71-536: For Misplaced Pages’s index, see Misplaced Pages:Index . [REDACTED] Look up Index , index , indexes , indice , or indices in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Index ( pl. : indexes or indices ) may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media [ edit ] Fictional entities [ edit ] Index ( A Certain Magical Index ) ,
142-502: A character in Unicode, its code is 132 Index, the dataset maintained by search engine indexing Array index , an integer pointer into an array data structure BitTorrent index , a list of .torrent files available for searches Database index , a data structure that improves the speed of data retrieval Index mapping of raw data for an array Index register , a processor register used for modifying operand addresses during
213-447: A character in Unicode, its code is 132 Index, the dataset maintained by search engine indexing Array index , an integer pointer into an array data structure BitTorrent index , a list of .torrent files available for searches Database index , a data structure that improves the speed of data retrieval Index mapping of raw data for an array Index register , a processor register used for modifying operand addresses during
284-554: A consequence, governments established controls over printers across Europe, requiring them to have official licenses to trade and produce books. The early versions of prohibition indexes began to appear from 1529 to 1571. In the same time frame, in 1557 the English crown aimed to stem the flow of dissent by chartering the Stationers' Company . The right to print was restricted to the two universities (Oxford and Cambridge) and to
355-424: A directory on a web server, such as index.html Economics [ edit ] Index (economics) , a single number calculated from an array of prices and quantities Price index , a typical price for some good or service Mathematics and statistics [ edit ] Index, a number or other symbol that specifies an element of an indexed family or set Index, an element of an index set Index,
426-424: A directory on a web server, such as index.html Economics [ edit ] Index (economics) , a single number calculated from an array of prices and quantities Price index , a typical price for some good or service Mathematics and statistics [ edit ] Index, a number or other symbol that specifies an element of an indexed family or set Index, an element of an index set Index,
497-591: A former UK catalogue retailer INDEX , a market research fair in Lucknow, India Index Corporation , a Japanese video game developer Finance [ edit ] Index fund , a collective investment scheme Stock market index , a statistical average of prices of selected securities Places in the United States [ edit ] Index, Arkansas , an unincorporated community Index, Kentucky , an unincorporated community Index, Missouri ,
568-473: A former UK catalogue retailer INDEX , a market research fair in Lucknow, India Index Corporation , a Japanese video game developer Finance [ edit ] Index fund , a collective investment scheme Stock market index , a statistical average of prices of selected securities Places in the United States [ edit ] Index, Arkansas , an unincorporated community Index, Kentucky , an unincorporated community Index, Missouri ,
639-556: A ghost town Index, New York , a hamlet in Hartwick and Otsego, New York Index, Virginia , an unincorporated community Index, Washington , a town Index, West Virginia , an unincorporated community Publishing and library studies [ edit ] Bibliographic index , a regularly updated publication that lists articles, books, or other information items Citation index The Index , colloquial name for Germany's List of Media Harmful to Young People , published by
710-500: A ghost town Index, New York , a hamlet in Hartwick and Otsego, New York Index, Virginia , an unincorporated community Index, Washington , a town Index, West Virginia , an unincorporated community Publishing and library studies [ edit ] Bibliographic index , a regularly updated publication that lists articles, books, or other information items Citation index The Index , colloquial name for Germany's List of Media Harmful to Young People , published by
781-451: A judgment and, if that person gives the nihil obstat ('nothing forbids'), the local ordinary grants the imprimatur ('let it be printed'). Members of religious institutes require the imprimi potest ('it can be printed') of their major superior to publish books on matters of religion or morals. The Index was not simply a reactive work. Roman Catholic authors had the opportunity to defend their writings and could prepare
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#1732766016900852-666: A list of books that were allowed once the forbidden part (sometimes a single sentence) was removed or "expurgated". On 14 June 1966, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith responded to inquiries it had received regarding the continued moral obligation concerning books that had been listed in the Index. The response spoke of the books as examples of books dangerous to faith and morals, all of which, not just those once included in
