143-414: Cristina Elisabet Fernández de Kirchner ( Spanish: [kɾisˈtina eˈlisaβet feɾˈnandes ðe ˈkiɾʃneɾ] ; née Fernández ; born 19 February 1953), often referred to by her initials CFK , is an Argentine lawyer and politician who served as President of Argentina from 2007 to 2015 and later as Vice President of Argentina from 2019 to 2023 under President Alberto Fernández , as well as
286-553: A fiscal austerity program in early 2012, including the gradual removal of subsidies. The proposal turned out to be unpopular, and was not implemented. She opted instead to send a bill to Congress for the renationalization of YPF , privatized in 1993, blaming the Spanish company Repsol for the energy trade deficit. The bill was approved by the Chamber of Deputies by a 207-32 margin. It was criticized as an authoritarian move, as there
429-577: A man's surname at birth that has subsequently been replaced or changed. The diacritic mark (the acute accent ) over the e is considered significant to its spelling, and ultimately its meaning, but is sometimes omitted. According to Oxford University 's Dictionary of Modern English Usage , the terms are typically placed after the current surname (e.g., " Margaret Thatcher , née Roberts" or " Bill Clinton , né Blythe"). Since they are terms adopted into English (from French), they do not have to be italicized , but they often are. In Polish tradition ,
572-569: A suicidal attack , a bomb-laden van was driven into the AMIA building and subsequently detonated, killing 85 people and injuring over 300. To date, the bombing remains the deadliest terrorist attack in Argentine history . In 1994, Argentina was home to a Jewish community of 200,000 , making it the largest in Latin America and the sixth-largest in the world outside of Israel . Over
715-496: A "national disgrace.". President Kirchner said governments had covered up facts, and that the decree established a mechanism for victims to receive compensation. Shortly after assuming his functions in spring 2003, he opened up Argentine intelligence files on the case, and lifted a decree preventing SIDE agents from testifying in the case. Argentina's justice, Israel, and the United States suspected in 2005 that Hezbollah
858-493: A 36–36 tie. In the case of a tie, the vice president, who also serves as president of the Senate but without the right to vote, is required to cast the tie-breaking vote. Julio Cobos voted against the bill, which was then rejected, saying that: "My vote is not in favor, my vote is against". Despite the chilly relations between Cobos and Cristina Kirchner since that event, he completed his term as vice president. Fernández de Kirchner
1001-399: A constitutional challenge against some articles of the law with the judiciary. The government released an anti-Clarín advertisement claiming it refused to obey the law and may be subverting democracy. The conflict led to disputes with the judiciary. Minister Julio Alak said that extending an injunction that allowed Clarín Group to keep its assets during the trial would be an insurrection, and it
1144-407: A controversial media law that would see Clarín Group lose licenses and be forced to sell most of its assets. The law was initially sanctioned as a competition law for the media, but critics pointed out that it was only being used to further the campaign against Clarín Group. The government had little interest in enforcing measures of the law that were not related to Clarín Group. Clarín Group launched
1287-523: A controversial tenure, while her husband was elected governor of Santa Cruz . In 1994, she was also elected to the constituent assembly that amended the Constitution of Argentina . She was the first lady from 2003 to 2007 after her husband was elected president . Néstor Kirchner did not run for re-election. Instead, his wife was the candidate for the Front for Victory alliance, becoming president in
1430-481: A few months after he had been appointed. He was replaced by Argentina's tax agency chief Carlos Rafael Fernández . As an alternative to increasing taxes, and facing debt payments the following year, the government nationalized private pension funds , known as " Administradoras de Fondos de Jubilaciones y Pensiones " (AFJP). The amount of money involved in this operation was nearly 30 billion dollars, and debt obligations were nearly 24 billion dollars. The nationalization
1573-611: A former Argentine president accepted a $ 10 million payment from Tehran to block the investigation. Former President Carlos Menem denied the claims, but admitted he had a secret Swiss bank account following a report in The New York Times . Menem claimed in 2004 that the attack had been related to his support to the US during the First Gulf War and to his visit to Israel during his mandate. Abolghasem Mesbahi claimed to
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#17328010584831716-471: A head, thought to be that of the bomber, into a bin. On 5 July 2017, The Algemeiner reported that DNA not assignable to any of the victims has been identified. This new evidence will allow investigators to test the prevailing suspicion that the bombing was committed by Ibrahim Hussein Berro. Federal judge Juan José Galeano followed investigations concerning the "local connection", which included members of
1859-528: A nationwide lockout by farming associations , with the aim of forcing the government to back down on new tax system. They were joined on 25 March by thousands of pot-banging demonstrators massed around the Buenos Aires Obelisk and the presidential palace . These demonstrations were followed by others at locations across the country that included road blockades and food shortages. The protests were highly polarizing. The government argued that
2002-525: A new cacerolazo on 18 April, known as the 18A . Prosecutor Alberto Nisman , who worked on the investigation of the 1994 Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina (Argentine-Israeli Mutual Association) AMIA bombing , accused Fernández de Kirchner of engaging in a criminal, cover-up conspiracy to cover up the attack. He was found dead in his home the day before he was to explain his denunciation in Congress. Argentine law enforcement concluded that Nisman's death
2145-574: A preventive embargo of 200 million pesos on Fernández de Kirchner and requested to question her, as well as Timerman, lawmaker of the pro-government organization " La Cámpora " Andrés Larroque , political leader Luis D'Elía , the leader of Quebracho Fernando Esteche, members of Secretariat of Intelligence , the leader of the Iranian community in Argentina Jorge "Yussuf" Khali, and ex attorney and judge Héctor Yrimia. On 18 January 2015, Nisman
2288-737: A provider of ephedrine to the Sinaloa Cartel . In 2015, Martín Lanatta and José Luis Salerno, convicted for the killings, claimed that Aníbal Fernández was the boss of a mafia ring that ordered those killings to secure the illegal traffic of ephedrine. Fernández denied the charges, maintaining that it was a set up to undermine his chances in the 2015 general election. General illegal drug trade grew in Argentina during Kirchnerism, and saw Mexican and Colombian syndicates working with Peruvian and Bolivian smugglers. Conviction rates for money laundering were almost nonexistent. Mariano Federici, head of
2431-526: A reduced payment as outlined in the Argentine debt restructuring plan. Kicillof refused to agree that the country had fallen into a sovereign default . When Argentina devalued the peso in January 2014, Kicillof placed blame on the exchange-market speculation by Juan José Aranguren , chief of Royal Dutch Shell in Argentina; later in the year, when the peso was at its lowest ever position in relation to
2574-553: A result, she made a name for herself as a troublemaker. She was removed from the PJ bloc in the Congress in 1997 for misconduct. She resigned her senatorial seat that year and ran for national deputy in the 1997 midterm elections instead. Menem ended his term of office in 1999 and was replaced by Fernando de la Rúa . Fernández de Kirchner took part in a commission to investigate money laundering with fellow legislator Elisa Carrió , and got into conflicts with her. She ran again for senator in
