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90-530: Crataegus ( / k r ə ˈ t iː ɡ ə s / ), commonly called hawthorn , quickthorn , thornapple , May-tree , whitethorn , Mayflower or hawberry , is a genus of several hundred species of shrubs and trees in the family Rosaceae , native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia, North Africa and North America. The name "hawthorn" was originally applied to

180-516: A gelling agent , meaning when the pectin chains combine, they create a network that results in a gel. The strength and effectiveness of the side chains and the bonds they form depend on the pH of the pectin, the optimal pH is between 2.8 and 3.2. Marmalade is a fruit preserve made from the juice and peel of citrus fruits boiled with sugar and water. It can be produced from lemons, limes, grapefruits, mandarins, sweet oranges, bergamots and other citrus fruits, or any combination thereof. Marmalade

270-503: A rootstock in the practice of grafting . It is graft-compatible with Mespilus (medlar) and with pear , and makes a hardier rootstock than quince , but the thorny suckering habit of the hawthorn can be problematic. Seedlings of Crataegus monogyna have been used to graft multiple species on the same trunk, such as pink hawthorn , pear tree and medlar, the result being trees which give pink and white flowers in May and fruits during

360-465: A "haw", is berry -like but structurally a pome containing from one to five pyrenes that resemble the "stones" of plums , peaches , etc., which are drupaceous fruit in the same subfamily . The number of species in the genus depends on taxonomic interpretation. Some botanists in the past recognised 1000 or more species, many of which are apomictic microspecies . A reasonable number is estimated to be 200 species. The genus likely first appeared in

450-515: A chemical to adjust the pH; and/or an antifoaming agent . In the European Union , the jam directive (Council Directive 79/693/EEC, 24 July 1979) set minimum standards for the amount of "fruit" in jam, but the definition of fruit was expanded to take account of several unusual kinds of jam made in the EU. For this purpose, "fruit" is considered to include fruits that are not usually treated in

540-478: A culinary sense as fruits, such as tomatoes, cucumbers , and pumpkins; fruits that are not normally made into jams; and vegetables that are sometimes made into jams, such as rhubarb (the edible part of the stalks), carrots, and sweet potatoes . This definition continues to apply in the new directive, Council Directive 2001/113/EC of 20 December 2001 relating to fruit jams, jellies and marmalades and sweetened chestnut purée intended for human consumption. Extra jam

630-885: A digestive aid. A closely related species, Crataegus cuneata (Japanese hawthorn, called sanzashi in Japanese) is used in a similar manner. Other species (especially Crataegus laevigata ) are used in herbal medicine where the plant is believed to strengthen cardiovascular function. The Kutenai people of northwestern North America used black hawthorn fruit ( Kutenai language : kaǂa; approximate pronunciation: kasha ) for food, and red hawthorn fruit (Kutenai language: ǂupǂi; approximate pronunciation: shupshi ) in traditional medicine. Overdose can cause cardiac arrhythmia and low blood pressure, while milder side effects include nausea and dizziness . Patients taking digoxin should avoid taking hawthorn. Many species and hybrids are used as ornamental and street trees. The common hawthorn

720-417: A distinctive bitter taste which it imparts to the preserve. Fruit preserves are used in many food preparations and recipes; some examples include: In general, jam is produced by taking mashed or chopped fruit or vegetable pulp and boiling it with sugar and water. The proportion of sugar and fruit varies according to the type of fruit and its ripeness, but a rough starting point is equal weights of each. When

810-407: A genus is determined by taxonomists . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of

900-651: A later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg. ; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010. In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is " correct name " or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split. Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as

990-700: A liquor called sansachun (산사춘) is made from the fruits. In Iran , the fruits of Crataegus (including Crataegus azarolus var. aronia , as well as other species) are known as zâlzâlak and eaten raw as a snack, or made into a jam known by the same name. The fruits of North America's Crataegus greggiana are made into preserves. A 2008 Cochrane Collaboration meta-analysis of previous studies concluded that evidence exists of "a significant benefit in symptom control and physiologic outcomes" for an extract of hawthorn used as an adjuvant in treating chronic heart failure . A 2010 review concluded that "Crataegus [hawthorn] preparations hold significant potential as

