177-526: Montoneros (Spanish: Movimiento Peronista Montonero , MPM ) was an Argentine far-left Peronist and Catholic revolutionary guerrilla organization, which emerged in the 1970s during the " Argentine Revolution " dictatorship. Its name was a reference to the 19th-century cavalry militias called Montoneras , which fought for the Federalist Party in the Argentine civil wars . Radicalized by
354-403: A dominant-party system coupled with the dismantling of the lead party, which led to a system where only the president has authority, the party is an extension of the president's will, and government and state lost any meaningful difference. She considers that political polarization grew beyond only politics and engulfed other areas as well, such as academics and unions. She also pointed out that
531-460: A "subversive group". On 24 March 1976, the constitutional government was overthrown and an anti-Peronist civilian-military dictatorship was established, which imposed a totalitarian regime focused on eliminating its opponents. Montoneros established its leadership in Mexico and fought the dictatorship, inflicting serious casualties on the civil-military government and suffering heavy losses, including
708-768: A Montoneros member, and maintains that she was just a member of the JP. Perón died in 1974 and the Dirty War , an armed conflict between the Montoneros and the military, worsened: the guerrillas resumed the tactics used years before to attempt to remove the current authorities from power. In 1975, Bullrich was arrested for spray-painting political messages on the entrance of the University of Buenos Aires Faculty of Philosophy and Letters , and spent six months in prison. Upon being released, she dropped out of her sociology degree at
885-624: A U.S. consular agent in the city of Córdoba, executing him two days later. That same day, they killed three policemen in another ambush by urban guerrillas in Buenos Aires, and an army conscript in Tucumán province was reported to have been killed in action. On 5 March 1975, a Montoneros bomb detonated in the underground parking at Plaza Colón of the Argentine Army High Command; a garbage truck driver (Alberto Blas García)
1062-692: A Vietnam-style civil war. So far, the outcome is in doubt. But there is no doubt about the seriousness of the combat, which involves 2,000 or so leftist guerrillas and perhaps as many as 10,000 soldiers." While the ERP fought the army in Tucumán, the Montoneros were active in Buenos Aires. Montoneros' leadership dismissed the tactics of the ERP in Tucumán as "old fashioned" and "inappropriate" but still sent reinforcements. On 26 October 1975, five policemen (Pedro Dettle, Juan Ramón Costa, Carlos Livio Cejas, Cleofás Galeano, and Juan Fernández) were killed in Buenos Aires when Montoneros guerrillas ambushed their patrol cars near
1239-404: A case of police brutality . Chocobar was sentenced for homicide four years later. The 2021 Argentine legislative election resulted in a victory for Juntos por el Cambio (JXC), with the libertarian party La Libertad Avanza led by Javier Milei , emerging as a significant third party . Bullrich and Milei maintained a positive relationship and at one point considered forming an alliance for
1416-915: A centre-left movement. The association of Marxism–Leninism with the Soviet Union also caused Eurocommunism to be developed as a democratic communist movement in Western Europe, but it only briefly saw electoral success in the 1970s. In the Years of Lead in Italy, far-left militants, such as the Red Brigades , justified the usage of political violence as a revolutionary means and defense against far-right terrorism and neo-fascism in Italy . The Chinese Communist Party had been active since 1921, but it did not seize power in China until its victory in
1593-426: A civilian airliner bound for Corrientes from Buenos Aires. The guerrillas redirected the plane to Formosa, and took over the provincial airport, killing policeman Neri Argentino Alegre in the process. With tactical support from a local militant group, the invaders attacked the barracks of the 29th Infantry Regiment with gunfire and hand grenades. They shot several soldiers who had been resting in their quarters. After
1770-419: A clause for conscientious objection to abortion from medics that may refuse to do it, and to set a minimum age higher than in the proposed bill. The bill was not approved, and was proposed again in 2020. That time, Bullrich refused to comment her personal opinion on abortion, and considered instead that the country had more pressing economic and societal priorities. For similar reasons, she did not agree with
1947-592: A cult of personality in his favor. This also entailed the Great Purge in the late 1930s, an interpretation of Lenin's revolutionary violence that saw hundreds of thousands of Stalin's opponents killed, often to be replaced by ambitious loyalists. By this time, Marxism–Leninism was seen as the definitive implementation of communism by most communists globally, justifying the Great Purge as an effort to eradicate fascist infiltrators, with state censorship obscuring
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#17327663077602124-535: A cut of 13% on the retirement wages above $ 574, 16% of all retirees, which would reduce the deficit by 68.6 millions of pesos. De la Rúa resigned, and eventually the governor of Buenos Aires Eduardo Duhalde was appointed president by the Congress. Bullrich relaunched the UPT in 2002, aiming for the 2003 presidential elections . The party platform announced reforms on labor and education. The UPT did not take part in
2301-415: A faith full of hope in the triumph of the people, a definite and permanent necessity, and an existence dictated by our Christianity. With Camilo, we believe that revolution is the only efficient and meaningful way to achieve love for all. Richard Gillespie identifies Cristianismo y Revolución as the decisive factor behind the radicalization of Catholic students and the creation of Montoneros, along with
2478-638: A guerrilla a year ago. Camilo faithfully realized his personal road to revolution. Priest and sociologist, political fighter and agitator, student and mass leader, he satisfied his thirst for justice by joining the armed struggle when he understood that the oligarchy shuts all roads and confronts the people with its ultimate weapon—violence ... Camilo represents contradiction, scandal, probing, unity, sacrifice, action, violence, and commitment. We accept him and uphold him in his totality. We do not parcel him out or divide him according to where our fear takes us. We want to be with him in our Argentine reality, fighting with
2655-628: A large number of militants and fighters who disappeared. In 1979 and 1980 it attempted two counter-offensives that failed militarily and politically. When democracy was restored in December 1983, the Montoneros organisation no longer existed as a political-military structure and sought to insert itself into democratic political life, within Peronism, under the name of Juventud Peronista, under the leadership of Patricia Bullrich and Pablo Unamuno, without ever forming an autonomous political organisation. In
2832-507: A manager of the Sudamtex textile firm while in his car. Patricia Bullrich had to be on the scene, pretending to be a casual student, but felt that she was being followed and escaped. The military, who had abducted one of the masterminds of the plan, knew about the imminent attack beforehand, which allowed them to surprise the Montoneros and kill the whole unit. In January 1977, Galimberti and Bullrich attached an improvised explosive device to
3009-440: A phone number to denounce piquetero leaders who would be coercing people to take part in such demonstrations. The demonstration had very little attendance, and the phone calls were summarized into 660 denounces. The policies were kept for all later protests. The welfare aid that was outsourced to piquetero organizations returned to the direct state control, and social leaders that worked at the ministry of Social Development despite
3186-516: A protocol to deal with demonstrations and roadblocks made by piqueteros . The Workers' Party made an habeas corpus request to prevent the protocol from coming into force, which judge Gustavo Pierretti rejected. Several groups of Piqueteros called for a massive demonstration on December 20, a week after the inauguration of Javier Milei . The government announced that demonstrators who committed crimes during demonstrations, such as roadblocks or vandalism, would lose their welfare payments, and provided
3363-415: A protocol to remove roadblocks caused by piqueteros . Such blocks should be announced in advance, restrict only part of the roads, and last for a short time. They should cease if ordered so by the police, and those who commit violent actions shall be detained. This protocol was approved by a meeting of the ministers of security of all provinces of Argentina. Horacio Rodríguez Larreta , chief of government of
3540-434: A remote area in adjoining Santa Fe Province . The aircraft, a Boeing 737 , landed in a crop field not far from the city of Rafaela . The Peronist guerrillas fled to waiting cars on a highway nearby. The sophistication of the operation, and the getaway cars and hideouts they used to escape the military crackdown, suggest the involvement of several hundred guerrillas and civilian sympathisers in Montoneros' organisation. Under
3717-630: A report of the actions taken against the organization, including 96 lawsuits, 2 of them for murder. The Argentine National Gendarmerie forced a group of Mapuche demonstrators to cease a roadblock next to the Chubut River , and the demonstrator Santiago Maldonado went missing after that. The case became a national scandal, with the Gendarmerie being accused of an alleged enforced disappearance , and by extension their political authorities, Bullrich and Macri. Bullrich gave her full support to
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#17327663077603894-416: A report of the results of the operation six months later: homicides decreased by 73%, they detained 400 people linked to drug trade, 118 kilograms of cocaine and dope, 50,000 parts of synthetic drugs , 900 kilograms of ammonia, 57,005,062 pesos , 18,050 US dollars and 70 weapons. First, Patricia Bullrich was a member of Peronist guerrillas in her youth, and became critical of them as an adult. She described
