67-468: The Cromwell chafer beetle ( Prodontria lewisii ) is a species of flightless beetle in the family Scarabaeidae . It is found in just one spot in Central Otago , New Zealand, which is now a nature reserve. The population of the “Cromwell chafer beetle” is 13 as of 2023. This species was named by Broun in 1904 as Prodontria Lewisii , from "three mutilated individuals found by Mr. J. H. Lewis on
134-984: A click beetle Family Eucnemidae Eschscholtz, 1829 Family Lampyridae Rafinesque, 1815 (fireflies) Family Lycidae Laporte, 1836 Family Omethidae LeConte, 1861 (includes former Telegeusidae) Family Phengodidae LeConte, 1861 Family Rhagophthalmidae Olivier, 1907 Family Sinopyrophoridae Bi, 2018 Family Throscidae Laporte, 1840 nomen protectum Family † Berendtimiridae Winkler, 1987 Family † Praelateriidae Dolin, 1973 Superfamily Rhinorhipoidea Lawrence, 1988 Family Rhinorhipidae Lawrence, 1988 Infraorder Bostrichiformia Superfamily Derodontoidea LeConte, 1861 Family Derodontidae LeConte, 1861 Family Nosodendridae Erichson, 1846 Family Jacobsoniidae Heller, 1926 Superfamily Bostrichoidea Latreille, 1802 Family Dermestidae Latreille, 1804 (carpet beetles) [REDACTED] Anthrenus verbasci , in
201-1301: A darkling beetle Family Prostomidae Thomson, 1859 Family Synchroidae Lacordaire, 1859 Family Stenotrachelidae Thomson, 1859 Family Oedemeridae Latreille, 1810 Family Meloidae Gyllenhal, 1810 (blister beetles) [REDACTED] Lytta magister , in the Meloidae Family Mycteridae Perty, 1840 (palm beetles and flower beetles) Family Boridae Thomson, 1859 Family Trictenotomidae Blanchard, 1845 Family Pythidae Solier, 1834 Family Pyrochroidae Latreille, 1806 Family Salpingidae Leach, 1815 Family Anthicidae Latreille, 1819 Family Aderidae Csiki, 1909 Family Scraptiidae Gistel, 1848 Clade Phytophaga Superfamily Chrysomeloidea Latreille, 1802 Family Oxypeltidae Lacordaire, 1868 Family Vesperidae Mulsant, 1839 Family Disteniidae Thomson, 1861 Family Cerambycidae Latreille, 1802 (longhorn beetles) Family Megalopodidae Latreille, 1802 Family Orsodacnidae Thomson, 1859 Family Chrysomelidae Latreille, 1802 (leaf beetles) [REDACTED] Colorado potato beetle , Leptinotarsa decemlineata ,
268-1559: A leaf beetle Superfamily Curculionoidea Latreille, 1802 Family Nemonychidae Bedel, 1882 Family Anthribidae Billberg, 1820 Family † Ulyanidae Zherikhin, 1993 Family Belidae Schönherr, 1826 Family Caridae Thompson, 1992 Family Attelabidae Billberg, 1820 Family Brentidae Billberg, 1820 Family Brachyceridae Billberg, 1820 Family Curculionidae Latreille, 1802 (snout beetles, weevils, and bark beetles) References [ edit ] ^ Bouchard, Patrice; Bousquet, Yves; Davies, Anthony E.; Alonso-Zarazaga, Miguel A.; et al. (2011). "Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)" . ZooKeys (88). Pensoft Publishers: 1–972. doi : 10.3897/zookeys.88.807 . ISSN 1313-2989 . PMC 3088472 . PMID 21594053 . ^ Bouchard, P.; Bousquet, Y. (2020). "Additions and corrections to "Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)" " . ZooKeys (922): 65–139. doi : 10.3897/zookeys.922.46367 . PMC 7113323 . PMID 32256157 . ^ " Coleoptera information page" . BugGuide.net . Retrieved 2018-08-27 . ^ Mckenna, Duane D.; Farrell, Brian D.; Caterino, Michael S.; Farnum, Charles W.; Hawks, David C.; Maddison, David R.; Seago, Ainsley E.; Short, Andrew E. Z.; Newton, Alfred F.; Thayer, Margaret K. (2015). "Phylogeny and evolution of Staphyliniformia and Scarabaeiformia: forest litter as