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1080-530: A little ginger to enhance the flavor. The origin of the term is obscure, but it is theorized that it came from the French. The word is also based on the French term confiture via the Dutch confident (meaning candied fruit). A conserve , or whole fruit jam , is a preserve made of fruit stewed in sugar. The making of conserves can be trickier than making a standard jam; it requires cooking or sometimes steeping

1170-628: A long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758, and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776. Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example,

1260-416: A minimum percentage of water-soluble solids. Jams "shall be the product made by boiling fruit, fruit pulp or canned fruit to a suitable consistency with water and a sweetening ingredient", jellies "shall be the product made by boiling fruit juice or concentrated fruit juice that is free from seeds and pulp with water and a sweetening ingredient until it acquires a gelatinous consistency". In Canada, fruit jam

1350-710: A popular Mexican candy called rielitos , which is manufactured by several brands. The 4 cm fruits of the species Crataegus pinnatifida (Chinese hawthorn) are tart, bright red and resemble small crabapple fruits. They are used to make many kinds of Chinese snacks, such as tanghulu — coated in sugar syrup and skewered – and haw flakes . The fruits, which are called 山楂 shān zhā in Chinese, are also used to produce jams, jellies, juices, alcoholic beverages and other drinks; these could in turn be used in other dishes (for instance, many older recipes for Cantonese sweet and sour sauce call for shānzhā jam). In South Korea ,

1440-546: A process similar to that used for making jam, with the additional step of filtering out the fruit pulp after the initial cooking. Good jelly is clear and sparkling and has a fresh flavor of the fruit from which it is made. It is tender enough to quiver when moved but holds angles when cut. The characteristic clarity and jellied consistency of a jelly are qualities it shares with the gelatin-based dessert also called jelly in some places. High pectin fruits such as quinces, apples, or redcurrants are used for making jelly. In

1530-432: A product made of whole fruit cut into pieces or crushed, then heated with water and sugar until it reaches "jelling" or "setting" point, which is achieved through the action of natural or added pectin . It is then sealed in containers. Jam making became "a great new industry" in 19th century England, at which point English jam makers were jam makers for the world, thriving after the repeal of sugar duties in 1874. Pectin

1620-409: A reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for

1710-498: A replaceable tightly-fitting lid can be used. Other methods of packaging jam, especially for industrially produced products, include cans and plastic packets, especially used in the food service industry for individual servings. Under the Processed Products Regulations (C.R.C., c. 291), jams, jellies, citrus marmalade, and preserves are defined. Each must contain a minimum percentage of the named fruit and

1800-425: A section. The sections are: Hawthorns provide food and shelter for many species of birds and mammals , and the flowers are important for many nectar-feeding insects . Hawthorns are also used as food plants by the larvae of a large number of Lepidoptera species, such as the small eggar moth, E. lanestris . Haws are important for wildlife in winter, particularly thrushes and waxwings ; these birds eat

1890-527: A sieve to give a smooth consistency. After sieving, cook the pulp ... add sugar and cook as rapidly as possible with constant stirring.… The finished product should mound up when dropped from a spoon, but should not cut like jelly. Nor should there be any free liquid. Fruit curd is a dessert topping and spread usually made with lemon, lime , orange, or raspberry . The basic ingredients are beaten egg yolks, sugar, fruit juice and zest which are gently cooked together until thick and then allowed to cool, forming

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1980-518: A significant portion of the fruit. In the English-speaking world, the two terms are more strictly differentiated and, when this is not the case, the more usual generic term is 'jam'. The singular preserve or conserve is used as a collective noun for high fruit content jam, often for marketing purposes. Additionally, the name of the type of fruit preserves will also vary depending on the regional variant of English being used. Cheong