923-643: A modern reader would consider outside the realm of dogma meant that, unless they obtained a dispensation , obedient Catholic thinkers were denied access to works including: botanist Conrad Gesner 's Historiae animalium ; the botanical works of Otto Brunfels ; those of the medical scholar Janus Cornarius ; to Christoph Hegendorff or Johann Oldendorp on the theory of law; Protestant geographers and cosmographers like Jacob Ziegler or Sebastian Münster ; as well as anything by Protestant theologians like Martin Luther , John Calvin or Philipp Melanchthon . Among
994-544: A new edition with necessary corrections or deletions, either to avoid or to limit a ban . Pre-publication censorship was encouraged. The Index was enforceable within the Papal States , but elsewhere only if adopted by the civil powers, as happened in several Italian states. Other areas adopted their own lists of forbidden books. In the Holy Roman Empire book censorship, which preceded the publication of
1065-623: A precisely known location Refractive index , a measurement of how light propagates through a material Valve Index , a virtual reality headset Other uses [ edit ] INDEX , earlier name for the Reimei satellite Index: , a Danish nonprofit organization which promotes Design for Life The Index (Dubai) , a skyscraper Index (crater) , a Moon crater See also [ edit ] Indexer (disambiguation) All pages with titles beginning with Index All pages with titles containing Index Topics referred to by
1136-571: A precisely known location Refractive index , a measurement of how light propagates through a material Valve Index , a virtual reality headset Other uses [ edit ] INDEX , earlier name for the Reimei satellite Index: , a Danish nonprofit organization which promotes Design for Life The Index (Dubai) , a skyscraper Index (crater) , a Moon crater See also [ edit ] Indexer (disambiguation) All pages with titles beginning with Index All pages with titles containing Index Topics referred to by
1207-417: A publication Index (typography) , a hand- or fist-shaped punctuation mark Subject indexing , describing the content of a document by keywords Thumb index , a round cut-out in the pages of a publication Web indexing , Internet indexing Science, technology, and mathematics [ edit ] Computer science [ edit ] Index, a key in an associative array Index (typography) ,
1278-417: A publication Index (typography) , a hand- or fist-shaped punctuation mark Subject indexing , describing the content of a document by keywords Thumb index , a round cut-out in the pages of a publication Web indexing , Internet indexing Science, technology, and mathematics [ edit ] Computer science [ edit ] Index, a key in an associative array Index (typography) ,
1349-508: A student newspaper The Index , an 1860s European propaganda journal created by Henry Hotze to support the Confederate States of America Truman State University Index , a student newspaper Other arts, entertainment and media [ edit ] The Index (band) Indexed , a Web cartoon by Jessica Hagy Index , album by Ana Mena Business enterprises and events [ edit ] Index (retailer) ,
1420-439: A student newspaper The Index , an 1860s European propaganda journal created by Henry Hotze to support the Confederate States of America Truman State University Index , a student newspaper Other arts, entertainment and media [ edit ] The Index (band) Indexed , a Web cartoon by Jessica Hagy Index , album by Ana Mena Business enterprises and events [ edit ] Index (retailer) ,
1491-421: A surface relative to a point on that surface Diversity index , a measure of distribution or variety in fields such as ecology or information science Index of a vector field , an integer that helps to describe the behaviour of a vector field around an isolated zero Number theory [ edit ] Index, or the discrete logarithm of a number Statistics [ edit ] Index (statistics) ,
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#17327660169001562-421: A surface relative to a point on that surface Diversity index , a measure of distribution or variety in fields such as ecology or information science Index of a vector field , an integer that helps to describe the behaviour of a vector field around an isolated zero Number theory [ edit ] Index, or the discrete logarithm of a number Statistics [ edit ] Index (statistics) ,
1633-458: A type of aggregate measure Scale (social sciences) , a method of reporting data in social sciences, sometimes called an index Other uses in science and technology [ edit ] Dental indices , standardized scoring systems for tooth problems Indexicality , in linguistics, the phenomenon of a sign pointing to some object in the context in which it occurs Indexing (motion) , in mechanical engineering and machining, movement to
1704-458: A type of aggregate measure Scale (social sciences) , a method of reporting data in social sciences, sometimes called an index Other uses in science and technology [ edit ] Dental indices , standardized scoring systems for tooth problems Indexicality , in linguistics, the phenomenon of a sign pointing to some object in the context in which it occurs Indexing (motion) , in mechanical engineering and machining, movement to