2717-538: A similar car bomb exploded outside a Jewish community centre in London . No one was killed but 22 were injured and "millions of pounds of damage" was done. Five Palestinians were later arrested in London and two convicted and sentenced to 20 years in prison in connection with the bombings. In 2018 judicial authorities announced that former President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner would face trial on charges she covered up
2860-407: Is controversial, with the government's reported poverty rate being questioned by some experts. According to a 2017 UNICEF report, the cash transfers reduced extreme poverty by 30.8% and general poverty by 5.6%. Fernández de Kirchner was reelected in 2011, along with Amado Boudou as vice president and the Front for Victory regained control over both chambers of Congress. Hernán Lorenzino became
3003-416: Is the feminine past participle of naître , which means "to be born". Né is the masculine form. The term née , having feminine grammatical gender , can be used to denote a woman's surname at birth that has been replaced or changed. In most English-speaking cultures, it is specifically applied to a woman's maiden name after her surname has changed due to marriage. The term né can be used to denote
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#17328010584833146-583: The 2001 midterm elections . Néstor Kirchner was elected president in 2003, and she became the First Lady . Under these circumstances, she sought a lower profile in Congress. Her husband had a political dispute with the previous president, Eduardo Duhalde . Their dispute continued during the 2005 midterm elections . Without consensus in the PJ for a single candidate for senator of the Buenos Aires province, both leaders had their respective wives run for
3289-518: The 2007 presidential election . Her first term of office started with a conflict with the agricultural sector , and her proposed taxation system was rejected. After this she nationalised private pension funds, and fired the president of the Central Bank . The price of public services remained subsidised and she renationalised energy firm YPF as a result. The country had good relations with other South American nations, and strained relations with
3432-434: The Argentine government of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner in order for Iran to receive Argentine nuclear technology and the cessation of work between Argentina and Interpol involving Iranian individuals. In March 2015, the Argentine government released a full-page advertisement in national newspapers accusing the late prosecutor Alberto Nisman of having attempted to destabilise the country. The advertisement also argued that
3575-538: The Clarín Group , is not aligned with the government. The Fernández de Kirchner government launched an illegal campaign against Clarín Group, which included over 450 legal and administrative acts of harassment, as reported by the Global Editors Network . One of those actions was a selective use of state advertising, to benefit the media aligned with the government. The government tried to enforce
3718-531: The Iranian government of directing the bombing, and the Lebanese Islamist militant group Hezbollah of carrying it out. According to the prosecution's claims in 2006, Argentina had been targeted by Iran after Buenos Aires' decision to suspend a nuclear technology transfer contract to Tehran . This has been disputed as the contract was never terminated, and Iran and Argentina were negotiating on
3861-598: The National University of La Plata . She studied psychology for a year, then dropped it and studied law instead. She met fellow student Néstor Kirchner in 1973. He introduced her to political debates. There were heated political controversies at the time caused by the decline of the Argentine Revolution military government, the return of the former president Juan Perón from exile, the election of Héctor Cámpora as president of Argentina, and
4004-615: The Policía Bonaerense ( Buenos Aires Provincial Police ). He quickly arrested Carlos Telleldín, alleged to have provided the van used in the bombing, and some 20 officers from the Bonaerense. But a video broadcast on Argentine TV showed him offering Telleldín $ 400,000, in return for evidence, which led to Galeano's removal from the case in 2003, and his impeachment in August 2005. Judge Galeano had also issued warrants for
4147-487: The first lady of Argentina during the tenure of her husband, Néstor Kirchner , from 2003 to 2007. She was the second female president of Argentina (after Isabel Perón ) and the first elected female president of Argentina. Ideologically, she identifies herself as a Peronist and a progressive , with her political approach called Kirchnerism . Since 2024, she has been the president of the Justicialist Party ,
4290-408: The provincial legislature of Santa Cruz in 1989. The Justicialist Party (PJ), led by Carlos Menem , returned to the presidency in the 1989 general elections . She served as interim governor of Santa Cruz for a couple of days, after the impeachment of Ricardo del Val in 1990. She organized Néstor's political campaign when he was elected governor of Santa Cruz in 1991. In 1994, she was elected to
4433-456: The western bloc as part of the regional political movement known as pink tide . She also continued her husband's human rights policies, and had a rocky relationship with the press . Néstor Kirchner died in 2010, and she was re-elected for a second term in 2011. She won the 2011 general election with 54.11% of the votes, the highest percentage obtained by any presidential candidate since 1983 . The 37.3% difference between votes for hers and
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4576-575: The 1994 AMIA bombing attack: My country is the only country of the Americas other than the United States of America that was the target of terrorist attacks: one in 1992 when the embassy of Israel was blown up, and the second in 1994 when the headquarters of the Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina (AMIA) was bombed. This year marks the twentieth anniversary of the bombing of AMIA. I dare say before this Assembly—in
4719-484: The 1994 attack. Nisman said his accusations were based on phone taps on close political allies of Fernández, who he said conspired in a "sophisticated criminal plan" to negotiate with Rabbani himself, one of the main suspects of perpetrating the deadly bombing. According to the accusation, Iranian oil would be exchanged for Argentinian grain, while Argentina would cancel an international Interpol arrest warrant against Rabbani and other senior Iranian officials. Nisman demanded
4862-493: The 2009 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad administration, and is on Interpol 's wanted list over the AMIA bombing. Vahidi led a unit of Iran's Revolutionary Guard called Quds Force at the time of the attack, and has been accused of planning the bombings. Iran dismissed this development as a "Zionist plot". On 1 June 2011, Bolivia apologized to Argentina for Ahmad Vahidi's unannounced visit to the country, and announced that he would be leaving Bolivia immediately. On 31 March 2012, Menem
5005-455: The AMIA attack, a suicide bombing on a Panamanian commuter plane killed all 21 passengers, 12 of whom were Jews. Investigators determined that the bombing was perpetrated by a "Lya Jamal" – thought to be "an Arab traveling under an alias, using fraudulently obtained Colombian documents." Eight days after the AMIA attack, the Israeli embassy in London was car-bombed, and thirteen hours later
5148-687: The AMIA, criticized the legality of the memorandum and announced that he would take it to the Supreme Court of Argentina . In May 2014, the memorandum was declared unconstitutional by the Court. The memorandum was voided when Mauricio Macri became president of Argentina, as he withdrew the appeal that the Kirchners government had filed. On 24 May 2013, it was reported that two of the Iranian AMIA bombing suspects accused of having planned