2070-568: A soft, smooth, flavorful spread. Some recipes also include egg whites or butter. In the United States the FDA has Requirements for Specific Standardized Fruit Butters, Jellies, Preserves, and Related Products , "fruit spread" is not defined. The term is sometimes used for a jam or preserve with no added sugar, but there are many foodstuffs described as "fruit spreads" by leading manufacturers that do contain added sugar. Jam refers to

2160-427: A taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question. In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name . An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval. ; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej. ;

2250-455: A total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year. "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses and prokaryotes, while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi, Index Nominum Algarum and AlgaeBase for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum and

2340-892: A useful remedy in the treatment of cardiovascular disease ". The review indicated the need for further study of the best dosages and concluded that although "many different theoretical interactions between Crataegus and orthodox medications have been postulated ... none have [yet] been substantiated." Phytochemicals found in hawthorn include tannins , flavonoids , oligomeric proanthocyanidins and phenolic acids . Several species of hawthorn have been used in traditional medicine . The products used are often derived from C. monogyna , C. laevigata , or related Crataegus species, "collectively known as hawthorn", not necessarily distinguishing between these species. The dried fruits of Crataegus pinnatifida (called shān zhā in Chinese) are used in traditional Chinese medicine , primarily as

2430-407: A vacuum which both helps prevent spoilage and pulls down a tamper-evident "safety button" when used. The high sugar content makes jam keep for exceedingly long times before unsealing the packaging, and for a long time at room temperature after opening, as fruit preserves are typically of low water activity . Glass or plastic jars are often used to store jam that is not all to be used at once, as

2520-486: Is a name for various sweetened foods in the form of syrups, marmalades, and fruit preserves in Korean cuisine. It is used as a tea base, as a honey-or-sugar substitute in cooking, and as a condiment. There are liquid varieties such as maesil-cheong ( plum syrup ), jam -like varieties such as yuja-cheong ( yuja marmalade ), and conserve -like varieties such as mogwa-cheong (preserved quince ). A chutney

2610-419: Is a relish of Indian origin made of fruit, spices and herbs. Although originally intended to be eaten soon after preparation, modern chutneys are often made to be sold, so they require preservatives – often sugar and vinegar – to ensure they have a suitable shelf life. Mango chutney, for example, is mangoes reduced with sugar. Confit , the past participle of the French verb confire , "to preserve",

2700-436: Is an alternative definition of a conserve: a preserve made from a mixture of fruits or vegetables. Conserves in this sense may also include dried fruit or nuts. Fruit butter , in this context, refers to a process where the whole fruit is forced through a sieve or blended after the heating process. Fruit butter are generally made from larger fruits, such as apples, plums, peaches, or grapes. Cook until softened and run through

2790-608: Is applied both to preservation of meats, and to fruits or vegetables seasoned and cooked with honey or sugar till jam-like. Savory confits, such as those made with garlic or fennel, may call for an oil, such as virgin olive oil, as the preserving agent. Konfyt ( Afrikaans : "jam" or "fruit preserve" ) is a type of jam eaten in Southern Africa. It is made by boiling selected fruit or fruits (such as strawberries, apricots, oranges, lemons, watermelons, berries, peaches, prickly pears, or others) and sugar, and optionally adding

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2880-609: Is categorized into two types: fruit jam and fruit jam with pectin . Both types contain fruit, fruit pulp or canned fruit and are boiled with water and a sweetening ingredient. Both must have 66% water-soluble solids. Fruit jam and fruit jam with pectin may contain a class II preservative , a pH adjusting agent or an antifoaming agent . Both types cannot contain apple or rhubarb fruit. Though both types of jam are very similar, there are some differences in fruit percent, added pectin, and added acidity . Fruit jam must have at least 45% fruit and may contain added pectin to compensate for

2970-866: Is commonly cut and decorated as a May bush (see Beltane ). This warning persists to modern times; folklorist Bob Curran has questioned whether the ill luck of the DeLorean Motor Company was associated with the destruction of a fairy thorn to make way for a production facility. The superstitious dread of harming hawthorn trees prevalent in Britain and Ireland may also be connected to an old belief that hawthorns, and more especially 'lone thorns' (self-seeded specimens standing in isolation from other trees) originate from lightning or thunderbolts and give protection from lightning strikes. Hawthorn trees are often found beside clootie wells ; at these types of holy wells, they are sometimes known as rag trees, for

