficult to carve by hand. It is a good wood for cooking fires because it burns hot and slow, without producing much flame. Applewood is used to make handles of hand saws ; in the early 1900s 2,000,000 board feet of applewood were used annually for this purpose. Genus The composition of

2627-530: The United States to kill coyotes and other canids. Cyanide is also used for pest control in New Zealand , particularly for possums , an introduced marsupial that threatens the conservation of native species and spreads tuberculosis amongst cattle. Possums can become bait shy but the use of pellets containing the cyanide reduces bait shyness. Cyanide has been known to kill native birds, including

2698-407: The antidote was to generate a large pool of ferric iron ( Fe ) to compete for cyanide with cytochrome a 3 (so that cyanide will bind to the antidote rather than the enzyme). The nitrites oxidize hemoglobin to methemoglobin , which competes with cytochrome oxidase for the cyanide ion. Cyanmethemoglobin is formed and the cytochrome oxidase enzyme is restored. The major mechanism to remove

2769-534: The apple trees. In emergencies, a bucket or drum bouquet of crabapple flowering branches is placed near the beehives as orchard pollenizers. Because of the plentiful blossoms and small fruit, crabapples are popular for use in bonsai culture. These cultivars have won the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit :- Other varieties are dealt with under their species names. The seeds contain cyanide compounds. Crabapple fruit

2840-501: The bamboo, has developed a high tolerance to cyanide. The hydrogenase enzymes contain cyanide ligands attached to iron in their active sites. The biosynthesis of cyanide in the NiFe hydrogenases proceeds from carbamoyl phosphate , which converts to cysteinyl thiocyanate , the CN donor. The cyanide radical CN has been identified in interstellar space . Cyanogen , (CN) 2 ,

2911-442: The base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores"). The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of

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2982-458: The blue color to blueprints , bluing , and cyanotypes . The principal process used to manufacture cyanides is the Andrussow process in which gaseous hydrogen cyanide is produced from methane and ammonia in the presence of oxygen and a platinum catalyst . Sodium cyanide, the precursor to most cyanides, is produced by treating hydrogen cyanide with sodium hydroxide : Among

3053-512: The combustion of polyurethanes ; for this reason, polyurethanes are not recommended for use in domestic and aircraft furniture. Oral ingestion of a small quantity of solid cyanide or a cyanide solution of as little as 200 mg, or exposure to airborne cyanide of 270 ppm , is sufficient to cause death within minutes. Organic nitriles do not readily release cyanide ions, and so have low toxicities. By contrast, compounds such as trimethylsilyl cyanide (CH 3 ) 3 SiCN readily release HCN or

3124-420: The cyanide anions to form soluble derivatives, e.g., [Ag(CN) 2 ] (dicyanoargentate(I)) and [Au(CN) 2 ] (dicyanoaurate(I)). Silver is less "noble" than gold and often occurs as the sulfide, in which case redox is not invoked (no O 2 is required). Instead, a displacement reaction occurs: The "pregnant liquor" containing these ions is separated from the solids, which are discarded to

3195-410: The cyanide anion's high nucleophilicity , cyano groups are readily introduced into organic molecules by displacement of a halide group (e.g., the chloride on methyl chloride ). In general, organic cyanides are called nitriles. In organic synthesis, cyanide is a C-1 synthon ; i.e., it can be used to lengthen a carbon chain by one, while retaining the ability to be functionalized . The cyanide ion

3266-602: The cyanide from the body is by enzymatic conversion to thiocyanate by the mitochondrial enzyme rhodanese . Thiocyanate is a relatively non-toxic molecule and is excreted by the kidneys. To accelerate this detoxification, sodium thiosulfate is administered to provide a sulfur donor for rhodanese , needed in order to produce thiocyanate. Minimum risk levels (MRLs) may not protect for delayed health effects or health effects acquired following repeated sublethal exposure, such as hypersensitivity, asthma , or bronchitis . MRLs may be revised after sufficient data accumulates. Cyanide

3337-525: The cyanide ion upon contact with water. Hydroxocobalamin reacts with cyanide to form cyanocobalamin , which can be safely eliminated by the kidneys. This method has the advantage of avoiding the formation of methemoglobin (see below). This antidote kit is sold under the brand name Cyanokit and was approved by the U.S. FDA in 2006. An older cyanide antidote kit included administration of three substances: amyl nitrite pearls (administered by inhalation), sodium nitrite , and sodium thiosulfate . The goal of

3408-496: The endangered kiwi . Cyanide is also effective for controlling the dama wallaby , another introduced marsupial pest in New Zealand. A licence is required to store, handle and use cyanide in New Zealand. Cyanides are used as insecticides for fumigating ships. Cyanide salts are used for killing ants, and have in some places been used as rat poison (the less toxic poison arsenic is more common). Potassium ferrocyanide