5291-469: The Argentine court that Iran had planned the bombing, thinking the centre was a base for the Israeli secret service. On 2 September 2004, all suspects in the "local connection" (among whom members of the Buenos Aires police) of AMIA case were found to be not guilty. Five persons, including four policemen, were therefore acquitted because of lack of evidence. On 3 August 2005, Judge Galeano's impeachment
5434-576: The Argentine police during the joint operation, and asked for the return of the seized materials. She blamed the whole country for the 2014 default, ruled by US judge Thomas P. Griesa . She said in a cadena nacional ("national network") address that the US may be trying to oust her from power, or even assassinate her. She said this a few days after accusing the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant of similar assassination plans against her. The idea
5577-521: The Dirty War. Forced disappearances were common at the time, but unlike other lawyers the Kirchners never signed a habeas corpus . Julio César Strassera , prosecutor in the 1985 Trial of the Juntas against the military, criticized the Kirchners' lack of legal actions against the military, and considered their later interest in the issue a form of hypocrisy. Cristina Kirchner was elected deputy for
5720-536: The Financial Information Unit, said that the "magnitude of the threat is very serious, and this would never have been possible without collaboration from government officials in this country". Amado Boudou, who served as minister of economy during Fernández de Kirchner's first term and vice president during the second, was suspected of corruption in 2012 case. The Ciccone Calcografica printing company filed for bankruptcy in 2010, but this request
5863-513: The Iranian citizens who had been accused, and who live in Tehran, to be deposed before the judge. But what happened when we signed that memorandum? It seemed as if all hell had broken out, both nationally and internationally. The Jewish associations that had sought our support for so many years and that had come here with us to ask for help turned against us, and when an agreement was finally reached on legal cooperation they accused us of complicity with
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6006-505: The Iranian government. The evidence alleged that two of the AMIA witnesses were "terrorist dissidents". They also said that there were arrest warrants issued by Interpol for the other two Iranians, Hadi Roshanravani and Hamid Reza Eshagi . D'Elia accused the United States government of reaching an "agreement" with the AMIA witnesses in exchange for their testitmony. Laura Ginsber, head of APEMIA ("Agrupacion por el Esclarecimiento de la Masacre Impue de la AMIA) responded that D'Elia's trip to Iran
6149-575: The Israeli ambassador to Argentina from 1993 to 2000, said most of the people behind the AMIA attack were eliminated by Israeli security agents operating abroad. Israeli Foreign Ministry spokesman Yigal Palmor called Aviran's declarations "complete nonsense". In January 2015, the prosecutor in charge of the AMIA bombing investigation, Alberto Nisman, filed a 300-page complaint accusing President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner and Foreign Minister Héctor Timerman among other pro-government political figures of "covering up" Iranian citizens allegedly involved in
6292-507: The Jewish Community Center building located in a densely constructed commercial area of Buenos Aires. The explosive is thought to have been arranged to focus the blast on the building 3 to 5 metres (10 to 16 ft) away, exhibiting a shaped charge or explosively formed penetrator effect. The exterior walls of this five-story building were of brick masonry construction, which supported the floor slabs. The air blast from
6435-427: The PJ. Their marriage has been compared with those of Juan and Eva Perón and Bill and Hillary Clinton . Media observers suspected that Mr. Kirchner stepped down as president to circumvent the term limit, swapping roles with his wife. When Néstor Kirchner refused to run for re-election in 2007 and proposed his wife instead, it was rumored that they could alternate in the presidency for the next 12 years to circumvent
6578-753: The State of Iran. The same thing happened here in the United States. When the vulture funds lobbied before the United States Congress, they accused us of collaborating with the Islamic Republic of Iran, which at the time was known as the Terrorist State of Iran. They even lobbied on their websites, posting pictures of me on the Internet with former President Ahmadinejad as if we were business partners. Just this week, we learned that
6721-568: The accusations against the country as "a Zionist plot". Both Hezbollah and Iran deny any involvement in the bombing. According to Hoseyni, the accusations were intended to divert "world attention from the perpetration of crimes by the Zionists against women and children in Palestine". On 6 March 2007, former Congressman Mario Cafiero and former government official Luis D'Elia said they had traveled to Iran where they had received "evidence" from
6864-613: The arrests of 12 Iranians, including Hade Soleimanpour, Iran's ambassador to Argentina in 1994. The latter was arrested in the UK on 21 August 2003, at the request of the Argentine authorities. He was later released because, according to the Home Office , there was not even enough evidence presented to make a prima facie case for the extradition to proceed. Judge Galeano also interviewed Abolghasem Mesbahi, aka "Witness C", an alleged former Iranian intelligence officer who reportedly said
7007-585: The attack Ansar Allah, a Palestinian Jihadist organization widely held as a front for Hezbollah , reportedly claimed responsibility for the attack, and for the Alas Chiricanas Flight 901 bombing via leaflets distributed in Sidon and a communique in the Lebanese newspaper An-Nahar . Israeli diplomatic sources who read the "final" report by SIDE on the attack said in 2003 that the attack
7150-465: The attack and calling for the arrest of former President of Iran Ayatollah Hashemi Rafsanjani and seven others, including some who still hold official positions in Iran. The Justice of Argentine called for the arrest of top Iranian authorities. The Iranian defense minister, Ahmad Vahidi was accused of masterminding the attack. Argentine's government required the extradition of those accused of
7293-574: The attack but Iran has always refused to accept the verdict of the Argentine's Justice. In November 2007, Interpol on behalf of the Argentine government, published the names of six individuals ( Imad Mughniyah , Ali Fallahijan , Mohsen Rabbani , Ahmad Reza Asghari , Ahmad Vahidi and Mohsen Rezaee ) officially accused for their role in the terrorist attack. They were entered in the Interpol red notice list . Speaking on state radio, Iranian foreign ministry spokesman Mohammad Ali Hoseyni described
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#17328010584837436-493: The attack, Mohsen Rezai and Ali Akbar Velayati , were candidates for the Iranian presidential elections. In May 2013, Prosecutor Alberto Nisman published a 502-page indictment accusing Iran of establishing terrorist networks throughout Latin America – including in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile, Colombia, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago and Suriname – dating back to the 1980s. Nisman also said new evidence underscored
7579-487: The best of cases, will issue, without any defined deadline, a 'recommendation' to the parties constitutes, without doubt, a reversal in the common objective of obtaining justice." On 28 February 2013, the Argentine Chamber of Deputies approved the memorandum of understanding with Iran by 131 votes in favor to 113 votes against. Israel expressed disappointment at this development. Guillermo Borger, president of
7722-421: The bill. Marín argued: "For us, agriculture is the economy". There were two demonstrations the day of the vote: one against the bill, attended by 235,000 people, and the other in support of the bill, attended by 100,000 people. Farmers had announced that they would continue their demonstrations if the bill was approved without amendments. Senator Emilio Rached from Santiago del Estero cast the vote that resulted in