3060-612: Is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). The type genus forms

3150-412: Is distinguished from jam by the inclusion of citrus peel, and the use of more water, in which respect it resembles a jelly. It is distinguished from a jelly by containing pieces of fruit peel. The benchmark citrus fruit for marmalade production in Britain is the bitter Spanish Seville orange , Citrus aurantium var. aurantium , prized for its high pectin content, which gives a good set. The peel has

3240-535: Is essential to kill vampires , and stakes used for their slaying must be made from the wood of the thorn tree. In Gaelic folklore, hawthorn (in Scottish Gaelic , sgitheach and in Irish , sceach ) 'marks the entrance to the otherworld ' and is strongly associated with the fairies . Lore has it that it is very unlucky to cut the tree at any time other than when it is in bloom; however, during this time, it

3330-685: Is extensively used in Europe as a hedge plant. During the British Agricultural Revolution in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, hawthorn saplings were mass propagated in nurseries to create the new field boundaries required by the Inclosure Acts . Several cultivars of the Midland hawthorn C. laevigata have been selected for their pink or red flowers. Hawthorns are among the trees most recommended for water conservation landscapes. Hawthorn can be used as

3420-515: Is improved if the pyrenes that contain the seed are subjected to extensive drying at room temperature, before stratification. Uncommon forms can be grafted onto seedlings of other species. Khokhlova, K. O.; Zdoryk, O. A.; Sydora, N. V.; Shatrovska, V. I. (1 November 2019). "Chromatographic Profiles Analysis of Fruits of L. Genus by High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography" . European Pharmaceutical Journal . 66 (2): 45–51. doi : 10.2478/afpuc-2019-0020 . Genus The composition of

3510-721: Is mainly D-galacturonic acid connected by α (1–4) glycosidic linkages. The side chains of pectin may contain small amounts of other sugars such as L-fructose, D-glucose, D-mannose, and D-xylose. In jams, pectin thickens the final product via cross-linking of the large polymer chains. Recipes without added pectin use the natural pectin in the fruit to set. Tart apples , sour blackberries , cranberries , currants, gooseberries , Concord grapes , soft plums , and quinces work well in recipes without added pectin. Other fruits, such as apricots, blueberries, cherries, peaches, pineapple, raspberries, rhubarb, and strawberries are low in pectin. In order to set, or gel, they must be combined with one of

3600-621: Is of very early origin, but since the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in 1752, the tree has rarely been in full bloom in England before the second week of that month. In the Scottish Highlands, the flowers may be seen as late as the middle of June. The hawthorn has been regarded as the emblem of hope, and its branches are stated to have been carried by the ancient Greeks in wedding processions, and to have been used by them to deck

3690-460: Is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance,

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3780-415: Is subject to somewhat stricter rules that set higher standards for the minimum fruit content (45% instead of 35% as a general rule, but lower for some fruits such as redcurrants and blackcurrants), specifying the use of unconcentrated fruit pulp, and forbidding the mixture of certain fruits and vegetables with others. Extra jelly similarly specifies that the proportion of fruit juice or aqueous extracts in

3870-544: Is the state flower of Missouri . The legislation designating it as such was introduced by Sarah Lucille Turner , one of the first two women to serve in the Missouri House of Representatives . Although it is commonly stated that hawthorns can be propagated by cutting, this is difficult to achieve with rootless stem pieces. Small plants or suckers are often transplanted from the wild. Seeds require stratification and take one or two years to germinate. Seed germination

3960-474: Is the type species , and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with

4050-412: Is the open pan method, which is essentially a larger scale version of the method a home jam maker would use. This gives a traditional flavor, with some caramelization of the sugars. The second commercial process involves the use of a vacuum vessel, where the jam is placed under a vacuum, which has the effect of reducing its boiling temperature to anywhere between 65 and 80 °C depending on the recipe and