4071-586: A right-wing Peronist labour leader in Rosario. He had sought refuge in a local business after being shot at while driving by a carload of masked gunmen. One of the gunmen who got out of the car shot him dead while he lay on the floor and also shot a woman, who screamed out, "Murderer." On 1 May 1974, Perón expelled the Montoneros from the Justicialist May Day rally after Montonero-organized youth chanted slogans against Perón's wife, Isabel. Despite
4248-973: A set of non-military social organisations ("mass fronts") known as the Tendencia Revolucionaria del Peronismo , or simply "La Tendencia", which included the Juventud Peronista Regionales (JP), the Juventud Universitaria Peronista (JUP), the Juventud Trabajadora Peronista (JTP), the Unión de Estudiantes Secundarios (UES), the Agrupación Evita and the Movimiento Villero Peronista. In 1972 it merged with Descamisados and in 1973 with
4425-406: A sustainable capitalist model. In relation to the severity of law enforcement , she supports a hardline policy against crime, rejecting the policies of Kirchnerism that grant too many rights to criminals and place rigid controls and obstacles on police work. Although those policies are largely a reaction against the policies of the military dictatorship, Bullrich says that "Argentina must leave
4602-447: A total reformation of society and its functions. Proponents of the horseshoe theory interpretation of the left–right political spectrum identify the far left and the far right as having more in common with each other as extremists than each of them has with centrists or moderates . This theory has received criticism, however, by many academics. Communism has historically emphasized economics and class over social issues. In
4779-498: A truly Catholic way of seizing power, idealized Camilo Torres and Che Guevara as examples of anti-imperialist martyrs, and vindicated Peronism as the "revolutionary key of national construction of socialism". Most influential in regards to Montoneros was Elorrio's article from March 1967, which connected Camilo Torres' struggle to Peronism: We are all in the same war; the question is on which side? There are no third ways—clerical meditations or company truces. And there should not be. This
4956-484: Is an Argentine professor and politician who was appointed Minister of Security in 2023 under president Javier Milei , having previously held the office under president Mauricio Macri from 2015 to 2019. She was the chairwoman of Republican Proposal , until 2024. Born in Buenos Aires, Bullrich graduated from the University of Palermo , and as a young woman she was involved with the Peronist Youth . Following
5133-511: Is an ideological group that seeks the creation of a communist society . Modern communism is a form of revolutionary socialism based on support for the communist society described the theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels , known as Marxism . Offshoots of Marxism include Leninism , Marxism–Leninism (which was distinct from both of its eponymous ideologies), Maoism , Eurocommunism , anarchist communism , and others. Anarchism seeks to create an alternate form of society that excludes
5310-423: Is beginning will call into question not only capitalist society but also industrial society. The consumer society must die a violent death. The alienated society [sic] must disappear from history. We are trying a new and original world. The imagination has taken power." Amongst the list of the political mentors of the Montoneros, Richard Gillespie names Camilo Torres as the most important inspiration, as evidenced by
5487-455: Is credited with first using the term communism , though his usage was unrelated to the ideologies that were later known as communism. Early anarchists emerged in the 19th century, including Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Mikhail Bakunin . These anarchists endorsed many utopian ideas, but they emphasized the importance of revolution against and complete abolition of the state for a utopian society to exist. Bakunin argued that peasants rather than
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5664-450: Is generally considered to be a centre-left socialist ideology. Socialism seeks to create a socially equal society in which every individual has access to basic necessities and in which prosperity and knowledge are shared. It is derived from ideas of egalitarianism . Democratic socialism is generally considered to be a reformist left-wing or radical-left ideology, and it has historically been considered centre-left , though it
5841-436: Is generally regarded as a right-wing ideology. Far-left groups support redistribution of income and wealth . They argue that capitalism and consumerism cause social inequality and advocate their dissolution. Some far-left groups also support the abolition of private property . Scholars, such as Luke March and Cas Mudde , propose that socio-economic rights are at the far left's core. Moreover, March and Mudde argue that
6018-424: Is good and what is evil and then goes back to his study to read Saint Augustine, but as a genuine participant, with them not for them, in their misery, their failings, their violence... Either I fought or I was a phony." Catholic influence remained strong for the entirety of Montoneros existence - Martha Crenshaw remarked that its members "were regular church attenders right up to the moment of going underground", and
6195-460: Is necessary for national liberation of Argentina. They continued to proclaim national liberation and construction of socialism as their main goals, which they defined as liberation from imperialist domination and suppression of private ownership of the means of production, and a planned economy "in accordance with the particularities of the national productive structure". Montoneros praised Peronism as "the main, richest and most generalised experience of
6372-522: Is occasionally considered far-left. Democratic socialism is sometimes used interchangeably with social democracy in political rhetoric, but is often used to describe political movements to the left of or following radical social-democracy. Communists may also identify as democratic socialists to contrast themselves with Stalinists . Democratic socialists reject Third Way social democracy for its association with neoliberalism , and they reject communism for its association with authoritarianism . Communism
6549-818: Is seen as radical politics because it calls for fundamental change to the capitalist socio-economic structure of society. Radical-left politics, rejecting both neo-liberal social-democracy and revolutionary action, instead seeking to enact change from within government, prioritize equality of outcome over equal opportunity . Post-Soviet radical left-wing movements in Europe and the United States are associated with anti-globalization and anti-neoliberalism . Various courants and movements of socialism are considered far-left. Socialism has historically been divided into left-wing reformist socialism and far-left revolutionary socialism . Modern social democracy
6726-439: Is situated between the far-left and social democracy . Per Richard Dunphy, "the radical left" desires fundamental changes in neoliberal capitalism and progressive reform of democracy such as direct democracy and the inclusion of marginalized communities, while per March "the extreme left" denounces liberal democracy as a "compromise with bourgeois political forces" and defines capitalism more strictly. Far-left politics
6903-434: Is the challenge which reaction has thrown at us. From national frustration we must now move rapidly to confrontation. The government has already announced that the escalation phase has begun. This statement hides the only reality: official violence against the rebellion of the people. We are in the thick of violence and cannot be on the sidelines... As martyr and symbol of the demand ‘liberation or death’, Camilo Torres died as
7080-516: Is the cousin of Fabiana Cantilo , and introduced her to Argentine rock . In the TV program " Almorzando con Mirtha Legrand " Cantilo explained that their mothers were siblings, had a frequent relation, and that Bullrich invited her to a concert of the band Pescado Rabioso , led by Luis Alberto Spinetta . This was the first concert that Fabiana Cantilo had attended, years before becoming a rock singer herself. Patricia skipped school classes one day to attend
7257-403: Is to be a revolutionary" and that "The Catholic who is not a revolutionary is living in mortal sin". The movement also glorified Eva Perón , naming her as one of the inspirations behind the Montoneros and used the slogan Si Evita viviera, sería Montonera ("If Evita were alive she would be a Montonero"), which became one of the best-known mottos of the group. In January 1975, the official organ of
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7434-571: Is total and absolute in not allowing a group that uses violence as a way of action in Argentina." Facundo Jones Huala, leader of RAM, claimed to be a political prisoner, and that the RAM only acts in self-defense on lands that used to belong to them. Bullrich organized a joint command with the ministers of security of the Neuquén , Río Negro and Chubut Province provinces against the RAM, and delivered
7611-400: The 1955 coup that had overthrown the constitutional government led by President Juan Domingo Perón. Montoneros kidnapped the ex-dictator to put him on "revolutionary trial" for being a traitor to the homeland, for having shot 27 people to suppress the 1956 Valle uprising , and to recover the body of Eva Perón that Aramburu had kidnapped and made disappear. Montoneros was the armed nucleus of
7788-502: The 2007 Argentine general election , with Elisa Carrió as a candidate for president. Bullrich ran instead for deputy for Buenos Aires. Her centrist politics and polemical history as a government minister, however, contributed to the disenchantment of a group of left-wing members of ARI who left the Civic Coalition. Mauricio Macri was elected president in 2015 and Patricia Bullrich was appointed Minister of Security. Within