7865-487: The bomb totally destroyed the exposed load-bearing walls which, in turn, led to progressive failure of the floor slabs and virtually total collapse of the building. Such bearing-wall buildings are notable for their tendency to be brought down in this manner by localized damage. The bombing came two years after the 17 March 1992 bombing of the Israeli Embassy in Buenos Aires which killed 29 and wounded 242, and
8008-453: The bombing of AMIA, I myself was the only President who dared to propose asking the Islamic Republic of Iran to cooperate with and assist in the investigation. That request was made intermittently from 2007 to 2011, until the Islamic Republic of Iran finally agreed to a bilateral meeting, allowing it to be included in the agenda. That meeting led to the signing by both countries of a memorandum of understanding on legal cooperation that allowed for
8151-772: The campaign. Fernández de Kirchner was part of the " pink tide ", a group of populist, left-wing presidents who ruled several Latin American countries in the 2000s. This group included, among others, Néstor and Cristina Kirchner in Argentina, Hugo Chávez and Nicolás Maduro in Venezuela, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff in Brazil, Evo Morales in Bolivia and Rafael Correa in Ecuador. She has been an unconditional supporter of Chávez and Maduro. As Paraguay rejected
8294-540: The candidates for deputy in the Congress, favoring members of the Cámpora. The elections took place on 23 October. She was re-elected with 54% of the vote, followed by socialist Hermes Binner , 37 points behind her. The opposition was divided between several candidates and the perceived economic prosperity prevailed over voter's concerns about corruption and cronyism. It was the largest victory percentage in national elections since 1983. The Peronist party also won eight of
8437-711: The case concerning Iranian intelligence service bank accounts in Switzerland. The same account would have been used both for this assassination and for the alleged payment of ex-President Carlos Menem. Swiss Justice had already been notified of the existence of an account owned by the Red Spark Foundation (based in Liechtenstein ), in which Ramón Hernández , former secretary of Carlos Menem, had authority to sign documents. Six million dollars would have been deposited in this account, although in some moment
8580-461: The case was closed in January 2016, after Fernández de Kirchner left the presidency. Hilario Bacca, a confirmed son of disappeared guerrillas, appealed a judicial ruling that sought to change his name, asking to keep the name he had been using. Football broadcasting was nationalized on the program Fútbol para todos and then filled with pro-government advertisements. On the other hand, the country's largest selling newspaper Clarín , published by
8723-419: The case were explained by businessman Carlos Kauffmann and lawyer Moisés Maiónica, who pleaded guilty. The FPV financing of the 2007 elections caused another scandal years later. Three pharmaceutical businessmen, Sebastián Forza, Damián Ferrón, and Leopoldo Bina, were found dead in 2008, a case known as the "Triple Crime" . Further investigation of Forza, who contributed $ 200,000 to the campaign, identified him as
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#17328010584838866-435: The charged were placed on Interpol 's most wanted list, though bylaws prevented listing top officials such as Rafsanjani. As of 2017 the charged suspects (who remain alive) remain fugitives . In August 2021, two of the charged suspects, Ahmad Vahidi and Mohsen Rezai , were appointed to government of Ebrahim Raisi in the posts of interior minister and vice president of economic affairs, respectively. Shortly after
9009-401: The city from taking out international loans, which would have been used for infrastructure improvements. A week later, Fernández de Kirchner announced a proposed amendment of the Argentine judiciary. Three bills were controversial: the first proposed to limit injunctions against the state; the second would include people selected in national elections on the body that appoints or removes judges;
9152-468: The city of El Calafate , belong to the Kirchners. An official investigation into the events related by the "route of the K-Money" case was launched in 2013. In June 2023, the judicial case looking into possible wrongdoing by Fernández de Kirchner was dismissed after the prosecution failed to produce evidence that she had been involved with any embezzled funds. The Fernández de Kirchner presidency continued
9295-615: The claims of the defendants in the case for the never-ratified memorandum with Iran, in October 2021, the Federal Oral Court 8 declared the case null and void . The judges concluded that there was no crime in the signing of the agreement with Iran, and declared a judicial dismissal of Cristina Kirchner and the other defendants. In December 2022, she was sentenced to six years in prison and a lifetime ban from holding public office for corruption, and has stated her intention to appeal
9438-473: The collapse of the Radical Civic Union in 2001. Instead, Massa created an alternative party that also stood for Peronism. However, the party still retained a simple majority in Congress. This election was the first one where teenagers from 16 to 18 could vote. President Fernández de Kirchner, who had undergone brain surgery some weeks before, was hospitalized during the election and unable to join
9581-550: The constituent assembly that amended the Constitution of Argentina . She was elected national senator in the 1995 general elections . She opposed some bills proposed by Menem, such as a treaty with Chilean president Patricio Aylwin that benefited Chile in a dispute over the Argentina–Chile border . The Minister of Defense Oscar Camilión was questioned in Congress about the Argentine arms trafficking scandal ; Kirchner told him that he had to resign, which he refused to do. As
9724-551: The constitution and allow indefinite reelections, but lacked the supermajority required for it. A victory at the 2013 midterm elections would have given such majority, but the party was defeated in most provinces. Sergio Massa , a former cabinet minister of the Kirchners, won in the Buenos Aires Province by nearly 10 points with his new party, the Renewal Front . Argentina lacked a big opposition party since
9867-583: The constitutional limit of two consecutive terms. This scenario would have had Cristina standing down in favor of Néstor in 2011, and Néstor would in turn hand the FPV candidacy back to Cristina in 2015. The death of Néstor Kirchner in 2010 derailed such a plan. She had a low positive image, below 30%. On 21 June 2011, she announced that she would run for a second term as president. A few days later, she announced that her economic minister Amado Boudou would run for vice president on her ticket. She personally chose most of
10010-424: The country should revive a controversial agreement with Iran, the country that is suspected of being responsible for the bombings. In addition to that, during a speech, President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner accused Israel of being responsible for the 1992 bombing of the Israeli embassy in Argentina . This accusation was based on the allegation that Israel was only demanding justice for the AMIA bombing but not for
10153-652: The crisis, and the Peronist governors opted to negotiate on their own with the farmers, ignoring her approach. Her public image plummeted to its lowest level since the election in October 2007. After four months of conflict and having the majority in both houses of the Argentine Congress , the president introduced the new taxation bill. However, many legislators gave priority to the local agendas of their provinces as their economies depended heavily on agriculture. Many FPV legislators, such as Rubén Marín , opposed