335-584: A rove beetle Infraorder Scarabaeiformia Superfamily Scarabaeoidea Latreille, 1802 Family Pleocomidae LeConte, 1861 (rain beetles) Family Geotrupidae Latreille, 1802 (earth-boring scarab beetles) Family Belohinidae Paulian, 1959 Family Passalidae Leach, 1815 (bess beetles) Family Trogidae MacLeay, 1819 (hide beetles) Family Glaresidae Prudhomme de Borre, 1886 Family Diphyllostomatidae Holloway, 1972 Family Lucanidae Latreille, 1804 (stag beetles) [REDACTED] Lucanus cervus ,
402-2218: A stag beetle Family Ochodaeidae Streubel, 1846 (sand-loving scarab beetles) Family Hybosoridae Erichson, 1847 Family Glaphyridae MacLeay, 1819 (bumble bee scarab beetles) Family Scarabaeidae Latreille, 1802 (scarab beetles) Family † Coprinisphaeridae Genise, 2004 ( ichnotaxon ) Family † Pallichnidae Genise, 2004 (ichnotaxon) Infraorder Elateriformia Superfamily Scirtoidea Fleming, 1821 Family Decliniidae Nikitsky, Lawrence, Kirejtshuk and Gratshev, 1994 Family Eucinetidae Lacordaire, 1857 Family Clambidae Fischer von Waldheim, 1821 Family Scirtidae Fleming, 1821 Family † Elodophthalmidae Kirejtshuk and Azar, 2008 Family † Mesocinetidae Kirejtshuk and Ponomarenko, 2010 Superfamily Dascilloidea Guérin-Méneville, 1843 (1834) Family Dascillidae Guérin-Méneville, 1843 (1834) Family Rhipiceridae Latreille, 1834 Superfamily Buprestoidea Leach, 1815 Family Schizopodidae LeConte, 1859 Family Buprestidae Leach, 1815 [REDACTED] Buprestidae Superfamily Byrrhoidea Latreille, 1804 Family Byrrhidae Latreille, 1804 Family Protelmidae Jeannel, 1950 Family Elmidae Curtis, 1830 Family Dryopidae Billberg, 1820 (1817) Family Lutrochidae Kasap and Crowson, 1975 Family Limnichidae Erichson, 1846 Family Heteroceridae MacLeay, 1825 Family Psephenidae Lacordaire, 1854 Family Cneoglossidae Champion, 1897 Family Ptilodactylidae Laporte, 1836 Family Podabrocephalidae Pic, 1930 Family Chelonariidae Blanchard, 1845 Family Eulichadidae Crowson, 1973 Family Callirhipidae Emden, 1924 Superfamily Elateroidea Leach, 1815 Family Artematopodidae Lacordaire, 1857 Family Brachypsectridae Horn, 1881 Family Cantharidae Imhoff, 1856 (1815) (soldier beetles) Family Cerophytidae Latreille, 1834 Family Elateridae Leach, 1815 (click beetles; includes former Drilidae, Omalisidae, and Plastoceridae) [REDACTED] Agrypnus murinus ,
469-421: A "surprisingly narrow range" spanning all four estimates from a minimum of 0.9 to a maximum of 2.1 million beetle species. The four estimates made use of host-specificity relationships (1.5 to 1.9 million), ratios with other taxa (0.9 to 1.2 million), plant:beetle ratios (1.2 to 1.3), and extrapolations based on body size by year of description (1.7 to 2.1 million). This immense diversity led
536-448: A beetle is quite uniform, although specific organs and appendages vary greatly in appearance and function between the many families in the order. Like all insects, beetles' bodies are divided into three sections: the head, the thorax, and the abdomen. Because there are so many species, identification is quite difficult, and relies on attributes including the shape of the antennae, the tarsal formulae and shapes of these small segments on
603-481: A beetle's environment. Beetle families may use antennae in different ways. For example, when moving quickly, tiger beetles may not be able to see very well and instead hold their antennae rigidly in front of them in order to avoid obstacles. Certain Cerambycidae use antennae to balance, and blister beetles may use them for grasping. Some aquatic beetle species may use antennae for gathering air and passing it under