1775-442: A year, the congregation held meetings. During the meetings, they reviewed various works and documented those discussions. In between the meetings was when the works to be discussed were thoroughly examined, and each work was scrutinized by two people. At the meetings, they collectively decided whether or not the works should be included in the Index. Ultimately, the pope was the one who had to approve of works being added or removed from
1846-530: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Index For Misplaced Pages’s index, see Misplaced Pages:Index . [REDACTED] Look up Index , index , indexes , indice , or indices in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Index ( pl. : indexes or indices ) may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media [ edit ] Fictional entities [ edit ] Index ( A Certain Magical Index ) ,
1917-476: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Index Librorum Prohibitorum Artists Clergy Monarchs Popes The Index Librorum Prohibitorum (English: Index of Forbidden Books ) was a changing list of publications deemed heretical or contrary to morality by the Sacred Congregation of the Index (a former Dicastery of
1988-715: The Index Leonianus . Subsequent editions of the Index were more sophisticated; they graded authors according to their supposed degree of toxicity, and they marked specific passages for expurgation rather than condemning entire books. The Sacred Congregation of the Inquisition of the Roman Catholic Church later became the Holy Office , and since 1965 has been called the Congregation for
2059-534: The Bundesprüfstelle für jugendgefährdende Medien Index card , used for recording and storing small amounts of data Index Librorum Prohibitorum , a list of publications which the Catholic Church censored Index on Censorship , a publishing organization that campaigns for freedom of expression, or its magazine of the same name Index (publishing) , an organized list of information in
2130-403: The Bundesprüfstelle für jugendgefährdende Medien Index card , used for recording and storing small amounts of data Index Librorum Prohibitorum , a list of publications which the Catholic Church censored Index on Censorship , a publishing organization that campaigns for freedom of expression, or its magazine of the same name Index (publishing) , an organized list of information in
2201-634: The Index , came under the control of the Jesuits at the end of the 16th century, but had little effect, since the German princes within the empire set up their own systems. In France it was French officials who decided what books were banned and the Church's Index was not recognized. Spain had its own Index Librorum Prohibitorum et Expurgatorum , which corresponded largely to the Church's, but also included
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2272-479: The Roman Curia ); Catholics were forbidden to print or read them, subject to the local bishop. Catholic states could enact laws to adapt or adopt the list and enforce it. The Index was active from 1560 to 1966. It banned thousands of book titles and blacklisted publications, including the works of Europe's intellectual elites. The Index condemned religious and secular texts alike, grading works by
2343-446: The printing press by Johannes Gutenberg c. 1440 changed the nature of book publishing, and the mechanism by which information could be disseminated to the public. Books, once rare and kept carefully in a small number of libraries, could be mass-produced and widely disseminated. In the 16th century, both the churches and governments in most European countries attempted to regulate and control printing because it allowed for
2414-574: The 1670s. The Copyright Act 1710 in Britain, and later copyright laws in France, eased this situation. Historian Eckhard Höffner claims that copyright laws and their restrictions acted as a barrier to progress in those countries for over a century, since British publishers could print valuable knowledge in limited quantities for the sake of profit. The German economy prospered in the same time frame since there were no restrictions. The first list of
2485-453: The 21 existing printers in the city of London , which had between them 53 printing presses . The French crown also tightly controlled printing, and the printer and writer Étienne Dolet was burned at the stake for atheism in 1546. The 1551 Edict of Châteaubriant comprehensively summarized censorship positions to date, and included provisions for unpacking and inspecting all books brought into France. The 1557 Edict of Compiègne applied
2556-462: The Doctrine of the Faith . The Congregation of the Index was merged with the Holy Office in 1917, by the motu proprio Alloquentes Proxime of Pope Benedict XV; the rules on the reading of books were again re-elaborated in the new Codex Iuris Canonici . From 1917 onward, the Holy Office (again) took care of the Index. While individual books continued to be forbidden, the last edition of