10296-497: The demonstration was attended by 400,000 people. Several high-profile cases took place during the Fernández de Kirchner administration. The first involved the detention of Venezuelan-American businessman Antonini Wilson in an airport after being found with a suitcase filled with $ 800,000. This money was illegally provided by Petróleos de Venezuela, the state oil company, to be used for her 2007 general election campaign. Details of
10439-475: The dollar, he blamed " vulture funds " from the United States. At the 2014 United Nations conference, she accused the " vulture funds " of destabilizing the economy of the countries and called them " economic terrorists ". According to The Economist , the Kirchners returned Argentina to " economic nationalism and near- autarky ". In 2002, Eduardo Duhalde fixed the prices for public services such as electricity, gas and water supply. These remained fixed during
10582-582: The early stages of the Dirty War . She became influenced by Peronism , left-wing politics , and anti-imperialism . Despite the presence of sympathizers of the Montoneros guerrillas in La Plata, the Kirchners had never been involved themselves. Cristina and Néstor married in a civil ceremony on 9 May 1975. Her mother got them administrative jobs at her union. The 1976 Argentine coup d'état took place
10725-431: The embassy attack. This was immediately refuted by the Israeli embassy, which reaffirmed that it does in fact demand justice for both cases. In December 2015, Radio Mitre , an Argentinean station, released secret tapes of Héctor Timerman , in which he admitted Iran was responsible for the bombings concurrent to negotiating with Iran. On 26 February 2016, the Argentine prosecutor Ricardo Sáenz stated Nisman's death "was
10868-504: The exact amount was said to be of $ 10 million. In 2006, the Court of Cassation declared that the previous court had made a false version of the investigated acts in order to cover irresponsibilities. Néstor Kirchner 's government issued a decree in July 2005 formally accepting a share of the blame for the failure of investigations about the attack. He called the unresolved investigations
11011-484: The facts of Kristallnacht ". The U.S. State Department 's top official in charge of Latin American affairs, Assistant Secretary of State Roberta Jacobson, said she is "skeptical that a just solution can be found" through the Argentine-Iran "truth-commission." The Jewish community in Argentina issued the statement "to ignore everything that Argentine justice has done and to replace it with a commission that, in
11154-481: The first time. The selections anticipated the continuation of the policies implemented by Néstor Kirchner. She began a four-year term on 10 December 2007, facing challenges including: inflation, poor public security, international credibility, a faulty energy infrastructure, and protests from the agricultural sectors over an increase of nearly 30% on export taxes. Fernández de Kirchner was the second female president of Argentina, after Isabel Perón but, unlike Perón, she
11297-411: The following year. Cristina proposed to move to Río Gallegos , Néstor's home city, but he delayed their departure until his graduation on 3 July 1976. Cristina had not yet graduated when they moved to Río Gallegos and completed the remaining subjects with distance education . There have been claims made that she never graduated, and that she may have worked as a lawyer without having a degree. This idea
11440-579: The grounds that the Central Bank was independent. Redrado resigned one month later and was replaced by Mercedes Marcó del Pont . In an attempt to combat poverty, the government introduced in 2009 the Universal Child Allowance , a cash transfer program to parents who are unemployed or in the informal economy . It was later expanded to cover other disadvantaged groups. The extent to which Kirchner's policies have lowered poverty
11583-559: The harassment against the press in Argentina with cases in Venezuela and Ecuador. He considered it unfortunate that the president disparaged journalism, and pointed that the freedom of the press may be declining in Argentina. The 2009 midterm elections took place a year after the crisis with the farmers. The Kirchners were highly unpopular at the time, and people rejected their policies and governing style. The growing rates of inflation and crime also eroded their public support. Seeking to reverse their declining popularity, Néstor Kirchner led
11726-462: The hottest days of the summer season, as the use of air conditioning increased electricity consumption to peak levels. In March 2008, Fernández de Kirchner introduced a new sliding-scale taxation system for agricultural exports, so that rates fluctuated with international prices. This would effectively raise levies on soybean exports from 35% to 44% at the time of the announcement. This new taxation scheme, proposed by Minister Martín Lousteau , led to
11869-519: The iconic Waldorf Astoria hotel, in this city, was the setting for a meeting between the Secretary of State of this country and his Iranian counterpart. We are not criticizing them. Quite the contrary, anything that represents dialogue and understanding seems very good to us. But we wish to ask those who have been accusing Iran of being a terrorist State. Argentina's Foreign Minister Hector Timerman and Iranian Foreign Minister Ali Akbar Salehi met on
12012-519: The incorporation of Venezuela into the Mercosur trade bloc, she took advantage of the impeachment of Fernando Lugo to claim that Paraguay had suffered a coup d'état and proposed to temporarily remove the country from the bloc. With the support of the other presidents, Paraguay was removed for a time, and Venezuela was incorporated into the Mercosur. She maintained her support of Venezuela even during
12155-432: The investigation. In 2005, Catholic Church cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio, who became Pope Francis in 2013, was the first public personality to sign a petition for justice in the AMIA bombing case. He was one of the signatories on a document called "85 victims, 85 signatures" as part of the bombing's 11th anniversary. On 25 October 2006, Argentine prosecutors Alberto Nisman and Marcelo Martínez Burgos formally accused
12298-567: The judges Norberto Oyarbide, Ariel Lijo, Sergio Torres, and Claudio Bonadio all ruled that she has a degree. Néstor established a law firm that Cristina joined in 1979. The firm worked for banks and financial groups that filed eviction lawsuits, which had a growing rate at the time because the 1050 ruling of the Central Bank had increased the interest rates for mortgage loans . The Kirchners acquired twenty-one land lots at cheap prices as they were about to be auctioned. Their law firm defended military personnel accused of committing crimes during
12441-544: The judicial authorities of Argentina and Iran…and to give its vision and issue a report with recommendations about how the case should proceed within the legal and regulatory framework of both parties." The news generated several criticisms with David Harris from the American Jewish Committee stating that "the idea of establishing a 'truth' commission on the AMIA tragedy that involves the Iranian regime would be like asking Nazi Germany to help establish
12584-436: The large 2014 Venezuela protests and the imprisonment of its leader, Leopoldo López . She had a rocky relationship with the United States. Several items from a US Air Force plane, such as drugs and GPS devices, were seized by Argentine officials, which caused a diplomatic crisis . US State Department spokesman Philip J. Crowley said that they were standard tools used in counter-terrorism tactics which were being taught to
12727-536: The leftist guerrillas in the northern Argentine provinces, received a life sentence as well. Another related investigation involved the fate of the children of captured pregnant guerrillas, who were given up for adoption by the military junta. An estimated 500 children were involved. The investigation became controversial during the Fernández de Kirchner administration, as those involved had become adults and some of them refused to participate in DNA testing . One of those cases