670-764: A few fossils from North America before the middle Permian , although both Asia and North America had been united to Euramerica . The first discoveries from North America made in the Wellington Formation of Oklahoma were published in 2005 and 2008. The earliest members of modern beetle lineages appeared during the Late Permian . In the Permian–Triassic extinction event at the end of the Permian, most "protocoleopteran" lineages became extinct. Beetle diversity did not recover to pre-extinction levels until
737-489: A few individuals per survey. The current population of Cromwell chafers is estimated to be approximately 3000 individuals. Beetle See subgroups of the order Coleoptera Beetles are insects that form the order Coleoptera ( / k oʊ l iː ˈ ɒ p t ər ə / ), in the superorder Holometabola . Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra , distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 400,000 described species,
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#1732786964651804-441: A light-emitting organ for mating and communication purposes. Beetles typically have a particularly hard exoskeleton including the elytra , though some such as the rove beetles have very short elytra while blister beetles have softer elytra. The general anatomy of a beetle is quite uniform and typical of insects, although there are several examples of novelty, such as adaptations in water beetles which trap air bubbles under
871-421: A longer hind foot and tibia . The beetles live underground. They spend at least one year as larvae, living buried in the sand and feeding on plant roots. Adults emerge on humid nights on spring and summer for a few hours to feed on lichens and plants – mostly speedwell ( Veronica arvensis ), sheep's sorrel ( Rumex acetosella ), and cushion plant ( Raoulia australis ) – and to mate. Males emerge slightly earlier in
938-406: A mass of at least 115 g (4.1 oz) and a length of 11.5 cm (4.5 in). Adult male goliath beetles are the heaviest beetle in its adult stage, weighing 70–100 g (2.5–3.5 oz) and measuring up to 11 cm (4.3 in). Adult elephant beetles , Megasoma elephas and Megasoma actaeon often reach 50 g (1.8 oz) and 10 cm (3.9 in). The longest beetle
1005-461: A mobile tooth on their left mandible. The consistency of beetle morphology , in particular their possession of elytra , has long suggested that Coleoptera is monophyletic , though there have been doubts about the arrangement of the suborders , namely the Adephaga , Archostemata , Myxophaga and Polyphaga within that clade . The twisted-wing parasites, Strepsiptera , are thought to be
1072-490: A particularly hard exoskeleton and hard forewings ( elytra ) not usable for flying. Almost all beetles have mandibles that move in a horizontal plane. The mouthparts are rarely suctorial, though they are sometimes reduced; the maxillae always bear palps. The antennae usually have 11 or fewer segments, except in some groups like the Cerambycidae (longhorn beetles) and the Rhipiceridae (cicada parasite beetles). The coxae of
1139-649: A sister group to the beetles, having split from them in the Early Permian . Molecular phylogenetic analysis confirms that the Coleoptera are monophyletic. Duane McKenna et al. (2015) used eight nuclear genes for 367 species from 172 of 183 Coleopteran families. They split the Adephaga into 2 clades, Hydradephaga and Geadephaga, broke up the Cucujoidea into 3 clades, and placed the Lymexyloidea within