3479-425: The flowers for both nectar and pollen ); these are called self-sterile, so self-pollination is impossible, making pollinating insects essential. A number of cultivars are self-pollinating, such as 'Granny Smith' and 'Golden Delicious', but are considerably fewer in number compared to their cross-pollination dependent counterparts. Several Malus species, including domestic apples, hybridize freely. The fruit

3550-420: The food industry as, e.g., an anticaking agent in table salt . Cyanide is quantified by potentiometric titration , a method widely used in gold mining. It can also be determined by titration with silver ion. Some analyses begin with an air-purge of an acidified boiling solution, sweeping the vapors into a basic absorber solution. The cyanide salt absorbed in the basic solution is then analyzed. Because of

3621-446: The form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as " Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus , also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply " Hibiscus L." (botanical usage). Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this

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3692-417: The form of cyanogenic glycosides and defend the plant against herbivores . Cassava roots (also called manioc), an important potato -like food grown in tropical countries (and the base from which tapioca is made), also contain cyanogenic glycosides. The Madagascar bamboo Cathariostachys madagascariensis produces cyanide as a deterrent to grazing. In response, the golden bamboo lemur , which eats

3763-737: The generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus . Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics . The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example,

3834-633: The largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae). By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species, also including genus names only (no species) for some groups. The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera,

3905-420: The lizard genus Anolis has been suggested to be broken down into 8 or so different genera which would bring its ~400 species to smaller, more manageable subsets. Cyanide In chemistry , cyanide (from Greek kyanos  ' dark blue ') is a chemical compound that contains a C≡N functional group . This group, known as the cyano group , consists of a carbon atom triple-bonded to

3976-488: The mixture varies according to the recipes used by each foundry. Cyanide is also used in jewelry -making and certain kinds of photography such as sepia toning . Although usually thought to be toxic, cyanide and cyanohydrins increase germination in various plant species. Deliberate cyanide poisoning of humans has occurred many times throughout history. Common salts such as sodium cyanide are involatile but water-soluble, so are poisonous by ingestion. Hydrogen cyanide

4047-403: The most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus , contains over 3,000 species. Which species are assigned to a genus

4118-435: The most important cyanide coordination compounds are the potassium ferrocyanide and the pigment Prussian blue , which are both essentially nontoxic due to the tight binding of the cyanides to a central iron atom. Prussian blue was first accidentally made around 1706, by heating substances containing iron and carbon and nitrogen, and other cyanides made subsequently (and named after it). Among its many uses, Prussian blue gives

4189-415: The most toxic cyanides are hydrogen cyanide (HCN), sodium cyanide (NaCN), potassium cyanide (KCN), and calcium cyanide (Ca(CN)₂). These compounds are extremely poisonous and require careful handling to avoid severe health risks. The cyanide anion is an inhibitor of the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase (also known as aa 3 ), the fourth complex of the electron transport chain found in the inner membrane of

4260-428: The name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this

4331-460: The notorious toxicity of cyanide, many methods have been investigated. Benzidine gives a blue coloration in the presence of ferricyanide . Iron(II) sulfate added to a solution of cyanide, such as the filtrate from the sodium fusion test , gives prussian blue . A solution of para -benzoquinone in DMSO reacts with inorganic cyanide to form a cyano phenol , which is fluorescent . Illumination with

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4402-541: The provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated. According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for

4473-421: The rootstocks of Malus baccata varieties are used to give additional cold hardiness to the combined plants for orchards in cold northern areas. They are also used as pollinizers in apple orchards . Varieties of crabapple are selected to bloom contemporaneously with the apple variety in an orchard planting, and the crabs are planted every sixth or seventh tree, or limbs of a crab tree are grafted onto some of

4544-470: The same kind as other (analogous) genera. The term "genus" comes from Latin genus , a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". The scientific name (or

4615-408: The scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name ; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms , where it is combined with the scientific name of a species : see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology) . The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in

4686-497: The specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus , a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus . Where species are further subdivided,

4757-412: The standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf 's scientific name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being

4828-403: The taxon is termed a synonym ; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names. A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for

4899-576: The values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes. Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda , with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up

4970-429: The virus species " Salmonid herpesvirus 1 ", " Salmonid herpesvirus 2 " and " Salmonid herpesvirus 3 " are all within the genus Salmonivirus ; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names " Everglades virus " and " Ross River virus " are assigned is Alphavirus . As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in

5041-509: Was briefly used by Japanese physicians for the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy . Cyanides are illegally used to capture live fish near coral reefs for the aquarium and seafood markets. The practice is controversial, dangerous, and damaging but is driven by the lucrative exotic fish market. Poachers in Africa have been known to use cyanide to poison waterholes, to kill elephants for their ivory. M44 cyanide devices are used in

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