2627-620: The Holy Office decided that it should not go on the Index because the author was a head of state. The Holy Office justified that decision by referring to chapter 13 of Paul the Apostle 's Epistle to the Romans regarding state authority coming from God. However, somewhat later, the Vatican criticized Mein Kampf in the encyclical Mit Brennender Sorge (March 1937) about the challenges of
2698-558: The Holy Office) were simply passed on to the Congregation of the Index, where the final decrees were drafted and made public, after approval of the Pope (who always had the possibility to condemn an author personally—there are only a few examples of such condemnation, including those of Lamennais and Hermes ). An update to the Index was made by Pope Leo XIII , in the 1897 apostolic constitution Officiorum ac Munerum , known as
2769-466: The Index stated that the prohibition of someone's opera omnia did not preclude works that were not concerned with religion and were not forbidden by the general rules of the Index. This explanation was omitted in the 1929 edition, which was officially interpreted in 1940 as meaning that opera omnia covered all the author's works without exception. Cardinal Ottaviani stated in April 1966 that there
2840-496: The Index to be published appeared in 1948. This 20th edition contained 4,000 titles censored for various reasons: heresy , moral deficiency, sexual explicitness, and so on. That some atheists , such as Schopenhauer and Nietzsche , were not included was due to the general ( Tridentine ) rule that heretical works (i.e., works that contradict Catholic dogma) are ipso facto forbidden. Some important works are absent simply because nobody bothered to denounce them. Many actions of
2911-448: The Index, should be avoided regardless of the absence of any written law against them. The Index, it said, retains its moral force "inasmuch as" ( quatenus ) it teaches the conscience of Christians to beware, as required by the natural law itself, of writings that can endanger faith and morals, but it (the Index of Forbidden Books) no longer has the force of ecclesiastical law with the associated censures. The congregation thus placed on
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2982-595: The Index. It was the documentation from the meetings of the congregation that aided the pope in making his decision. This sometimes resulted in very long lists of corrections, published in the Index Expurgatorius , which was cited by Thomas James in 1627 as "an invaluable reference work to be used by the curators of the Bodleian Library when listing those works particularly worthy of collecting". Prohibitions made by other congregations (mostly
3053-459: The book The Poem of the Man-God , Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (then Prefect of the Congregation, who later became Pope Benedict XVI ), referred to the 1966 notification of the Congregation as follows: "After the dissolution of the Index, when some people thought the printing and distribution of the work was permitted, people were reminded again in L'Osservatore Romano (15 June 1966) that, as
3124-421: The centuries. Writings by Antonio Rosmini-Serbati were placed on the Index in 1849 but were removed by 1855, and Pope John Paul II mentioned Rosmini's work as a significant example of "a process of philosophical enquiry which was enriched by engaging the data of faith". The 1758 edition of the Index removed the general prohibition of works advocating heliocentrism as a fact rather than a hypothesis. Some of
3195-546: The church in Nazi Germany. On 7 December 1965, Pope Paul VI issued the motu proprio Integrae servandae that reorganized the Holy Office as the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith . The Index was not listed as being a part of the newly constituted congregation's competence, leading to questioning whether it still was. This question was put to Cardinal Alfredo Ottaviani , pro-prefect of
3266-436: The congregation, who responded in the negative. The Cardinal also indicated in his response that there was going to be a change in the Index soon. A June 1966 Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith notification announced that, while the Index maintained its moral force, in that it taught Christians to beware, as required by the natural law itself, of those writings that could endanger faith and morality, it no longer had
3337-777: The congregations were of a definite political content. Among the denounced works of the period was the Nazi philosopher Alfred Rosenberg 's Myth of the Twentieth Century for scorning and rejecting "all dogmas of the Catholic Church, and the fundamentals of the Christian religion". Markedly absent from the Index was Adolf Hitler's book Mein Kampf . After gaining access to the Vatican Apostolic Archive church historian Hubert Wolf discovered that Mein Kampf had been studied for three years but