1206-1142: A stepping stone for diversification of nonphytophagous beetles" . Systematic Entomology . 40 (1): 35–60. doi : 10.1111/syen.12093 . ISSN 1365-3113 . S2CID 83304675 . ^ Short, Andrew Edward Z. (2018). "Systematics of aquatic beetles (Coleoptera): current state and future directions" . Systematic Entomology . 43 (1): 1–18. doi : 10.1111/syen.12270 . ISSN 1365-3113 . S2CID 90159079 . ^ Chamorro, Maria Lourdes; Medeiros, Bruno A. S. de; Farrell, Brian D. (2021). "First phylogenetic analysis of Dryophthorinae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) based on structural alignment of ribosomal DNA reveals Cenozoic diversification" . Ecology and Evolution . 11 (5): 1984–1998. doi : 10.1002/ece3.7131 . ISSN 2045-7758 . PMC 7920784 . PMID 33717436 . Lawrence, J.F., Newton, A.F. Jr. (1995) Families and subfamilies of Coleoptera (with selected genera, notes, references, and data on family-group names), pp. 779–1006. In: Pakaluk, J., Slipinski, S.A. (eds.), Biology, phylogeny, and classification of Coleoptera: Papers celebrating
1273-408: A string of beads , comb-like (either on one side or both, bipectinate), or toothed . The physical variation of antennae is important for the identification of many beetle groups. The Curculionidae have elbowed or geniculate antennae. Feather like flabellate antennae are a restricted form found in the Rhipiceridae and a few other families. The Silphidae have a capitate antennae with a spherical head at
1340-489: Is as agricultural, forestry, and horticultural pests . Serious pest species include the boll weevil of cotton, the Colorado potato beetle , the coconut hispine beetle , the mountain pine beetle , and many others. Most beetles, however, do not cause economic damage and some, such as numerous species of lady beetles , are beneficial by helping to control insect pests. The name of the taxonomic order, Coleoptera, comes from
1407-438: Is found, from trees and their bark to flowers, leaves, and underground near roots - even inside plants in galls, in every plant tissue, including dead or decaying ones. Tropical forest canopies have a large and diverse fauna of beetles, including Carabidae , Chrysomelidae , and Scarabaeidae . The heaviest beetle, indeed the heaviest insect stage, is the larva of the goliath beetle , Goliathus goliatus , which can attain
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#17327869646511474-548: Is the Hercules beetle Dynastes hercules , with a maximum overall length of at least 16.7 cm (6.6 in) including the very long pronotal horn. The smallest recorded beetle and the smallest free-living insect (as of 2015 ), is the featherwing beetle Scydosella musawasensis which may measure as little as 325 μm in length. The oldest known beetle is Coleopsis , from the earliest Permian ( Asselian ) of Germany, around 295 million years ago. Early beetles from
1541-404: Is the largest of all orders, constituting almost 40% of described insects and 25% of all known animal species; new species are discovered frequently, with estimates suggesting that there are between 0.9 and 2.1 million total species. However, the number of beetle species is challenged by the number of species in dipterans (flies) and hymenopterans (wasps). Found in almost every habitat except
1608-437: Is the largest suborder, containing more than 300,000 described species in more than 170 families, including rove beetles (Staphylinidae), scarab beetles ( Scarabaeidae ), blister beetles (Meloidae), stag beetles (Lucanidae) and true weevils ( Curculionidae ). These polyphagan beetle groups can be identified by the presence of cervical sclerites (hardened parts of the head used as points of attachment for muscles) absent in