4140-685: The Eocene , with the ancestral area likely being Eastern North America and in Europe, which at that time remained closely linked due to the North Atlantic Land Bridge . The earliest known leaves of the genus from the Eocene of North America, with the earliest leaves from Europe being from the Oligocene . The genus is classified into sections which are further divided into series. Series Montaninsulae has not yet been assigned to

4230-621: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the " valid " (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question. Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to

4320-824: The International Plant Names Index for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names. Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom: The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names;

4410-419: The nomenclature codes , which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists ), plants (also including algae and fungi ) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names , which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses ,

4500-404: The platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia,

4590-408: The United States, jellies made from strawberries or concord grapes are most popular and are used for making peanut butter and jelly sandwiches . Fruit jellies may be used in a meal or dish in a similar way to jam. Some jellies, such as redcurrant , or mint , are classic accompaniments to roasted meats such as turkey, game, and lamb. Pectin is essential to the formation of jelly because it acts as

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4680-706: The altar of Hymenaios . The supposition that the tree was the source of Jesus 's crown of thorns doubtless gave rise to the tradition among the French peasantry (current as late as 1911) that it utters groans and cries on Good Friday , and probably also to the old popular superstition in Great Britain and Ireland that ill luck attended the uprooting of hawthorns. Branches of Glastonbury thorn ( C. monogyna 'Biflora', sometimes called C. oxyacantha var. praecox ), which flowers both in December and in spring, were formerly highly valued in England, on account of

4770-442: The base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores"). The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of

4860-417: The end result desired. The lower boiling temperature enables the water to be driven off as it would be when using the traditional open pan method, but with the added benefit of retaining more of the volatile flavor compounds from the fruit, preventing caramelization of the sugars, and of course reducing the overall energy required to make the product. However, once the desired amount of water has been driven off,

4950-460: The finished product must not be less than that laid down for the manufacture of extra jam. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published standards of identity in 21 CFR 150, and treats jam and preserves as synonymous, but distinguishes jelly from jams and preserves. All of these are cooked and pectin-gelled fruit products, but jellies are made from fruit juice, without seeds and pulp, while jams and preserves are gelled fruit that may include

5040-446: The form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as " Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus , also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply " Hibiscus L." (botanical usage). Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this

5130-417: The fruit in the hot sugar mixture for just long enough to allow the flavor to be extracted from the fruit, and sugar to penetrate it, but not so long that the fruit breaks down and liquefies. This process can also be achieved by spreading the dry sugar over raw fruit in layers, and leaving for several hours to penetrate into the fruit and soak the water out, then heating the resulting mixture to bring it just to

5220-482: The fruits in sugar overnight and cook this down to a syrup. The term preserves is usually interchangeable with jams even though preserves contain chunks or pieces of the fruit whereas jams in some regions do not. Closely related names include: chutney , confit , conserve , fruit butter , fruit curd , fruit spread , jelly , cheese , leather and marmalade . Some cookbooks define preserves as cooked and gelled whole fruit (or vegetable), which includes

5310-737: The generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus . Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics . The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example,

5400-491: The haws and disperse the seeds in their droppings. The "haws" or fruits of the common hawthorn, C. monogyna , are edible. In the United Kingdom, they are sometimes used to make a jelly or homemade wine . The leaves are edible, and if picked in spring when still young, are tender enough to be used in salads. The young leaves and flower buds, which are also edible, are known as "bread and cheese" in rural England. In

5490-480: The higher pectin fruits or used with commercially produced or homemade pectin. Use of added pectin decreases cooking time. Freezer jam is uncooked (or cooked less than 5 minutes), then stored frozen. It is popular in parts of North America for its very fresh taste. [REDACTED] The category of fruit preserve referred to as a jelly (from the French gelée ) is a clear or translucent fruit spread made by