7965-417: The 2023 Argentine general election . However, Milei ultimately decided to run independently with his own party. There was expectation that Mauricio Macri would run for president once again, as even in defeat he had got 41% of the vote in 2019 and his image had improved since then. However, he declined to do so, so the party had primary elections between Bullrich and Horacio Rodríguez Larreta. They represented
8142-532: The Chinese Civil War in 1949. As with the Soviet Union, the newly formed People's Republic of China carried out purges of political enemies, killing millions of land owners. The peasants were not targeted, however, instead using them as a base of political support. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, China under the rule of Mao Zedong distanced itself from the Soviet Union. Maoism then grew in popularity as an alternative to Soviet-style communism. At
8319-585: The Cold War brought an end to communism's political influence in most of Western Europe, and the development of post-industrial society caused many of the traditional sectors associated with communism to dissipate. Following Stalin's death, the workers of several Eastern European countries staged revolutions against communist rule, which were suppressed by the Soviet military. Many of these countries were led by Stalinist rulers, who were forced out and replaced by
8496-618: The Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco (CAM), two Mapuche organizations that normally operate in Patagonia , expanded their attacks to the city of Buenos Aires. Their goal is to create a Mapuche nation, seceding from Argentina and Chile. Bullrich said that "We won't allow an autonomous mapuche republic inside Argentina; that's the logic of their request, the denial of the Argentine state, the anarchist logic. Our resolution
8673-545: The FAR into its ranks, and in 1974 Peronist Armed Forces also joined Montoneros. As Perón returned to Argentina in July 1973 and was welcomed by large groups and overjoyed demonstrations, Montoneros were reported to be ‘winning the street’, with chants such as ‘long live the Montoneros who killed Aramburu’ being popular Peronist slogans. However, Perón's return marked increasing conflict between various Peronist wings, determined to gain
8850-716: The Gendarmerie , killing five and wounding 40, one of whom later died of his injuries. The network of Montoneros militants had been largely uprooted by the government in the capital of Tucumán province. In August 1975, several hundred Montoneros militants took to the streets in Córdoba, to divert attention from the military operations being waged in the mountains of Tucumán. They shot and killed five policemen (Sergeant Juan Carlos Román, Corporal Rosario del Carmen Moyano and Agents Luis Rodolfo López, Jorge Natividad Luna and Juan Antonio Diaz) after attacking their headquarters and bombed
9027-736: The Movement of Priests for the Third World . The journal made emotional appeals for sympathy for the oppressed and made radical Catholics identify themselves with the 'national liberation' struggles of the Third World, with Perón and Guevara named as main examples. It also glorified militians, paid homages to them and portrayed their deaths as ultimate sacrifice in the name of love for the downtrodden. Cristianismo y Revolución also defused dislike towards Peronism amongst Catholic and mainstream socialist circles - Elorrio regarded Catholic and socialist opposition to Peronism as mistake, which resonated with
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#17327663077609204-465: The Pueyrredón family , a traditional lineage of Spanish, French, and Irish descent whose members featured prominently in the early years of Argentine Independence (such as Juan Martín de Pueyrredón and Honorio Pueyrredon ). On her father's side, she descends from Adolfo Bullrich , a businessman and politician of German ancestry, who served as Mayor of Buenos Aires from 1898 to 1902. Although it
9381-678: The Revolucion Libertadora , the military revolt that had ended Juan Perón's first term as president on 16 September 1955. Targets included three Ford showrooms; Peugeot and IKA- Renault showrooms; Goodyear and Firestone tyre distributors, the pharmaceutical manufacturers Riker and Eli Lilly, the Union Carbide Battery Company, the Bank of Boston, Chase Manhattan Bank, the Xerox Corporation, and
9558-666: The Russian Revolution emerged in 1917 amid political instability caused by World War I . The Bolsheviks seized power, under the rule of Vladimir Lenin and his ideology of Leninism. The state ideology developed during the Russian Civil War from 1918 to 1921, setting the preservation of Bolshevik power as the highest priority to assure the building of socialism as well as seeking to spread communist revolution to other nations. Some additional communist governments formed in Europe, but they lasted only months. Though
9735-515: The Taborites , who attempted to create a social structure that resembled a communist society. Early examples of communist societies in fiction include Utopia by Thomas More , which proposed a society without personal property, and The City of the Sun by Tommaso Campanella , which proposed a society without the family unit . Modern far-left politics can be traced to Europe and North America in
9912-577: The illegal drug trade into other illicit activities, such as extortion and contract killing . Bullrich announced the "Plan Bandera" ("Flag plan") with governor of Santa Fe Province Maximiliano Pullaro to deal with the problem. One of the initial actions was to enforce stricter conditions at the local prisons, as several crime bosses were already jailed but managed to control the criminal operations nonetheless. The national government installed mobile phone jammers at those prisons, which led to death threats against Pullaro and his family. Bullrich provided
10089-502: The music competition TV program "Si lo sabe cante", where she sang the song "El extraño de pelo largo" of La Joven Guardia. She was defeated in the competition. Patricia's grandmother, daughter of Honorio Pueyrredon, took her to meet Ricardo Balbín , leader of the Radical Civic Union (UCR). The meeting had the opposite effect than expected, as there was a huge generation gap between them. Rather than make her embrace
10266-509: The "hawks" and "doves" of the party. Macri did not openly side with any of them. Bullrich chose the former legislator Luis Petri , from the UCR, as the candidate for vice-president. Petri had lost the primary elections for governor of Mendoza to Alfredo Cornejo a short time before. She chose him because he was young, sided with the "hawks", and not from Buenos Aires; and also because he worked with her during her time as minister of security. As Petri
10443-413: The 1830s with the publications of British reformer Robert Owen , who self-identified as socialist. Owen, as well as others such as Henri de Saint-Simon , Charles Fourier , and Étienne Cabet , developed the utopian socialist movement, and these utopian socialists established several communes to implement their ideology. Cabet responded to More's Utopia with his own novel, The Voyage to Icaria . He
10620-642: The 1960s and 1970s, among them the CPI (Maoist) , Montoneros , New People's Army , Prima Linea , the Red Army Faction , the Red Brigades and the Tupamaros . These groups generally aimed to overthrow capitalism and the wealthy ruling classes. Patricia Bullrich Patricia Bullrich ( Latin American Spanish: [paˈtɾisja ˈβulritʃ] ; born 11 June 1956)
10797-509: The 1970s and 1980s, far-left movements in Western Europe were increasingly defined by the new social movements , which gave prominence to issues such as environmentalism, animal rights , women's rights , the peace movement , and promoting the interests of the Third World . These ideas as a singular movement became less prominent in far-left politics as they were subsumed by green politics, but they are still disparately supported by many in
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#173276630776010974-555: The 3rd Army Corps' Intelligence Service, was killed when resisting a kidnap attempt by the Mariano Pojadas and Susana Lesgart platoons of the Montoneros. On 17 October 1972, a powerful bomb detonated inside the Sheraton Hotel in Buenos Aires, with nearly 700 guests at the time, killing a Canadian woman (Lois Crozier, travel agent from West Vancouver) and gravely wounding her husband Gerry as he slept. The Montoneros and
11151-471: The Argentine army in Buenos Aires, injuring at least six soldiers. By the end of 1975, a total of 137 army officers, NCOs and conscripts and policemen had been killed that year and approximately 3,000 wounded by left wing terrorism. U.S. journalist Paul Hoeffel in an article written for the Boston Globe concluded that, "Although there is widespread reluctance to use the term, it is now impossible to ignore
11328-425: The Argentine interior in the 19th century. The ideology behind armed struggle was influenced by Foquismo of Che Guevara, together with the theory of urban guerrilla warfare written by Peronist Abraham Guillén and Marxist-Leninist Tupamaros . Alongside radicalized Catholic priests, John William Cooke became the second great influence on the Montoneros. Named the "personal delegate" by Perón during his exile, Cooke
11505-418: The Argentine working class and national sectors to achieve the objective of national and social liberation", and called their ideology "Authentic Peronism" from September 1974. The organization also stressed that it is not abandoning the justicalist movement, but proposes its reconstruction, as it finds it necessary to depose "reactionary elements" that have infiltrated Peronism. The new government of Isabel Perón
11682-689: The Bolsheviks identified as communist, the term socialist was often used interchangeably at the time. By 1922, as Russian SFSR became one of the founding countries of Soviet Union , it responded to widespread hunger and poverty with the New Economic Policy , which restored market enterprise for smaller industries. After Lenin's death, a power struggle between Nikolai Bukharin , Leon Trotsky , and Joseph Stalin ended with Stalin taking power by 1928. Stalin implemented his ideology of Marxism–Leninism, which reorganized society and created