1675-800: The Carabidae Family Haliplidae Aubé, 1836 (crawling water beetles) Family † Triaplidae Ponomarenko, 1977 Family † Colymbotethidae Ponomarenko, 1994 Family † Parahygrobiidae Ponomarenko, 1977 Family † Coptoclavidae Ponomarenko, 1961 Family † Liadytidae Ponomarenko, 1977 Family Meruidae Spangler and Steiner, 2005 Family Noteridae Thomson, 1860 (burrowing water beetles) Family Amphizoidae LeConte, 1853 Family Aspidytidae Ribera, Beutel, Balke and Vogler, 2002 Family Hygrobiidae Régimbart, 1879 (1837) Family Dytiscidae Leach, 1815 (predaceous diving beetles) [REDACTED] Dytiscus latissimus , in
1742-3729: The Dermestidae Family Endecatomidae LeConte, 1861 Family Bostrichidae Latreille, 1802 Family Ptinidae Latreille, 1802 Infraorder Cucujiformia Superfamily Lymexyloidea Fleming, 1821 Family Lymexylidae Fleming, 1821 Superfamily Cleroidea Latreille, 1802 Family Phloiophilidae Kiesenwetter, 1863 Family Trogossitidae Latreille, 1802 Family Chaetosomatidae Crowson, 1952 Family Metaxinidae Kolibáč, 2004 Family Thanerocleridae Chapin, 1924 Family Cleridae Latreille, 1802 (checkered beetles) Family Acanthocnemidae Crowson, 1964 Family Phycosecidae Crowson, 1952 Family Prionoceridae Lacordaire, 1857 Family Mauroniscidae Majer, 1995 Family Melyridae Leach, 1815 (soft-winged flower beetles) Superfamily Cucujoidea Latreille, 1802 Family † Parandrexidae Kirejtshuk, 1994 Family † Sinisilvanidae Hong, 2002 Family Boganiidae Sen Gupta and Crowson, 1966 Family Byturidae Gistel, 1848 Family Helotidae Chapuis, 1876 Family Protocucujidae Crowson, 1954 Family Sphindidae Jacquelin du Val, 1860 Family Biphyllidae LeConte, 1861 Family Erotylidae Latreille, 1802 Family Monotomidae Laporte, 1840 Family Hobartiidae Sen Gupta and Crowson, 1966 Family Cryptophagidae Kirby, 1826 Family Agapythidae Sen Gupta and Crowson, 1969 Family Priasilphidae Crowson, 1973 Family Phloeostichidae Reitter, 1911 Family Silvanidae Kirby, 1837 Family Cucujidae Latreille, 1802 Family Myraboliidae Lawrence and Britton, 1991 Family Cavognathidae Sen Gupta and Crowson, 1966 Family Lamingtoniidae Sen Gupta and Crowson, 1969 Family Passandridae Blanchard, 1845 Family Phalacridae Leach, 1815 Family Propalticidae Crowson, 1952 Family Laemophloeidae Ganglbauer, 1899 Family Tasmosalpingidae Lawrence and Britton, 1991 Family Cyclaxyridae Gimmel, Leschen and Ślipiński, 2009 Family Kateretidae Kirby, 1837 Family Nitidulidae Latreille, 1802 Family Smicripidae Horn, 1880 Family Bothrideridae Erichson, 1845 Family Cerylonidae Billberg, 1820 Family Alexiidae Imhoff, 1856 Family Discolomatidae Horn, 1878 Family Endomychidae Leach, 1815 Family Coccinellidae Latreille, 1807 (ladybirds or lady beetles) [REDACTED] Asian multicolored lady beetle , Harmonia axyridis Family Corylophidae LeConte, 1852 Family Akalyptoischiidae Lord, Hartley, Lawrence, McHugh, Whiting and Miller, 2010 Family Latridiidae Erichson, 1842 Superfamily Tenebrionoidea Latreille, 1802 [REDACTED] Tenebrionoidea - Tenebrio molitor Family Mycetophagidae Leach, 1815 Family Archeocrypticidae Kaszab, 1964 Family Pterogeniidae Crowson, 1953 Family Ciidae Leach, 1819 Family Tetratomidae Billberg, 1820 Family Melandryidae Leach, 1815 Family Mordellidae Latreille, 1802 (tumbling flower beetles) Family Ripiphoridae Laporte, 1840 Family Zopheridae Solier, 1834 Family Ulodidae Pascoe, 1869 Family Promecheilidae Lacordaire, 1859 Family Chalcodryidae Watt, 1974 Family Trachelostenidae Lacordaire, 1859 Family Tenebrionidae Latreille, 1802 (darkling beetles) [REDACTED] Heliotautus ruficollis ,