12870-433: The list for deputy candidates at the Buenos Aires province. He was narrowly defeated by Francisco de Narváez , who led a Peronist faction opposed to the Kirchners. The Kirchners lost the majority of Congress as a result of the election. The Front for Victory recovered the majority in both chambers of the Congress during the 2011 presidential elections, when she was re-elected for a second term. The party had projects to amend
13013-514: The main opposition party to the government of Javier Milei . Born in La Plata , Buenos Aires Province, she studied law at the University of La Plata , and moved to Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz , with her husband Néstor Kirchner upon graduation. She was elected to the provincial legislature , while her husband was elected mayor of Río Gallegos. She was elected national senator in 1995, and had
13156-410: The media , rising crime rates, and the tight currency controls . She dismissed the demonstration and said that she would continue working as before. Most of the Fernández de Kirchner loyalists, however, preferred simply to ignore the protest. A larger demonstration, the 8N , took place two months later. It was attended by nearly half a million people. They protested a variety of issues such as those of
13299-431: The money abroad to tax havens, using shell companies. Given the amounts of money involved, the money was weighed instead of counted to determine the value. Federico Elaskar, owner of the firm, confirmed Fariña's claims in another televised interview. Both of them retracted their statements after the program was aired, but prosecutor José María Campagnoli confirmed their links with Báez. Báez denied any wrongdoing. Campagnoli
13442-570: The new minister of economy. The government established currency controls that limited the power to buy or sell foreign currencies, especially American dollars. Many Argentines kept their savings in dollars as a hedge against inflation. The government believed the controls were required to prevent the capital flight and tax evasion. They initiated a period of fiscal reform , which included several tax increases, limits to wage increases, but increases in protectionism and reorganization of state-owned enterprises. Hugo Moyano , main union leader, who
13585-426: The new taxes would allow for a better redistribution of wealth and keep down the food prices. It also claimed the farmers were staging a coup d'état against Fernández de Kirchner. Farmers argued that the high taxes made cultivation unviable. The activist Luis D'Elía interrupted one of the demonstrations leading stick-wielding pro-government supporters, who attacked the participants. Minister Lousteau resigned during
13728-467: The nine elections for governor held that day, increased their number of senators, and obtained the majority in the chamber of deputies, including the number of legislators needed for quorum . They had lost that majority in the 2009 elections. She invited children on stage during the celebrations, and Vice President Amado Boudou played an electric guitar. As she had in 2007, she gave a conciliatory speech. When she first took office, Cristina Kirchner replaced
13871-427: The office: Hilda González de Duhalde for the PJ, and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner for the Front for Victory . She won the election. The presidential election was held on 28 October 2007. With Fernández de Kirchner leading all the pre-election polls by a wide margin, her challengers focused on forcing her into a ballotage . To win in a single round, a presidential candidate in Argentina needs either more than 45% of
14014-560: The person's legal name . The assumption in the Western world is often that the name from birth (or perhaps from baptism or brit milah ) will persist to adulthood in the normal course of affairs—either throughout life or until marriage. Some reasons for changes of a person's name include middle names , diminutive forms, changes relating to parental status (due to one's parents' divorce or adoption by different parents), and gender transition . The French and English-adopted née
14157-492: The presence of some of the family members of the victims who have always been with us—that the Government headed by President Kirchner did the utmost and went the greatest lengths to uncover the real culprits, not only because it opened all my country's intelligence files and created a special prosecutor investigation unit, but also because, when in 2006 the justice system of my country accused Iranian citizens of involvement in
14300-483: The press and other public rights. Cabinet Chief Juan Manuel Abal Medina said the demonstrators belonged to a class that was against social justice and compared the demonstrations to a coup d'état . A similar view was held by Fernández de Kirchner's loyalists. Buenos Aires and La Plata suffered floods in April, resulting in more than 70 deaths. Mayor Mauricio Macri pointed out that the national government had prevented
14443-409: The previous demonstration, as well as the growing rate of inflation and the corruption scandals. She promised to keep her policies unchanged, and Senator Aníbal Fernández dismissed the significance of the demonstrations. Journalist Jorge Lanata explained the polarization was because the government and its supporters thought they were engaged in a revolution, and this justified being against freedom of
14586-522: The previous minister of economy, Miguel Gustavo Peirano , who had been appointed by her husband as former president. Peirano was succeeded by Martín Lousteau in December 2007. He served as the first of several ministers of economy under her presidency. The attempt to increase taxes on agricultural exports caused a conflict with the agricultural sector and protests broke out . As a result, taxes were not increased, and Lousteau resigned by April 2008, only
14729-410: The radical Shia militant group Hezbollah. "The brothers' testimony was substantial, rich in detail and showed that he was the one who was killed," Nisman added. A BBC correspondent reported that independent investigators were skeptical, and they pointed out repeated incompetence and deception in the official investigation. No proper autopsies or DNA tests were done. The police had also simply dumped
14872-526: The responsibility of Mohsen Rabbani, the former Iranian cultural attache in Argentina, as mastermind of the AMIA bombing and "coordinator of the Iranian infiltration of South America, especially in Guyana", and said US court documents showed Islamist militant Abdul Kadir – who was sentenced to life in prison in 2010 for participating in a foiled plan to attack John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York –
15015-472: The restoration of full cooperation on all bilateral agreements from early 1992 until 1994, when the bombing occurred. In 2024, an Argentinian court ruled that Iran directed the attack, and that it was carried by Hezbollah. The ruling also characterized Iran as a terrorist state. On 18 July 1994, a suicide bomber drove a Renault Trafic van bomb loaded with about 275 kilograms (600 lb) of ammonium nitrate fertilizer and fuel oil explosive mixture, into
15158-476: The role of Iranians in bombing. Federal Judge Claudio Bonadio said that eleven other former officials and people close to Kirchner's government will also be tried on charges of cover-up and abuse of power. Kirchner has denied the charges. No suspects have been convicted for the bombing and there have been a number of allegations made, with later investigations charging the government of Iran. The investigations were marred by incompetence. In 1999 an arrest warrant
15301-479: The route of the K-Money ", to imply that former president Néstor Kirchner and then-president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner were involved. Businessman Leonardo Fariña said in a television interview that he helped businessman Lázaro Báez to divert money from public works, and take it to a financial firm located in the Madero Center luxury hotel. This firm, informally known as "La Rosadita", would have sent