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5580-426: The jam still needs to be heated briefly to 95 to 100 °C (203 to 212 °F) for safety, to kill pathogens that would otherwise proliferate. During commercial filling it is common to use a flame to sterilize the rim and lid of jars to destroy any yeasts and molds which could cause spoilage during storage. Steam is commonly injected immediately before lidding; when the steam condenses after lidding it creates

5670-633: The largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae). By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species, also including genus names only (no species) for some groups. The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera,

5760-598: The legend that the tree was originally the staff of Joseph of Arimathea . Robert Graves , in his book The White Goddess , traces and reinterprets many European legends and myths in which the whitethorn (hawthorn), also called the May-tree, is central. It was once said to heal the broken heart. In Ireland, the red fruit is, or was, called the Johnny MacGorey or Magory. Serbian folklore that spread across Balkan notes that hawthorn ( Serbian глог or glog )

5850-488: The lizard genus Anolis has been suggested to be broken down into 8 or so different genera which would bring its ~400 species to smaller, more manageable subsets. Fruit preserves This is an accepted version of this page Fruit preserves are preparations of fruits whose main preserving agent is sugar and sometimes acid , often stored in glass jars and used as a condiment or spread . There are many varieties of fruit preserves globally, distinguished by

5940-498: The method of preparation, type of fruit used, and its place in a meal. Sweet fruit preserves such as jams, jellies, and marmalades are often eaten at breakfast with bread or as an ingredient of a pastry or dessert, whereas more savory and acidic preserves made from " vegetable fruits " such as tomato, squash or zucchini , are eaten alongside savory foods such as cheese, cold meats, and curries. There are several techniques of making jam, with or without added water. One factor depends on

6030-496: The mixture reaches a temperature of 104 °C (219 °F), the acid and the pectin in the fruit react with the sugar, and the jam will set on cooling. Most home cooks work by trial and error rather than temperature measurement, bringing the mixture to a "fast rolling boil ", watching to see if the seething mass changes texture , and dropping small samples on a plate to see if they run or set. Commercially produced jams are usually produced using one of two methods. The first

6120-403: The most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus , contains over 3,000 species. Which species are assigned to a genus

6210-428: The name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this

6300-408: The natural pectin content of the ingredients. When making jam with low-pectin fruits like strawberries, high-pectin fruit like orange can be added, or additional pectin in the form of pectin powder, citric acid or citrus peels. Often the fruit will be heated gently in a pan to release its juices (and pectin), sometimes with a little added water, before the sugar is added. Another method is to macerate

6390-459: The natural acidity of the fruit, a chemical to adjust the pH, and/or an antifoaming agent . Jelly with pectin must be made with a minimum of 62% water-soluble solids and a minimum of 32% juice of the named fruit, and may contain an acid ingredient that compensates for the lack in the natural acidity of the fruit; the additional juice of another fruit; a gelling agent; food color; a Class II preservative (such as benzoates , sorbates , or nitrites );

6480-641: The natural pectin level found in the fruit. Fruit jam with pectin need only contain 27% fruit and is allowed to contain added acidity to compensate for the natural acidity of the fruit. In Canada , the Food and Drug Regulations of the Food and Drugs Act of Canada categorizes jelly into two types: jelly, and jelly with pectin . Jelly may be made from the fruit, the fruit juice, or a fruit juice concentrate, and must contain at least 62% water-soluble solids. Jelly may contain an acid ingredient that makes up for any lack in

6570-523: The only remaining food supply. People born on the island are now called " haweaters ". The fruits of Crataegus mexicana are known in Mexico as tejocotes and are eaten raw, cooked, or in jam during the winter. They are stuffed in the piñatas broken during the traditional pre-Christmas celebration known as Las Posadas . They are also cooked with other fruits to prepare a Christmas punch. The mixture of tejocote paste, sugar and chili powder produces

6660-541: The provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated. According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for

6750-417: The same kind as other (analogous) genera. The term "genus" comes from Latin genus , a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". The scientific name (or

6840-408: The scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name ; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms , where it is combined with the scientific name of a species : see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology) . The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in