1809-1153: The Dytiscidae Suborder Polyphaga Infraorder Staphyliniformia Superfamily Histeroidea Gyllenhal, 1808 Family Histeridae Gyllenhal, 1808 Family Sphaeritidae Shuckard, 1839 Family Synteliidae Lewis, 1882 Superfamily Hydrophiloidea Latreille, 1802 Family Epimetopidae Zaitzev, 1908 Family Georissidae Laporte, 1840 Family Helophoridae Leach, 1815 Family Hydrochidae Thomson, 1859 Family Hydrophilidae Latreille, 1802 (water scavenger beetles) Family Spercheidae Erichson, 1837 Superfamily Staphylinoidea Latreille, 1802 Family Hydraenidae Mulsant, 1844 Family Ptiliidae Erichson, 1845 Family Agyrtidae Thomson, 1859 Family Leiodidae Fleming, 1821 Family Silphidae Latreille, 1806 Family Staphylinidae Latreille, 1802 (rove beetles) [REDACTED] Devil's coach horse beetle , Ocypus olens ,
1876-821: The Dytiscidae (diving beetles) , Haliplidae , and many species of Hydrophilidae , the legs, often the last pair, are modified for swimming, typically with rows of long hairs. Male diving beetles have suctorial cups on their forelegs that they use to grasp females. Other beetles have fossorial legs widened and often spined for digging. Species with such adaptations are found among the scarabs, ground beetles, and clown beetles ( Histeridae ). The hind legs of some beetles, such as flea beetles (within Chrysomelidae) and flea weevils (within Curculionidae), have enlarged femurs that help them leap. Subgroups of
1943-531: The Greek koleopteros (κολεόπτερος), given to the group by Aristotle for their elytra , hardened shield-like forewings, from koleos , sheath, and pteron , wing. The English name beetle comes from the Old English word bitela , little biter, related to bītan (to bite), leading to Middle English betylle . Another Old English name for beetle is ċeafor , chafer, used in names such as cockchafer , from
2010-686: The IUCN Red List . It currently has the Department of Conservation status Nationally Endangered. The main threats to the Cromwell chafer were formerly habitat destruction , but now are introduced predators. The beetle is preyed on by introduced hedgehogs , little owls , and possibly European earwigs . Recently, the species of most concern has been the introduced Australian redback spider , which became established in Central Otago in
2077-664: The Middle Triassic . During the Jurassic ( 210 to 145 mya ), there was a dramatic increase in the diversity of beetle families, including the development and growth of carnivorous and herbivorous species. The Chrysomeloidea diversified around the same time, feeding on a wide array of plant hosts from cycads and conifers to angiosperms . Close to the Upper Jurassic, the Cupedidae decreased, but
Cromwell chafer beetle - Misplaced Pages Continue
2144-431: The sacred scarabs of ancient Egypt to beetlewing art and use as pets or fighting insects for entertainment and gambling. Many beetle groups are brightly and attractively colored making them objects of collection and decorative displays. Over 300 species are used as food , mostly as larvae ; species widely consumed include mealworms and rhinoceros beetle larvae. However, the major impact of beetles on human life
2211-415: The telephone-pole beetle . The Archostemata have an exposed plate called the metatrochantin in front of the basal segment or coxa of the hind leg. Myxophaga contains about 65 described species in four families, mostly very small, including Hydroscaphidae and the genus Sphaerius . The myxophagan beetles are small and mostly alga-feeders. Their mouthparts are characteristic in lacking galeae and having