15444-446: The runner-up ticket Binner-Morandini was the second largest in the history of Argentine general elections. She established currency controls during her second term, and the country fell into sovereign default in 2014. She left office in 2015 with her approval ratings above 50%. During her two terms as president, several corruption scandals surfaced and subsequently her government faced several demonstrations against her government. She
15587-479: The rural poor, while Carrió and Lavagna both received more support from the urban middle class. She lost the election in the large cities of Buenos Aires and Rosario . On 14 November, the president-elect announced the names of her new cabinet, which was sworn in on 10 December. Of the twelve ministers appointed, seven had been ministers in Néstor Kirchner's government, while the other five took office for
15730-513: The sidelines of the UN in New York and promised to continue talks until the 1990s bombings are resolved. On 27 January 2013, the Government of Argentina announced it had signed a memorandum of understanding with Iran to establish a "truth commission" to investigate the AMIA bombing. According to President Kirchner, the commission was established to "analyze all the documentation presented to date by
15873-618: The term z domu (literally meaning "of the house", de domo in Latin ) may be used, with rare exceptions, meaning the same as née . AMIA bombing The AMIA bombing occurred on 18 July 1994 in Buenos Aires , Argentina , and targeted the Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina (AMIA; transl. "Argentine Israelite Mutual Association" ), a Jewish Community Centre . Executed as
16016-426: The terms of Duhalde and Néstor and Cristina Kirchner, despite the crisis that motivated them having ended. As the inflation rate grew during the period, the state financed part of these prices with subsidies . Investment in these areas decreased, and the generation and distribution networks suffered. Argentina lost its self-supply of energy, and had to import it, rather than being able to export surpluses. She proposed
16159-488: The third would create a new court that would limit the number of cases heard by the Supreme Court. The opposition considered the bills an attempt to control the judiciary. The 2013 season of the investigative journalism program Periodismo para todos revealed an ongoing case of political corruption involving Néstor Kirchner, called " The Route of the K-Money ", which generated a huge political controversy. This led to
16302-434: The treason accusation was later dropped, while other charges related to Nisman's accusation remained. In 2018, she was also indicted for corruption over allegations that her administration had accepted bribes in exchange for public works contracts. In September 2020, the federal criminal cassation court confirmed the corruption trials of Fernández de Kirchner, ruling the former president's objections inadmissible. After analyzing
16445-487: The trials of military personnel involved in the Dirty War started by her husband. There have been more than 500 people sentenced, and 1,000 convicted, in a process that was unprecedented in Latin America. De facto president Jorge Rafael Videla , who was convicted and given a life sentence in 1985 and pardoned years later, received a new life sentence in 2010. General Luciano Benjamín Menéndez , who waged war against
16588-780: The verdict. Cristina Fernández was born on 19 February 1953 in Tolosa, a suburb of La Plata , capital of the Buenos Aires Province . She is the daughter of Eduardo Fernández and Ofelia Esther Wilhelm. Eduardo was a bus driver and an anti-Peronist, and Ofelia was a Peronist union leader and a single mother. Fernández married her and moved into her house when Cristina was two years old. Most details about her childhood such as her elementary school are unknown. She attended high school at Popular Mercantil and Misericordia schools. Three of her grandparents were Spanish immigrants, specifically from Galicia . She began her college studies at
16731-488: The vote, or 40% of the vote and a lead of more than 10 percentage points over the runner-up. However, with 13 challengers splitting the vote, she won the election decisively in the first round with just over 45% of the vote, compared to 23% for Elisa Carrió (candidate for the Civic Coalition ) and 17% for former Economy Minister Roberto Lavagna . Fernández de Kirchner was popular among the suburban working class and
16874-552: The years, the AMIA bombing has been marked by accusations of cover-ups. All suspects in the "local connection" (among them, many members of the Buenos Aires Provincial Police ) were found to be not guilty in September 2004. In August 2005, federal judge Juan José Galeano, who was in charge of the case, was impeached and removed from his post on a charge of "serious irregularities" due to his mishandling of
17017-485: Was "not innocent", and that it could be linked with "trying to generate business with Iran". In November 2008, Carlos Menem was called to testify in an upcoming trial over the AMIA case. In March 2009, a former investigator in the case, Claudio Lifschitz , claimed he was abducted and tortured by men who told him not to investigate SIDE's involvement in the case. In August 2009, BBC News reported that Ahmad Vahidi had become Iran's defense minister -designate under
17160-422: Was Argentina's deadliest attack until the AMIA bombing. The Islamic Jihad Organization , which according to Robert Baer operates under the umbrella of Hezbollah and is linked to Iran, claimed responsibility for that bombing. It was suspected that the AMIA bombing was connected to the embassy attack. To date, authorities have been unable to locate those responsible for either of the two bombings. The day after
17303-402: Was Rabbani's disciple. The Jewish Telegraphic Agency reported that former Argentine interior minister Carlos Vladimir Corach was to be investigated for his ties to the bombing. He was alleged to have provided an illegal payment of $ 400,000 to Carlos Telleldin . In an interview with Buenos Aires-based Jewish news agency (Agencia Judía de Noticias) on 2 January 2013, Itzhak Aviran, who was
17446-403: Was a homicide. The unsolved case was highly controversial. The 18F demonstration took place a month after his death. It was organized as a silent demonstration, as an homage to Alberto Nisman, and was devoid of political flags or banners. The rule was followed, with occasional exceptions, by waves of spontaneous clapping or people singing the Argentine national anthem. The city police estimated that
17589-730: Was a strong supporter of kirchnerism, began to oppose the President. Moyano would later organize a big protest at Plaza de Mayo , with 30,000 people, requesting the abolition of capital gains tax . Axel Kicillof was appointed minister in 2013 and served for the remainder of Kirchner's term. He arranged payment of the debt to the Paris Club , and the compensation requested by Repsol for the nationalization of YPF . One month later, negotiations with hedge funds failed, and American judge Thomas Griesa issued an order that Argentina had to pay to all creditors and not just those who had accepted
17732-557: Was a suicide bombing carried out by Ibrahim Hussein Berro , a 21-year-old Hezbollah operative who has been honored with a plaque in southern Lebanon for his "martyrdom" on 18 July 1994, the date of the bombing. This investigation was carried out jointly with the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation . Hussein had been identified by FBI and Argentine intelligence, and corroborated by at least three witnesses. According to official Argentine government prosecutor, Alberto Nisman , Hussein's two U.S.-based brothers had testified that he had joined
17875-410: Was behind the attack, with backing from Iran. Hezbollah has denied responsibility. The Iranian government maintains its innocence, condemning the terrorist attack and calling for urgent punishment of those responsible. On 25 October 2006, prosecutors in Buenos Aires formally charged Iran and Shi'a militia Hezbollah with the bombing, accusing the Iranian authorities of directing Hezbollah to carry out