3408-452: The conscience of the individual Christian the responsibility to avoid all writings dangerous to faith and morals, while at the same time abolishing the previously existing ecclesiastical law and the relative censures, without thereby declaring that the books that had once been listed in the various editions of the Index of Prohibited Books had become free of error and danger. In a letter of 31 January 1985 to Cardinal Giuseppe Siri , regarding
3479-536: The death penalty to heretics and resulted in the burning of a noblewoman at the stake. Printers were viewed as radical and rebellious, with 800 authors, printers and book dealers being incarcerated in the Bastille . At times, the prohibitions of church and state followed each other, e.g. René Descartes was placed on the Index in the 1660s and the French government prohibited the teaching of Cartesianism in schools in
3550-485: The degree to which they were deemed to be repugnant or dangerous to the church at the time. The aim of the list was to protect church members from reading theologically, culturally, or politically disruptive books. At times such books included works by saints , such as theologian Robert Bellarmine and philosopher Antonio Rosmini-Serbati , astronomers , such as Johannes Kepler 's Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae (published in three volumes from 1618 to 1621), which
3621-461: The force of ecclesiastical positive law with the associated penalties. The canon law of the Latin Church still recommends that works should be submitted to the judgment of the local ordinary (typically, the bishop) if they concern sacred scripture , theology , canon law, or church history , religion or morals. The local ordinary consults someone whom he considers competent to give
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#17327660169003692-530: The inclusions was the Libri Carolini , a theological work from the 9th-century court of Charlemagne , which was published in 1549 by Bishop Jean du Tillet and which had already been on two other lists of prohibited books before being inserted into the Tridentine Index. Former dicasteries In 1571, a special congregation was created, the Sacred Congregation of the Index , which had
3763-472: The index of banned books in Venice was suppressed or suspended because various people took a stand against it. The first Roman Index was printed in 1557 under the direction of Pope Paul IV (1555–1559), but then withdrawn for unclear reasons. In 1559, a new index was finally published, banning the entire works of some 550 authors in addition to the individual proscribed titles: "The Pauline Index felt that
3834-693: The kind was not published in Rome , but in Catholic Netherlands (1529); Venice (1543) and Paris (1551) under the terms of the Edict of Châteaubriant followed this example. By the mid-century, in the tense atmosphere of wars of religion in Germany and France, both Protestant and Catholic authorities reasoned that only control of the press, including a catalogue of prohibited works, coordinated by ecclesiastic and governmental authorities, could prevent
3905-442: The label of a summand in Σ-notation of a summation Algebra [ edit ] Index of a subgroup , the number of a subgroup's left cosets Index, the degree of an n th root Index of a linear map , the dimension of the map's kernel minus the dimension of its cokernel Index of a matrix Index of a real quadratic form Analysis [ edit ] Index, the winding number of an oriented closed curve on
3976-442: The label of a summand in Σ-notation of a summation Algebra [ edit ] Index of a subgroup , the number of a subgroup's left cosets Index, the degree of an n th root Index of a linear map , the dimension of the map's kernel minus the dimension of its cokernel Index of a matrix Index of a real quadratic form Analysis [ edit ] Index, the winding number of an oriented closed curve on
4047-543: The list was Magdalena Haymairus in 1569, who was listed for her children's book Die sontegliche Episteln über das gantze Jar in gesangsweis gestellt ( Sunday Epistles on the whole Year, put into hymns ). Other women include Anne Askew , Olympia Fulvia Morata , Ursula of Munsterberg (1491–1534), Veronica Franco , and Paola Antonia Negri (1508–1555). Contrary to a popular misconception, Charles Darwin 's works were never included. In many cases, an author's opera omnia (complete works) were forbidden. However,
4118-533: The rapid and widespread circulation of ideas and information. The Protestant Reformation generated large quantities of polemical new writing by and within both the Catholic and Protestant camps, and religious subject matter was typically the area most subject to control. While governments and the church encouraged printing in many ways, which allowed the dissemination of Bibles and government information, works of dissent and criticism could also circulate rapidly. As
4189-578: The religious convictions of an author contaminated all his writing." The work of the censors was considered too severe and met with much opposition even in Catholic intellectual circles; after the Council of Trent had authorised a revised list prepared under Pope Pius IV , the so-called Tridentine Index was promulgated in 1564; it remained the basis of all later lists until Pope Leo XIII , in 1897, published his Index Leonianus . The blacklisting of some Protestant scholars even when writing on subjects