2278-473: The 1980s. Redback spiders shelter in rabbit holes in the reserve, and may kill hundreds of chafer beetles a year. The Department of Conservation are controlling rabbits and destroying rabbit burrows in the reserve. There is an annual survey of Cromwell chafer numbers – on "Cromwell chafer beetle day" – by DOC and Agresearch , conducted by taking 670 core samples of sand in the reserve and checking them for beetle larvae. Numbers found are usually very low, just
2345-8338: The 80th birthday of Roy A. Crowson . Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, Warszawa. Ross H. Arnett, Jr. and Michael C. Thomas , American Beetles ( CRC Press , 2001–2002) v t e Extant Coleoptera families Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Subclass: Pterygota Infraclass: Neoptera Superorder: Holometabola Suborder Archostemata Crowsoniellidae ( Crowsoniella relicta ) Cupedidae (reticulated beetles) Jurodidae ( Sikhotealinia zhiltzovae ) Micromalthidae Ommatidae Suborder Adephaga Extant families Amphizoidae (trout-stream beetles) Aspidytidae Carabidae (ground beetles) Cicindelidae (tiger beetles) Dytiscidae (predaceous diving beetles) Gyrinidae (whirligig beetles) Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Hygrobiidae Meruidae ( Meru phyllisae ) Noteridae (burrowing water beetles) Trachypachidae (false ground beetles) Suborder Myxophaga Hydroscaphidae (skiff beetles) Lepiceridae Sphaeriusidae Torridincolidae Suborder Polyphaga Bostrichiformia Bostrichoidea Bostrichidae (auger beetles) Dermestidae (skin beetles) Endecatomidae Jacobsoniidae (Jacobson's beetles) Nosodendridae (wounded-tree beetles) Ptiniidae (furniture beetles, death watch beetles, spider beetles) Derodontoidea Derodontidae (tooth-necked fungus beetles) Cucujiformia Chrysomeloidea Cerambycidae (longhorn beetles) Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles) Disteniidae Megalopodidae Orsodacnidae Oxypeltidae Vesperidae Cleroidea Acanthocnemidae ( Acanthocnemus nigricans ) Biphyllidae (false skin beetles) Byturidae (fruitworm beetles) Chaetosomatidae Cleridae (checkered beetles) Lophocateridae Mauroniscidae Melyridae (soft-wing flower beetles) Metaxinidae ( Metaxina ornata ) Peltidae Phloiophilidae ( Phloiophilus edwardsi ) Phycosecidae Prionoceridae Protopeltidae Rentoniidae Rhadalidae Thanerocleridae Thymalidae Trogossitidae (bark-gnawing beetles) Coccinelloidea Akalyptoischiidae Alexiidae Anamorphidae Bothrideridae (dry bark beetles) Cerylonidae (minute bark beetles) Coccinellidae (lady beetles, or God's cows) Corylophidae (minute fungus beetles) Discolomatidae Endomychidae (handsome fungus beetles) Eupsilobiidae Euxestidae (well polished beetles) Latridiidae (minute brown scavenger beetles) Murmidiidae Mycetaeidae Teredidae Cucujoidea Agapythidae ( Agapytho foveicollis ) Boganiidae Cavognathidae Cryptophagidae (silken fungus beetles) Cucujidae (flat bark beetles) Cybocephalidae Cyclaxyridae Erotylidae (pleasing fungus beetles) Helotidae Hobartiidae Kateretidae (short-winged flower beetles) Laemophloeidae (lined flat bark beetles) Lamingtoniidae ( Lamingtonium binnaberrense ) Monotomidae (root-eating beetles) Myraboliidae Nitidulidae (sap beetles) Passandridae (parasitic flat bark beetles) Phalacridae (shining flower beetles) Phloeostichidae Priasilphidae Propalticidae Protocucujidae Silvanidae (silvanid flat bark beetles) Smicripidae (palmetto beetles) Sphindidae (dry-fungus beetles) Tasmosalpingidae Curculionoidea (weevils) Anthribidae (fungus weevils) Attelabidae (leaf-rolling weevils) Belidae (primitive weevils) Brentidae (straight snout weevils, New York