18018-544: Was cancelled when businessman Alejandro Vandenbroele bought it. The company received tax breaks to pay its debts, and was selected to print banknotes of the Argentine peso . It is suspected that Vandenbroele is actually a frontman for Boudou, and that he employed his clout as minister of economy to benefit a company that actually belonged to him. In 2013, the TV program Periodismo para todos launched an investigation in purported political corruption. They named their investigation "
18161-582: Was charged for fraudulent low price sales of dollar futures , though she was later acquitted. In 2015, she was indicted for obstructing the investigation into the 1994 AMIA bombing , after Alberto Nisman 's controversial accusation of a purported "pact" (a memorandum) signed between her government and Iran which was supposedly seeking impunity for Iranians involved in the terrorist attack. In 2017, an arrest warrant issued by Claudio Bonadio for Fernández de Kirchner charged her with " treason ", but due to her parliamentary immunity , she did not go to prison, and
18304-415: Was elected to the office, whereas Isabel Perón was elected Juan Perón 's vice president, and automatically assumed the presidency on his death. The transition from Néstor Kirchner to Cristina Fernández de Kirchner was also the first time a democratic head of state was replaced by their spouse without the death of either. He remained highly influential during his wife's term, supervising the economy and leading
18447-436: Was found dead at his home in Buenos Aires, hours before he was due to explain his allegations at the Argentine parliament. A gun and spent shell casing were found next to the body, and a government official said the death was likely a suicide although others considered the death suspicious. The judge Ariel Lijo returned immediately from his vacations to work in the case, and to order the protection of Nisman's proofs. Nisman
18590-490: Was issued against Hezbollah member Imad Mugniyah in connection with the attack. Argentine justice accused Tehran in 2006 of being behind the attacks, and indicted several senior Iranian officials, including Hashemi Rafsanjani and Ahmad Vahidi , as well as Hezbollah's Imad Mughniyah . It was speculated that Hezbollah was exacting revenge for Israel killing 40 people in Baalbek, Lebanon on June 2, 1994. In 2007, several of
18733-575: Was justified by the president as government protectionism during the crisis and compared with the bank bailouts in Europe and the United States. It was criticized as a threat to property rights and the rule of law. Fernández resigned after the Kirchnerist defeat in the 2009 elections, and was replaced by Amado Boudou , president of the ANSES which had worked for that nationalization. Although inflation
18876-428: Was nearing 25% and on the rise, Boudou did not consider it a significant problem. In January 2010, Fernández de Kirchner created the bicentennial fund employing a necessity and urgency decree in order to pay debt obligations with foreign-exchange reserves . Martín Redrado , president of the Central Bank , refused to implement it, and was fired by another decree. Judge María José Sarmiento annulled both decrees on
19019-533: Was no negotiation with Repsol. As well, the Vaca Muerta oil field had been discovered by this time. However, YPF was unable to afford the costs to exploit the oil at the site, and the rights to drill at Vaca Muerta were sold to the Chevron Corporation . The costs of energy imports increased the trade deficit and the inflation rate, and power outages became frequent. Outages usually took place on
19162-599: Was ordered to stand trial for obstruction of justice in the probe of the AMIA bombing. Menem is accused of helping to cover up the tracks of local accomplices of the attackers. In 2012, Argentina's President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner announced at the United Nations General Assembly that Iran and Argentina would meet to discuss Iranian involvement in the attacks. In 2014 she also criticized her country's Jewish leaders for not supporting Argentina's pact with Iran in order to jointly investigate
19305-660: Was proposed by the constitutionalist Daniel Sabsay, and fueled by the reluctance of the National University of La Plata (UNLP) to release her degree. She registered at the Tribunal Superior de Justicia of Santa Cruz in 1980, the Comodoro Rivadavia's chamber of appeals in 1985 and worked as an attorney for the Justicialist Party in 1983. There are also logs of minor cases where she acted as a lawyer. The claim has been sent to trial four times, and
19448-510: Was reelected in 2011. The Constitution of Argentina allows only one reelection. Many of her supporters proposed an amendment to the Constitution to allow indefinite reelections. She did not publicly support the proposal but did not discourage or reject it either. The proposal was not taken to the Congress, as the FPV still lacked the required two-thirds majority to approve an amendment bill. It
19591-467: Was rejected by many sectors of society. The first big demonstration (a cacerolazo ) took place in September 2012 . It was not called by specific politicians or social leaders, but by the public using social networks . The massive turnout was completely unexpected by both the government and the opposition. People also protested the 2012 Buenos Aires rail disaster , the conflict between Kirchnerism and
19734-420: Was rejected by opposition leader Elisa Carrió as a mere conspiracy theory . Birth name#Maiden and married names A birth name is the name given to a person upon birth. The term may be applied to the surname , the given name , or the entire name. Where births are required to be officially registered, the entire name entered onto a birth certificate or birth register may by that fact alone become
19877-603: Was replaced by prosecutor Alberto Gentili. In the week following Nisman's death, and despite the fact that Nisman was going to implicate her among others had he lived, President Fernández de Kirchner declared her determination to replace the Argentinian secret security service completely because it had been run beyond the state's control for too long. In March 2015, three former Venezuelan government officials interviewed by Veja stated that Hugo Chávez and Mahmoud Ahmadinejad allegedly met in 2007 to discuss payments to
20020-520: Was rumored that judges who did not rule as the government wished might face impeachment. The court extended the injunction. She claims that journalistic objectivity does not exist, and that all journalists act on behalf of certain interests. She also justified the lack of press conferences , arguing that it is not important for her administration. Anthony Mills, deputy director of the International Press Institute , compared
20163-413: Was successful, and he was formally removed from his post as a federal judge for "serious" irregularities and his mishandling of the investigation. Argentine newspaper Clarín reports that charges will be pressed against him shortly. Judge Galeano has denied these allegations. In March 2005, Swiss judge Jacques Antenen, in charge of investigations concerning the murder of an Iranian dissident, re-opened
20306-544: Was suspended as a prosecutor, accused of leaking information, and abusing his authority. Báez is also linked with the Kirchners to the Hotesur case , a suspected case of money laundering. According to a criminal complaint by opposition deputy Margarita Stolbizer , his company Valle Mitre S.A. has rented 1,100 rooms per month, for years, at the Hotesur and Alto Calafate hotels, but without occupying them. These hotels, located in
20449-567: Was the Noble siblings case , involving the adopted sons of Ernestina Herrera de Noble , owner of the Clarín newspaper. The Kirchners advanced a bill in Congress to make the genetic testing of suspected victims mandatory. Although the measure had popular support, critics considered it a breach of the right to privacy , and politically motivated because of a dispute between her and the Clarín newspaper. The Noble siblings tests in 2011 were negative, and
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