11859-529: The Buenos Aires city, and María Eugenia Vidal , governor of the Buenos Aires province, refused to endorse it, as they thought that doing so could prove controversial. Instead, they preferred to negotiate and stay on good terms with organizations of piqueteros such as the Evita Movement . Larreta also explained that the city does not need to endorse the protocols because it already has regulations for roadblocks. Resistencia Ancestral Mapuche (RAM) and
12036-478: The Gendarmerie. Maldonado was found dead some months later, drown in the Chubut river. Bullrich said "The whole world saw what happened with Maldonado. He stayed in the same place where he drowned, without being seen or touched by anyone. Neither the Gendarmerie nor our government would have made a person disappear". A tourist was stabbed ten times by thieves, who then ran away. The policeman Luis Chocobar shot one of
12213-540: The Great Purge's extent. Anarcho-syndicalism was developed as a form of anarchism in the late 19th century, and it grew popular around 1900. It remained relevant in far-left politics through 1940. During the Spanish Civil War in the late 1930s, anarcho-syndicalists seized control of multiple regions in Spain, but this ended when the nationalist faction won the war. This, along with the rise of communism, ended
12390-631: The Justicalist Movement on May Day 1974, which insulted the Peronist Left. Despite this, Montoneros never abandoned Perón and glorified him after his death. His last major speech from 12 June 1974, in which Perón denounced an "imperialist plot", was interpreted as proof that Perón was "to a great extent taking up the orientations and many of the criticisms which we were formulating" by the Montoneros. Ronaldo Munck argues that Perón did not desire to abandon Montoneros and his June speech
12567-506: The Kirchners may want to organize a set of controlled media to advance a "narrative" that is positive towards their policies and hostile against the opposition. She also considers that this style of government was used by the Kirchners to advance policies that are long outdated in the rest of the world, and to conceal its negative results. In contrast, she proposes to dismantle in politics the dominant-party system, and in economics to advance
12744-612: The Legislator of the Year. Patricia Bullrich left the PJ in 1996 and started New Leadership alongside Gustavo Béliz . She had disagreements with him because she thought that he managed the party unilaterally, without making her part of the decisions. She left the party as a result and, after briefly considering joining the Frepaso , she started another party. Initially named Cambio 97, it
12921-479: The May Day confrontation with Perón, when Perón threatened to resign on 12 June, Montoneros responded by calling for the defense of Perón and his government. Perón himself did not desire to abandon the Montoneros and sought to restore his trust in his last speech from June 1974, where he denounced "the oligarchy and the pressures exerted by imperialism upon his government", which was considered an implication that he
13098-502: The Montoneros and FAR. However, Perón was heartbroken by the assassination of trade union leader José Ignacio Rucci , for which the Montoneros claimed responsibility. Rucci's assassination marked the first time Perón cried in public. Perón went into state of depression, and declared at his death: "They killed my son. They cut off my legs". The death of Rucci made Perón cold towards Montoneros, culminating in Perón demanding their expulsion from
13275-634: The Montoneros came under heavy pressure from the outset, from right-wing sectors and the Italian anti-communist lodge Propaganda Due and the CIA, and just 49 days later he had to resign after the Ezeiza massacre . After Cámpora's resignation as president on 12 July 1973, the Montoneros began to lose power and became progressively isolated, a situation that worsened after the assassination of trade union leader José Ignacio Rucci on 25 September 1973 - attributed to
13452-506: The Montoneros even took the name Evita Montonera . Montoneros are considered the ideological staple of Revolutionary Peronism , which combined "radical Catholic principles of justice, Peronist populism, and leftist nationalism." Montoneros remained committed to liberation theology throughout their entire existence, and the notion of Catholic martyrdom was a strong element in the Montonero imaginary and political practice. Other figures that
13629-416: The Montoneros sent assistance to the hard-pressed Compañía de Monte Ramón Rosa Jiménez fighting in Tucumán province, in the form of a company of their elite "Jungle Troops", while the ERP backed them up with a company of their guerrillas from Cordoba. The Baltimore Sun reported at the time, "In the jungle-covered mountains of Tucuman, long known as "Argentina's garden," Argentines are fighting Argentines in
13806-419: The Montoneros were influenced by included Juan José Hernández Arregui who considered Peronism "the vehicle of the nation doing battle with imperialism", historian José María Rosa who defined Peronism as revolutionary anti-imperialism, dissident communist Rodolfo Puiggrós who promoted 'Peronist Marxism', and Arturo Jauretche who founded left-wing nationalist FORJA in 1935 and became a Peronist in 1940s. In
13983-480: The Peronist movement for the victory of the working class, for the realization of socialism in our national experience. Under the banner of Camilo, we hereby declare total war on exploitation, on imperialism, on under-development, and on all people who betray our country from within or without. We also hereby affirm our declaration of revolutionary faith, revolutionary necessity, and revolutionary existence. We affirm
14160-454: The Plaza de San Isidro in Buenos Aires, which injured three policemen and killed one fireman (Carlos Adrián Ayala), who died of wounds two days later. That same day, a policeman (Agent Ramón González) is shot dead after intercepting a vehicle when the two male and two female MPM guerrillas inside draw their guns and open fire on the police vehicle. In April 1973, Colonel Héctor Irabarren, head of
14337-563: The Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR), with which it had been acting together. Its actions contributed to the military dictatorship calling free elections in 1973 , in which the multi-party electoral front of which it was a member (Frejuli) won, with the presidential candidacy of Peronist Héctor José Cámpora , a man close to Montoneros, as well as several governors, parliamentarians, ministers and high-ranking government officials. Cámpora's government and its relationship with
14514-404: The Revolutionary Armed Forces later claimed responsibility for the attack. On 11 March 1973, Argentina held general elections for the first time in ten years. Perón loyalist Héctor Cámpora became president and Perón returned from Spain. In a controversial move, he released all left-wing guerrillas held in prison at the time in Argentina. On 21 February 1974, the Montoneros killed Teodoro Ponce,
14691-490: The San Isidro Cathedral. Two of the captured policemen were reported to have been executed in this operation under the orders of the Montoneros commander Eduardo Pereyra Rossi (nom de guerre Carlon). In December 1975, Montoneros raided an armaments factory in the capital's Munro neighbourhood, fleeing with 250 assault rifles and sub-machine guns. That same month, a Montoneros bomb exploded at the headquarters of
14868-741: The School of the Americas. In 1970, as retribution for the June 1956 León Suárez massacre and Juan José Valle 's execution, the Montoneros kidnapped and executed former dictator Pedro Eugenio Aramburu (1955–1958) and other collaborators. In November 1971, in solidarity with militant car workers, Montoneros took over the FIAT car manufacturing plant in Caseros , sprayed 38 new-brand cars with petrol, and set them afire. On 26 July 1972, they set off explosives in
15045-517: The Third World, arguing that Peronists must align themselves "with movements of national and social liberation", which Perón listed as Castroist Cuba and Allende's Chile, among others. That year, the Peronist October Front described Peronism as "the national expression of the socialism, to the extent that it represents, expresses and develops in action the aspirations of the popular masses and the Argentine working class" and popularized
15222-705: The University of Buenos Aires and enrolled at the Universidad de Belgrano to study law. She also rejoined the Columna Norte . By the end of 1975, she started dating Marcelo Langieri, secretary of Galimberti. The 1976 coup d'état established a military dictatorship, the National Reorganization Process , that continued the armed conflict against the Montoneros. Montoneros organized an attack on September 4, 1976, that would kill
15399-579: The Wednesday after the elections to negotiate this support, alongside Macri. Milei announced the alliance on his X account, with an AI image of an embrace between a lion and a duck. Milei associates himself with imagery of lions, and "pato" ("duck") is a common nickname in Spanish for people named "Patricia". In December 2023, Patricia Bullrich returned to government as security minister in president Javier Milei's Cabinet. Bullrich immediately issued
15576-500: The and Peronist left-wing nationalism promoted by John William Cooke . The initial mentor of the group was also Carlos Mugica who saw Peronism as Argentinian version of Catholic socialism, but rejected armed struggle and revolution, stating: "I am prepared to be killed but I am not prepared to kill". This led radicalized youth that would then form the Montoneros to embrace more radical beliefs of Camilo Torres and García Elorrio instead, with Torres arguing that "The duty of every Catholic
15753-458: The best’. Cooke and Perón formulated the idea of "national socialism" that would become the defining ideology of both the Montoneros and broader Peronist movement. The concept was based on combining social revolution with national liberation; Cooke wrote: "The struggle for liberation starts from the definition of the real enemy, imperialism that acts through the native oligarchy and the political, economic, and cultural mechanisms at its service . . .