4260-415: The run of a program Indexed color , in computer imagery Indexed Sequential Access Method (ISAM), used for indexing data for fast retrieval Lookup table , a data structure used to store precomputed information Site map , or site index, a list of pages of a web site accessible to crawlers or users Web indexing , Internet indexing Web server directory index , a default or index web page in
4331-415: The run of a program Indexed color , in computer imagery Indexed Sequential Access Method (ISAM), used for indexing data for fast retrieval Lookup table , a data structure used to store precomputed information Site map , or site index, a list of pages of a web site accessible to crawlers or users Web indexing , Internet indexing Web server directory index , a default or index web page in
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#17327660169004402-446: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Index . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Index&oldid=1251475066 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
4473-446: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Index . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Index&oldid=1251475066 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
4544-407: The scientific theories contained in works in early editions of the Index have long been taught at Catholic universities . For example, the general prohibition of books advocating heliocentrism was removed from the Index in 1758, but two Franciscan mathematicians had published an edition of Isaac Newton 's Principia Mathematica (1687) in 1742, with commentaries and a preface stating that
4615-459: The specific task to investigate those writings that were denounced in Rome as being not exempt of errors, to update the list of Pope Pius IV regularly and also to make lists of required corrections in case a writing was not to be condemned absolutely but only in need of correction; it was then listed with a mitigating clause (e.g., donec corrigatur ('forbidden until corrected') or donec expurgetur ('forbidden until purged')). Several times
4686-473: The spread of heresy. Paul F. Grendler (1975) discusses the religious and political climate in Venice from 1540 to 1605. There were many attempts to censor the Venetian press, which at that time was one of the largest concentrations of printers. Both church and government held to a belief in censorship, but the publishers continually pushed back on the efforts to ban books and shut down printing. More than once
4757-584: The titular character of the light novel series A Certain Magical Index The Index, an item on the Halo Array in the Halo video game series Periodicals and news portals [ edit ] Index Magazine , a publication for art and culture Index.hr , a Croatian online newspaper index.hu , a Hungarian-language news and community portal The Index (Kalamazoo College) ,
4828-400: The titular character of the light novel series A Certain Magical Index The Index, an item on the Halo Array in the Halo video game series Periodicals and news portals [ edit ] Index Magazine , a publication for art and culture Index.hr , a Croatian online newspaper index.hu , a Hungarian-language news and community portal The Index (Kalamazoo College) ,
4899-613: The work assumed heliocentrism and could not be explained without it. Noteworthy figures on the Index include Simone de Beauvoir , Nicolas Malebranche , Jean-Paul Sartre , Michel de Montaigne , Voltaire , Denis Diderot , Victor Hugo , Jean-Jacques Rousseau , André Gide , Nikos Kazantzakis , Emanuel Swedenborg , Baruch Spinoza , Desiderius Erasmus , Immanuel Kant , David Hume , René Descartes , Francis Bacon , Thomas Browne , John Milton , John Locke , Nicolaus Copernicus , Niccolò Machiavelli , Galileo Galilei , Blaise Pascal , and Hugo Grotius . The first woman to be placed on
4970-580: Was on the Index from 1621 to 1835; works by philosophers , such as Immanuel Kant 's Critique of Pure Reason (1781); and editions and translations of the Bible that had not been approved. Editions of the Index also contained the rules of the Church relating to the reading, selling, and preemptive censorship of books. The historical context in which the Index appeared involved the early restrictions on printing in Europe. The refinement of moveable type and
5041-601: Was published in the Acta Apostolicae Sedis (1966), the Index retains its moral force despite its dissolution. A decision against distributing and recommending a work, which has not been condemned lightly, may be reversed, but only after profound changes that neutralize the harm which such a publication could bring forth among the ordinary faithful." The content of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum saw deletions as well as additions over
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