6930-512: The set point. As a result of this minimal cooking, some fruits are not particularly suitable for making into conserves, because they require cooking for longer periods to avoid faults such as tough skins and spoiling. Currants and gooseberries , and a number of plums are among these fruits. Because of this shorter cooking period, not as much pectin will be released from the fruit, and consequently conserves, particularly if home-cooked, will sometimes be slightly softer set than some jams. There

7020-463: The southern United States, fruits of three native species are collectively known as mayhaws and are made into jellies which are considered a delicacy. The Kutenai people of northwestern North America used red and black hawthorn fruit for food. On Manitoulin Island , Ontario , some red-fruited species are called hawberries. During colonisation, European settlers ate these fruits during the winter as

7110-469: The species native to northern Europe, especially the common hawthorn C. monogyna , and the unmodified name is often so used in Britain and Ireland. The name is now also applied to the entire genus and to the related Asian genus Rhaphiolepis . The generic epithet, Crataegus , is derived from the Greek kratos "strength" because of the great strength of the wood and akis "sharp", referring to

7200-497: The specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus , a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus . Where species are further subdivided,

7290-412: The standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf 's scientific name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being

7380-588: The strips of cloth which are tied to them as part of healing rituals. 'When all fruit fails, welcome haws' was once a common expression in Ireland. According to a medieval legend, the Glastonbury thorn , C. monogyna 'Biflora', which flowers twice annually, was supposed to have miraculously grown from a walking stick planted by Joseph of Arimathea at Glastonbury in Somerset , England. The original tree

7470-543: The summer. "Chip budding " has also been performed on hawthorn trunks to have branches of several varieties on the same tree. Such trees can be seen in Vigo , Spain , and in the northwest of France (mainly in Brittany ). Many species of hawthorn make excellent bonsai trees. They are grown and enjoyed for their display of flowers. The wood of some Crataegus species is hard and resistant to rot. In rural North America, it

7560-403: The taxon is termed a synonym ; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names. A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for

7650-638: The thorns of some species. The name haw , originally an Old English term for hedge (from the Anglo-Saxon term haguthorn , "a fence with thorns"), also applies to the fruit. Crataegus species are shrubs or small trees , mostly growing to 5–15 m (15–50 ft) tall, with small pome fruit and (usually) thorny branches. The most common type of bark is smooth grey in young individuals, developing shallow longitudinal fissures with narrow ridges in older trees. The thorns are small sharp-tipped branches that arise either from other branches or from

7740-548: The trunk, and are typically 1–3 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 –1 in) long (recorded as up to 11.5 cm or 4 + 1 ⁄ 2  in in one case). The leaves grow spirally arranged on long shoots , and in clusters on spur shoots on the branches or twigs. The leaves of most species have lobed or serrated margins and are somewhat variable in shape. Flowers are five-petalled and grow in flat-topped clusters and are most typically white, although they can also be pale pink or occasionally scarlet in colour. The fruit, sometimes known as

7830-576: The values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes. Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda , with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up

7920-429: The virus species " Salmonid herpesvirus 1 ", " Salmonid herpesvirus 2 " and " Salmonid herpesvirus 3 " are all within the genus Salmonivirus ; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names " Everglades virus " and " Ross River virus " are assigned is Alphavirus . As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in

8010-610: Was destroyed in the sixteenth century during the English Reformation , but several cultivars have survived. Since the reign of King James I , it has been a Christmas custom to send a sprig of Glastonbury thorn flowers to the Sovereign , which is used to decorate the royal family's dinner table. In the Victorian era , the hawthorn represented hope in the language of flowers . The hawthorn – species unspecified –

8100-448: Was prized for use as tool handles and fence posts. First Nations people of western Canada used the thorns for durable fish hooks and minor skin surgeries . The Scots saying "Ne'er cast a cloot til Mey's oot" conveys a warning not to shed any cloots (clothes) before the summer has fully arrived and the mayflowers ( hawthorn blossoms) are in full bloom. The custom of employing the flowering branches for decorative purposes on 1 May

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