15930-416: The capital of the Córdoba province, three policemen (Pedro Ramón Enrico, Carlos Alberto Galíndez and corporal Luis Francisco Rodríguez) were killed by guerrillas. On 25 July 1975 four policemen were wounded in guerrilla attacks using bazookas and firebombs. On 26 August 1975, 26-year-old Fernando Haymal was killed by fellow Montoneros for allegedly cooperating with government forces. The Montoneros' leadership
16107-455: The car of Pepe Noguer, mayor of San Isidro . The device exploded, injuring the daughter and the daughter-in-law of the mayor, Ana María Noguer, and Hortensia M. de Noguer. Patricia Bullrich went into exile in 1977 with her partner Marcelo Langieri, first settling in Brazil, and later in Mexico, Spain and France. She was still a member of Montoneros living abroad, until Galimberti cut ties with
16284-502: The chance of voting radical left"; and second, radical-left voters tend not to share the social nationalism of the radical-right, instead having a socio-tropic, or other-regarding, bias based on the ideological concern for economic egalitarianism. Other characteristics may include anti-Americanism , anti-globalization , opposition to NATO , and in some cases a rejection of European integration . Many far-left militant organizations were formed by members of existing political parties in
16461-399: The conflict of interest were fired. Several audits also revealed that several social organizations that used to control the outsourced welfare aid only destined a fraction of it for such a purpose. All this decreased the power of piqueteros, and protests and demonstrations rapidly decreased in size. The city of Rosario had ongoing problems with narcotrafficking cartels, who had moved beyond
16638-444: The country, equally for everyone and without privileges. Argentina needs order. We will be relentless against crime and we will wage a relentless fight against drug trafficking. It's simple: whoever does something, pays for it". Patricia Bullrich supported abortion during the debate in 2018 for a bill that would make it legal. She said that it did not make sense that only the woman could go to jail for it. However, she also supported
16815-608: The death of Camilo Torres, a revolutionary Catholic priest who joined the Marxist-Leninist National Liberation Army and was killed during one of the organization's operations. Six months after his death, first issue of Catholic socialist journal Cristianismo y Revolución , directed by García Elorrio, was published. The journal promoted post-conciliar reforms in the Catholic Church as a turn towards Marxism, encouraged armed struggle as
16992-456: The doctrine was defined by its creator, General Perón, as deeply national, humanist and Christian, respectful of the human person above all things. Montoneros had a complicated relationship with Juan Perón himself. In February 1971, Perón sent a letter to Montoneros, agreeing with their declaration that "the only possible road for the people to seize power and install national socialism is total, national, and prolonged revolutionary war" and praised
17169-473: The early 19th century to describe the egalitarian ideas of redistribution promoted by writers like François-Noël Babeuf and John Thelwall . Inspired by the French Revolution , these writers objected to the existence of significant wealth, and Babeuf advocated a dictatorship on behalf of the people that would destroy those who caused inequality. Socialism was recognized as a coherent philosophy in
17346-593: The election of Macri to the presidency in the 2015 Argentine general election , it was announced that Bullrich had been nominated the Minister of Security. Bullrich represented the hardest and most right-wing sector of the Together for Change coalition and the Republican Proposal party during both the 2023 Argentine primary and general elections as presidential candidate. Following her defeat in
17523-591: The elections, supporting instead Ricardo López Murphy of the Recreate for Growth party, who ended in the third place. Both parties united in the alliance "Unión para Recrear Buenos Aires", proposing Bullrich for mayor of Buenos Aires. She ended in the fourth place, with 9.76% of the vote. The UPT joined forces with the Support for an Egalitarian Republic (ARI) and created the Civic Coalition to run for
17700-403: The fact that civil war has broken out in Argentina." Montoneros were inspired by the Italian and British wartime commando raids on warships, and on 1 November 1974, Montoneros successfully blew up General Commissioner Alberto Villar, the chief of the Argentine federal police in his yacht. His wife was also killed on the spot. On 22 August 1975, their frogmen planted a mine on the river's bed below
17877-501: The far left is to the left of the political left with regard to how parties or groups describe economic inequality on the base of existing social and political arrangements. Far-left groups are anti-establishment , opposing existing political and economic structures. Both anarchist and statist far-left ideologies may support disestablishment of traditional sociopolitical structures. They are opposed to liberalism and liberal democracy . They may be classified as radical , supporting
18054-543: The far-left and social-democracy) or far-left. At the same time, in the United Kingdom and the United States of America , populist movements formed around Jeremy Corbyn and Bernie Sanders . While left-wing populist parties were in power in the 2010s, they were often forced to put aside their strong anti-neoliberalism and accept neoliberal policies, either proposed by their larger allies or imposed due to
18231-575: The far-left declined after the dissolution of the Soviet Union , and it remained relatively subdued during the 1990s. In many Eastern European countries, communist parties were banned by the new governments. In others such as Moldova, they saw continued electoral success. Of the five communist states that survived into the 21st century, three of them — China, Vietnam, and Laos — had restored private ownership and reintegrated with global capitalist markets although state and public control continued as well. For instance, Peter Nolan argues that land in China
18408-494: The far-left varies in the literature and there is not a general agreement on what it entails or consensus on the core characteristics that constitute the far left, other than being to the left of mainstream left-wing politics . As with all political alignments, the exact boundaries of centre-left versus far-left politics are not clearly defined and can vary depending on context. Far-left ideologies often include types of socialism , communism , and anarchism . The radical-left
18585-507: The far-left. Societies resembling communist society have been postulated throughout human history, and many have been proposed as the earliest socialist or communist ideas. The ideas of Plato have been described as an early type of socialism. In medieval Europe, some philosophers argued that Jesus believed in shared ownership of property and that the hierarchy of the Catholic Church was contrary to his teachings. This included
18762-438: The first days, three criminals convicted by the triple crime escaped from a high-security prison, leading to a nation-wide operation to recapture them. Bullrich announced on January 9 that the three criminals had been captured, but, in reality, only one had been captured. She tendered her resignation to Macri because of the mistake, but Macri rejected it. The other two criminals were captured a few days later. Bullrich proposed
18939-504: The first round of the general election, she decided to personally support Javier Milei on the second round. Later on, she was chosen to serve as Minister of Security by Milei after being elected President. Bullrich was born on 11 June 1956 in Buenos Aires , daughter of Alejandro Bullrich, a cardiologist, and Julieta Luro Pueyrredon. She belongs to two wealthy families on each of her parents' sides. On her mother's side, she belongs to
19116-483: The following years, several Montoneros adherents occupied important political posts in democratic governments. The main political currents that shaped the Montoneros was the far-left liberation theology of Camilo Torres Restrepo , "Christian national socialism" of Juan Perón and Marxist-Leninist Guevarism of Che Guevara , along with the option for the poor and anti-imperialism propagated by Juan García Elorrio in his journal Cristianismo y Revolución , as well as
19293-564: The guerrillas when she found out that Montoneros had killed the priest Carlos Mugica , and the aide of Perón José Ignacio Rucci . She realized that Montoneros and the People's Revolutionary Army killed people, even if they had not said so openly, and that she was helping that even if from a passive role. In her book "Yo Propongo", written during the presidency of Cristina Kirchner, Bullrich talks about populism and authoritarianism . She considers that democracy in Argentina has been weakened by
19470-418: The hitherto anti-Peronist middle class who was now disillusioned with authoritarianism and corruption of post-Perón Argentinian governments. Because of this, former anti-Peronists "now embraced Peronism with the zeal of reformed sinners". Elorrio also pushed his readers towards action and revolution, writing: "I had to fight with the slaves, the people, as they fought, not as an elitist teacher who tells them what
19647-573: The hull of a navy destroyer , the ARA Santísima Trinidad , as she remained docked at Rio Santiago before her commissioning. The explosion caused considerable damage to the ship's computer and electronic equipment. On 14 December 1975, using the same techniques, Montoneros frogmen placed explosives on the yacht Itati in an attempt to kill the Commander-in-Chief of the Argentine navy, Admiral Emilio Massera. While Massera
19824-481: The ideas held by those organizations as an improvised blend of nationalism , Christianity and socialism . She explained that back then she thought that she was taking part in a revolution and that the people would eventually get used to it, but eventually realized that revolutions rarely have a positive outcome. She also thinks that she deluded herself by thinking that Peronism had goals that were not its actual goals. She started to have doubts over her allegiance to
20001-627: The ideas of Japanese writer Kōtoku Shūsui , who was in turn inspired by Peter Kropotkin . This movement saw its greatest prominence in the 1920s in China. Communism in early 20th century Europe often gained power in countries with significant polarization between segments of the population on an ethnic, religious, or economic basis, and in countries that were destabilized by war. It was less prominent in industrialized nations, where social democracy maintained electoral success over communist parties. The first communist revolution took place in Russia, when
20178-578: The ideas of the UCR, supportive of liberal democracy , she rejected Balbín and chose Peronism instead, which proposed far-left politics at the time. She joined the Peronist Youth (JP), the youth wing of the Peronist movement, aged 17. On 20 June 1973, she joined the procession to Ezeiza to bear witness to Juan Perón 's return to Argentina following his 18-year exile, but left before the Ezeiza Massacre took place that same day. She
20355-659: The internal faction of Antonio Cafiero that sought to renew the party. Peronism returned to power in 1989 when Carlos Menem won the 1989 Argentine general election . She was elected deputy for the Justicialist Party (PJ) in 1993, alongside Erman González . She proposed over two hundred bills, including the Art University law, the Cinema law, and the Leasing Contract law. In 1995, she was named
20532-690: The international context. In Europe, the support for populist left politics comes from three overlapping groups: far-left subcultures, disaffected social democrats, and protest voters—those who are opposed to their country's European Union membership. European populist left politics share many of the values of centre-left politics , including cosmopolitanism , altruism , and egalitarianism . They overlap in some areas with far-right politics concerning radicalism , economic nationalism , Euroscepticism , and populism . Two clear distinctions emerge: first, "education [...] tends to statistically significantly lower chances of voting for radical right but increases
20709-424: The late 18th century, when industrialization and political upheaval caused discontent among the working class. Socialists were those who objected to the changing social and economic structures associated with industrialization, in that they promoted individualism over collectivism and that they created wealth for some but not for others, creating economic inequality . The term socialism first came into use in
20886-463: The late 1960s, Jauretche and Arregui held regular discussions with the Montonero leadership, refining their ideology and rhetoric. Montoneros were also influenced by the polemic between their political mentors and inspirations - in 1969 Perón expressed his interest in Elorrio's Cristianismo y Revolución and wrote a letter to Elorrio that was later published in the journal, stating: "The revolution that
21063-558: The left of social democracy . In certain instances—especially in the news media — far left has been associated with some forms of authoritarianism , anarchism , communism , and Marxism , or are characterized as groups that advocate for revolutionary socialism and related communist ideologies , or anti-capitalism and anti-globalization . Far-left terrorism consists of extremist , militant , or insurgent groups that attempt to realize their ideals through political violence rather than using democratic processes. The definition of
21240-538: The local level and a one-party state at the regional level. In reaction to the neo-liberal turn of European social-democracy under the Third Way , populist left-wing parties and politicians emerged in the late 2000s and early 2010s as a Eurosceptic , anti-globalist response to the Great Recession . These parties and movements are qualified by various observers as either left-wing , radical-left (between
21417-434: The movement and initiated crackdowns on other Peronist factions. After the death of Juan Perón in July 1974 and Isabel's rise to power, Montoneros claimed to have the "social revolutionary vision of authentic Peronism" and started guerrilla operations against the government. The more radically orthodoxy peronist and right-wing factions quickly took control of the government; Isabel Perón , president since Juan Perón's death,
21594-470: The movement and initiated crackdowns on other Peronist factions. Following the death of Perón, Montoneros declared war on the government of Isabel Perón, denouncing it as ‘neither popular nor Peronist’ and comparing it to the military dictatorship that ruled Argentina prior to March 1973. Montoneros presented themselves as the successors of the Perón's original program, considering it an essential part of their far-left outlook and arguing that its reconstruction
21771-565: The name of the Camilo Torres Commando , which was created in 1967 and was a precursor of the Montoneros, defining their ideology as "Peronism, socialism, Catholic liberationism, and armed struggle", and having "Latin American and Third World liberation" for its goal. Despite its far-left ideology, Montoneros originated from middle-class and upper-middle-class Catholic and nationalist backgrounds. The core of Montonero ideology
21948-406: The national question and the social question are indissolubly joined." Cooke also referred to the Peronist concept of justicalism, arguing that the essence of it was anti-imperialism and social revolution. This was complemented by Perón redefining his "Third Position" in 1972, clarifying that it is not a centrist position nor a third way between capitalism and communism, but rather Peronist embrace of
22125-403: The new democratic government; with the aforementioned expulsion Perón openly sided with the unions. Bullrich herself was a member of the Montoneros, active in the Columna Norte subgroup commanded by Rodolfo Galimberti . Her nom-de-guerre within the organization was "Cali". Galimberti was Bullrich's brother-in-law, as he was married with Bullrich's sister, Julieta. Bullrich has denied being
22302-510: The new government's neoliberal economic policies, but also because of suppression of the spheres of political and cultural participation, such as universities and political parties. Michael Goebel argues that government's actions made academics friendly to Perón, which was a side effect of the mass exodus of intellectuals caused by university purges. The academic staff was replaced by professors and priests from Catholic universities, who were now friendly towards Perón. In 1967, Camilo Torres Commando
22479-553: The organisation - and above all after Perón's death, on 1 July 1974, when a policy of state terrorism was unleashed by the right-wing para-police organisation known as the Triple A led by López Rega , who became the right-hand man of President María Estela Martínez de Perón . Two months later, Montoneros decided to go underground again and restart the armed struggle. On 8 September 1975, President María Estela Martínez de Perón issued Decree 2452/75 banning its activity and classifying it as
22656-479: The organization established its own Catholic “chaplaincy” after resuming its clandestine resistance in September 1974. Montoneros' liberation theology also included a Cuban-inspired cult of martyrdom of its fallen members - guerrillero heroico . The arrival of Onganía to power in Argentina through the 1966 coup d'état resulted in the group openly embracing the concepts of revolutionary struggle, not only because of
22833-599: The organization for adapting Peronist doctrine to the difficult conditions created by the military dictatorship. Interpreted as Perón endorsement of Montoneros, the organization was soon joined by several other Peronist organizations - shortly after Perón's response, the Descamisado Political-Military Organization under the leadership of Horacio Mendizabal and Norberto Habegger merged with Montoneros, in October 1973 Montoneros welcomed
23010-409: The organization in 1979. She returned briefly to Argentina on that year, to give birth to her son Francisco. Bullrich returned to the country after the 1982 Falklands War . She had conflicts with Dante Gullo over the reorganization of the JP, thinking that it should have its own political leaders rather than follow the older ones. Peronism lost the 1983 Argentine general election , so she joined
23187-494: The past and look to the future". In particular, she had conflicting views with Sabina Frederic , minister of security of Alberto Fernández, over the use of taser guns, as Frederic restricted the police of the Argentine Federal Police from using either those or regular guns. When she was appointed minister of security by Javier Milei, she said "True change is possible if the law is applied in every corner of
23364-431: The pejorative term used by the 19th-century elite to discredit the mounted followers of the popular caudillos ." Montonera referred to the raiding parties composed by Native Americans in Argentina, and the spear in the Montoneros seal refers to this inspiration. The Montoneros initiated a campaign to destabilise by force the regime supported by the U.S., which had trained Argentinian and other Latin American dictators via
23541-468: The people's war for the seizure of power and the implementation of national socialism in which they become a reality our three flags: economic independence, social justice and political sovereignty." In the Cuban newspaper Granma, Montoneros further elaborated: We are Peronists even though we come from different origins and trainings. Peronism has a doctrine created in 1945 that was reworked and updated during
23718-645: The police radio communications centre. As a result, the elite 4th Airborne Infantry Brigade, which had been ordered to assist operations in Tucumán province, was kept in Córdoba for the rest of the year. On 5 October 1975, the Montoneros carried out a complex operation against a regiment of the 5th Brigade. During this attack named Operation Primicia ("Operation Scoop") a Montoneros force numbering an estimated several hundred guerrillas and underground supporters, set in motion an assault on an army barracks in Formosa province . On 5 October 1975, Montoneros members hijacked
23895-440: The political repression of anti-Peronist regimes, the influence of Cuban Revolution and socialist worker-priests committed to liberation theology , the Montoneros emerged from the 1960s Catholic revolutionary guerilla Comando Camilo Torres as a "national liberation movement", and became a convergence of revolutionary Peronism, Guevarism, and the revolutionary Catholicism of Juan García Elorrio shaped by Camilism . They fought for
24072-753: The poor. Under López Rega's orders, the Triple A began kidnapping, and killing members of Montoneros and the People's Revolutionary Army (ERP), as well as other leftist militant groups. They expanded their attacks to anyone considered a leftist subversive or sympathiser, such as these groups' deputies or lawyers. The Montoneros and the ERP in turn attacked business and political figures throughout Argentina, and raided military bases for weapons and explosives. The Montoneros killed executives from General Motors , Ford , and Chrysler . On 16 September 1974, about 40 Montoneros bombs exploded throughout Argentina. They targeted both foreign companies and commemorative ceremonies of
24249-545: The poor. And in Argentina the majority of the poor are Peronists." Around 1964 Mugica contacted former members of a 1950s Peronist resistance organization known as the Tacuaristas, and introduced them to his pupils. Mugica praised Peronism as effective realization of Catholicism, arguing that Peronism and Catholicism were united in their goals of "love for the poor, for those persecuted for defending justice and for fighting against injustice". Further radicalization came from
24426-489: The presence of his wife in the suburb of San Isidro in Buenos Aires. On 22 February 1975, in an ambush in the Lomas de Zamora suburb of Buenos Aires, three policemen (First Sergeant Nicolás Cardozo, Corporal Roberto Roque Fredes and Constables Eugenio Rodriguez and Abel Pascuzzi) were killed after their patrol car came under fire from Montoneros guerrillas. On 26 February 1975, the Montoneros kidnapped 62-year-old John Patrick Egan,
24603-533: The presidency of Nestor Kirchner , the families of all the Montoneros killed in the attack were each later compensated with the payment of around US$ 200,000. On 26 October 1975, a Catholic youth leader, Juan Ignacio Isla Casares, with the help of the Montoneros commander Eduardo Pereira Rossi (nom de guerre "El Carlón") was the mastermind behind the ambush and killing of five policemen (Pedro Dettle, Juan Ramón Costa, Carlos Livio Cejas, Cleofás Galeano, and Juan Fernández) near San Isidro Cathedral. During February 1976,
24780-593: The province. In 1999, the UPT became part of the Alliance for Work, Justice and Education , which took Fernando de la Rúa to the Presidency. Bullrich was appointed to office in the Department of Criminal Policy and Penitentiary Matters. In 2001, she was made a cabinet minister, as Secretary of Labour, Employment and Human Resources and, later that year, as Secretary of Social Security. In 2001 she announced
24957-623: The relevance of anarchism among the far-left globally after 1940. As mass production became more common, the traditional style of labor that anarcho-syndicalists objected to ceased to exist, preventing any significant resurgence in the movement. The Soviet Union's influence during and after World War II spread communism, directly and indirectly, to the rest of Eastern Europe and into Southeast Europe . New communist governments were formed in Albania , Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia , East Germany , Hungary , Romania , and Yugoslavia . The onset of
25134-455: The restrictions to the use of US dollars would be removed. She also proposed the creation of a maximum security prison named after former president Cristina Kirchner. The primary elections ended with a decisive victory of Bullrich over Larreta. Once the primaries were concluded, the candidates took part in the presidential debates , explaining their positions and proposals over several topics. Bullrich promised to end inflation, and to end
25311-410: The return of Juan Perón to Argentina and the establishment of "Christian national socialism", based on 'indigenous' Argentinian and Catholic socialism, seen as the ultimate conclusion of Peronist doctrine. Its first public action took place on 29 May 1970, with the kidnapping, subsequent revolutionary trial and assassination of the anti-Peronist ex-dictator Pedro Eugenio Aramburu , one of the leaders of
25488-436: The roadblocks caused by piqueteros. Although the primary elections ended with the three main candidates, Bullrich, Milei and Peronist Sergio Massa in a close tie, Massa got ahead in the general election and won with 36% of the vote, followed by Milei with 30%. As a result, both candidates would go to a third ballotage election. Bullrich would not take part in it, as JXC ended in third place, but both candidates sought to get
25665-467: The role of the state. Some objected to the increase in the state's involvement, while others believed that the state was a stronger alternative to protect worker's rights than labor movements. Many of the former moved to anarchism, while many of the latter responded with the development of social democracy. East Asian anarchism developed in the 1900s during the Russo-Japanese War , based on
25842-546: The same time, North Korea and North Vietnam were established as communist governments, triggering the Korean War and the Vietnam War against South Korea and South Vietnam , respectively. By the late 1970s, Maoism in China was replaced by the ideology of Deng Xiaoping , which restored the private sector and market pricing. The Cuban Revolution led to Fidel Castro becoming the ruler of Cuba in 1959. Though he
26019-400: The soft drink companies, Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola. The Peronist guerrillas also held up at gunpoint two trains in a Buenos Aires suburb on 16 September. The Montoneros discouraged foreign investment more directly by blowing up the homes of company executives. For example, in 1975 the homes of five executives of Lazar Laboratories were bombed in the suburb of La Plata in Buenos Aires. The violence
26196-538: The soldiers and NCOs got over their initial surprise, they mounted stiff resistance to the attacking Montoneros. In total, a second lieutenant (Ricardo Massaferro), sergeant (Víctor Sanabria) and ten conscripts (Antonio Arrieta, Heriberto Avalos, José Coronel, Dante Salvatierra, Ismael Sánchez, Tomás Sánchez, Edmundo Roberto Sosa, Marcelino Torales, Alberto Villalba and Hermindo Luna) were killed and several wounded. The Montoneros lost 16 killed in total. Two policemen later died of their wounds. The Montoneros escaped by air into
26373-398: The state entirely. Anarchism incorporates elements of both socialism and liberalism , and it was a prominent ideology among the far-left globally from 1900 to 1940. Anarchist movements include classical anarchism , anarcho-syndicalism , social anarchism , individualist anarchism , anarcha-feminism , black anarchism , and queer anarchism , and green anarchism . Anarcho-capitalism
26550-404: The subsequent 25 years. This doctrine is synthesized in the three flags of the movement: Economic Independence, Social Justice and Political Sovereignty. These three flags in 1970 are expressed through the need to achieve independent economic development and a fair distribution of wealth, within the framework of a socialist system that respects our history and our national culture. On the other hand,
26727-572: The subsequent Soviet government. Yugoslavia distanced itself as a neutral communist nation, aligned with neither the East nor the West. The New Left developed in Western Europe as an alternative to communism in the 1950s, taking positions on social issues and identity politics . Green politics developed as an offshoot of the New Left, but it was deradicalized by the end of the 20th century and became
26904-540: The support of her voters. Massa made a speech about institutional stability and public security, usual topics of the UCR and PRO respectively, and Milei focused on the need to join forces against Kirchnerism. On 25 October 2023, Bullrich officially endorsed Javier Milei for the runoff election. She did not ask the other parties within JXC, the UCR and the CC, for their opinion, as they have conflicting views over Milei. Both of them met
27081-518: The term of "indigenous socialism" that justicalismo was to represent. In their program published in Cristianismo y Revolucíon on behalf of Elorrio, Montoneros stayed loyal to the Perón's vision of “Christian national socialism”, introducing themselves as the "armed wing of Peronism", and stating: "we set ourselves the objective of constituting with other organizations the Peronist armed movement, which together with other armed groups will develop
27258-453: The thieves, claiming that the thief made a movement suggesting he was about to fire a gun. However, a video released by Telefe Noticias showed that the criminal had his back to him. Bullrich, however, pointed out that the video was edited and did not show the exact moment of the gunshot. Bullrich and Macri supported the actions of Chocobar, on the grounds that it would be a right of self-defense , while human rights organizations considered it
27435-619: The time, became a spiritual advisor of the Catholic students' organization at the National University of Central Buenos Aires , coming in contact with students that would become leading members of the Montoneros. Mugica promoted Peronism, arguing that he was "absolutely convinced that the liberation of my people will be through the Peronist movement. I know from the Gospel, from Christ’s attitude, that I must see human history through
27612-508: The two brothers of the Bunge and Born family business. Some 20 urban guerrillas dressed as policemen shot dead a bodyguard and chauffeur and diverted traffic in this well-orchestrated ambush. Some 30 militants and sympathisers among the civilian population provided safe houses to the guerrillas and a means to escape. They demanded and received a ransom of $ 60 million in cash, as well as $ 1.2 million worth of food and clothing to be given to
27789-464: The upper hand. According to Perón biographer Jill Hedges, Perón was alarmed by the fact that his return did not reduce political violence in Argentina, but rather invited further clashes between the left and right wings of his movement. Perón also believed that some guerrilla and right-wing groups did not genuinely support him, but rather planned his assassination. In September 1973, Perón attempted to maintain unity in his movement, and met with leaders of
27966-485: The working class should lead a socialist revolution, and he popularized calls to violence among the anarchist movement. Anarchist ideology spread to the Americas shortly after its development. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels introduced Marxism in the 1840s, which advocated revolutionary socialism . As the state bureaucracy was developed in the late 19th century and labor rights were increasingly recognized by national governments, socialist movements were divided on
28143-644: The world's exploited". Perón embraced Cooke's ideas, praising the Cuban Revolution and making comparisons between himself and Castro. Although Guevara came from an Argentine anti-Peronist family, he visited Perón in Madrid and was deeply impressed by his political thought, praising Peronism as "indigenous Latin American socialism with which the Cuban Revolution could side". Perón confirmed this political alliance, galvanizing left-wing Peronists; upon Guevara's death in 1967, Perón praised him as ‘one of ours, perhaps
28320-424: Was Argentinian nationalism and Political Catholicism, which were later extended into Peronism and socialism. This connection was made possible by the influence of post-Vatican II Catholicism, as third-worldist and liberation theology Argentinian priests, also known as the worker-priests, would radicalize Catholic students into embracing these political currents. Priest Carlos Mugica, known for his work in shantytowns at
28497-494: Was a wealthy family, Alejandro and Julieta divorced, and Patricia adjusted to a simpler lifestyle when her mother got a job as publicist. She became politically engaged from an early age, abandoning a potential career in field hockey to dedicate herself fully to political activism. She also worked at the Cheburger fast food joint and became a member of the food workers' union, encouraging coworkers to unionise as well. She
28674-616: Was also present at the Plaza de Mayo on the International Workers' Day of 1974, when Perón, who had once again become president of Argentina, expelled the Montoneros and the left-wing youth groups from the celebrations. Although both the Peronist unions and guerrillas such as Montoneros had worked together against the Argentine Revolution dictatorship, they had begun a dispute over their political clout on
28851-421: Was being manipulated by the Peronist right. In response, Montoneros praised Perón for "realizing his May Day mistake", and continued to identify him as their mentor. However, Perón died shortly after, and the Montoneros went underground on 6 September 1974 and organized resistance against the regime of Isabel Perón , as Isabel's government was dominated by right-wing figures who sought to centralize their control of
29028-544: Was decollectivized but not privatized, with control of land remaining in the hands of the community. The Party of the European Left was established in 2004 as a pan-European political party for the far-left. The far-left parties during this time were rarely new creations, instead descending from earlier far-left parties of the 20th century. In 2012, the autonomous region Rojava in northwestern Syria established self-governance based on an anarchist direct democracy at
29205-534: Was decried as not only not Peronist, but also "anti-Peronist, anti-popular, repressive and pro-monopoly". Montoneros doubled down on their glorification of Eva Perón, adding the organization of "the Peronist militias that Evita imagined, so that all the people can actively participate in all the forms of confrontation" to its goals. The Montoneros formed around 1970 out of a confluence of Roman Catholic groups, university students in social sciences, and leftist supporters of Juan Perón . "The Montoneros took their name from
29382-463: Was essentially a figurehead under the influence of López Rega. On 15 July 1974, Montoneros assassinated Arturo Mor Roig , a former foreign minister. On 17 July, they murdered David Kraiselburd , journalist and editor-in-chief of El Día newspaper, in the Manuel B. Gonnet suburb of Buenos Aires after an exchange of fire with police. In September, in order to finance their operations, they kidnapped
29559-477: Was formed, which became the armed precursor of the Montoneros. Donald C. Hodges notes that the ideology of Camilo Torres Commando was identical to that of Montoneros, representing "a fusion of Camilist, Guevarist, and Cookist themes combined with the cult of Evita Peron". In 1970, the Commando officially became the Montoneros, named after "montoneras", irregular popular troops that followed the federal caudillos of
29736-408: Was from the UCR, Bullrich would secure the support of the radicals that were not pleased with the leadership of Gerardo Morales (who supported Larreta), and with the whole party if Larreta was defeated in the primaries. Other politicians briefly considered to run for vice-president under her were Carlos Melconian , Maximiliano Abad , Luis Naidenoff , and Ricardo López Murphy . Carlos Melconian
29913-447: Was intended to restore their trust after the May Day confrontation. Montoneros praised Perón for realizing his "May Day mistake" shortly before his death, and continued to identify him as their mentor. However, after Perón's death the Montoneros went underground on 6 September 1974 and organized resistance against the regime of Isabel Perón , as Isabel's government was dominated by right-wing figures who sought to centralize their control of
30090-553: Was keen to learn from the ERP's Compañía de Monte Ramón Rosa Jiménez operating in the province of Tucumán. In 1975 they sent "observers" to spend a few months with the ERP platoons operating against the 5th Infantry Brigade, then consisting of the 19th, 20th and 29th Mountain Infantry Regiments. On 28 August 1975 the Montoneros planted a bomb in a culvert at the Tucumán air base airstrip. The blast destroyed an air force C-130 transport carrying 116 anti-guerrilla commandos of
30267-519: Was killed and 28 others were wounded, including four colonels and 18 other ranks. In early June 1975, Montoneros guerrillas murdered executives David Bargut and Raul Amelong of the Acindar steel firm in Rosario, in reprisal for alleged repression against striking employees. On 10 June 1975, guerrillas in Santa Fe shot and killed Juan Enrique Pelayes, a trade union leader. On 12 June 1975, in an ambush in
30444-751: Was not a communist, he aligned the nation with the communist movement to seek Soviet support. Many other nations adopted socialism distinct from Marxism–Leninism during the Cold War, particularly in Africa and Latin America. Communism was rapidly replaced between 1979 and 1992, in which eleven of the world's sixteen communist states were disestablished. By the 1980s, the Soviet Union moved away from ideas of international communism as such efforts came to be seen as too inconvenient. By 1988, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev had effectively abandoned communism. In Europe,
30621-440: Was not injured, the yacht was badly damaged by the explosives. Far-left politics Far-left politics , also known as extreme left politics or left-wing extremism , are politics further to the left on the left–right political spectrum than the standard political left . The term does not have a single, coherent definition; some scholars consider it to be the left of communist parties , while others broaden it to include
30798-478: Was proposed instead as Bullrich's potential minister of economy. In contrast with Milei, who proposed a full dollarization of the economy, Melconian proposed instead a bimonetary economy, where both the Argentine peso and the United States dollar would be legal tender. Before implementing it, fiscal deficit would be eliminated, the by-laws of the Central Bank would be amended to prohibit money emission, and
30975-549: Was soon renamed "Unión por Todos" (UPT) as the Cambio 97 name had already been registered. The new party did not get enough votes to allow her to be reelected as deputy in the 1997 Argentine legislative election . Since then, she worked for the Buenos Aires Province on security matters, assisting the municipality of Hurlingham . She resigned in 1998, because of conflicts with León Arslanián , minister of justice of
31152-466: Was tasked with leading the Peronist resistance in Argentina, and spent several years in Cuba afterwards, adopting the Castro's anti-imperialism and becoming the main thinker of Revolutionary Peronism, describing Peronism as a leftist movement that would lead an anti-imperialist revolution of "national liberation" in Argentina. Heavily inspired by the Cuban Revolution, Cooke defined Peronism as "antibureaucratic, socialist, profoundly national, and sister to all
31329-418: Was widespread. On 7 February, four carloads of Montoneros intercepted the car driven by Antonio Muscat, a manager of the Bunge y Born firm, and shot him dead in the presence of his daughter. On 14 February 1975, Montoneros killed Hipólito Acuña, a politician, as he parked his car outside his home in the city of Santa Fe. On 18 February, Montoneros gunmen killed Félix Villafañe of the FITAM S.A. workers union, in
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