weevil) Caridae Curculionidae (true weevils, bark beetles, ambrosia beetles) Nemonychidae (pine flower weevils) Lymexyloidea Lymexylidae (ship-timber beetles) Tenebrionoidea Aderidae (ant-like leaf beetles) Anthicidae (ant-like flower beetles) Archeocrypticidae (cryptic fungus beetles) Boridae (conifer bark beetles) Chalcodryidae Ciidae (minute tree-fungus beetles) Melandryidae (false darkling beetles) Meloidae (blister beetles) Mordellidae (tumbling flower beetles) Mycetophagidae (hairy fungus beetles) Mycteridae (palm and flower beetles) Oedemeridae (false blister beetle) Perimylopidae, or Promecheilidae Prostomidae (jugular-horned beetles) Pterogeniidae Pyrochroidae (fire-coloured beetles) Pythidae (dead log bark beetles) Ripiphoridae (wedge-shaped beetles) Salpingidae (narrow-waisted bark beetles) Scraptiidae (false flower beetles) Stenotrachelidae (false longhorn beetles) Synchroidae (synchroa bark beetles) Tenebrionidae (darkling beetles) Tetratomidae (polypore fungus beetles) Trictenotomidae Ulodidae Zopheridae (ironclad beetles, cylindrical bark beetles) Elateriformia Buprestoidea Buprestidae (jewel beetles, or metallic wood-boring beetles) Schizopodidae Byrrhoidea Byrrhidae (pill beetles) Callirhipidae (cedar beetles) Chelonariidae (turtle beetles) Cneoglossidae Dryopidae (long-toed water beetles) Elmidae (riffle beetles) Eulichadidae (forest stream beetles) Heteroceridae (variegated mud-loving beetles) Limnichidae (minute mud beetles) Lutrochidae (travertine beetles) Psephenidae (water-penny beetles) Ptilodactylidae Dascilloidea Dascillidae (soft bodied plant beetles) Rhipiceridae (cicada beetle, cicada parasite beetles) Elateroidea Artematopodidae (soft-bodied plant beetles) Brachypsectridae (Texas beetles) Cantharidae (soldier beetles) Cerophytidae (rare click beetles) Elateridae (click beetles) Eucnemidae (false click beetles) Jurasaidae Lampyridae (fireflies) Lycidae (net-winged beetles) Omethidae (false fireflies, long-lipped beetles) Phengodidae (glowworm beetles) Rhagophthalmidae Sinopyrophoridae Throscidae (false metallic wood-boring beetles) Rhinorhipoidea Rhinorhipidae ( Rhinorhipus tamborinensis ) Scirtoidea Clambidae Decliniidae ( Declinia relicta ) Eucinetidae (plate-thigh beetles) Scirtidae Scarabaeiformia Scarabaeoidea Belohinidae ( Belohina inexpectata ) Bolboceratidae Diphyllostomatidae (false stag beetles) Geotrupidae (dor beetles) Glaphyridae (bumble bee scarab beetles) Glaresidae (enigmatic scarab beetles) Hybosoridae (scavenger scarab beetles) Lucanidae (stag beetles) Ochodaeidae (sand-loving scarab beetles) Passalidae (betsy beetles) Pleocomidae (rain beetles) Scarabaeidae (scarabs) Trogidae (hide beetles) Staphyliniformia Histeroidea Histeridae (clown beetles) Sphaeritidae (false clown beetles) Synteliidae Hydrophiloidea Epimetopidae Georissidae (minute mud-loving beetles) Helophoridae Hydrochidae Hydrophilidae (water scavenger beetles) Spercheidae Staphylinoidea Agyrtidae (primitive carrion beetles) Hydraenidae Leiodidae (round fungus beetles) Ptiliidae (feather-winged beetles) Silphidae (carrion beetles) Staphylinidae (rove beetles) List of subgroups of
2412-707: The Cretaceous. The first scarab beetles were not coprophagous but presumably fed on rotting wood with the help of fungus; they are an early example of a mutualistic relationship. There are more than 150 important fossil sites from the Jurassic, the majority in Eastern Europe and North Asia. Outstanding sites include Solnhofen in Upper Bavaria , Germany, Karatau in South Kazakhstan ,
2479-572: The Permian, which are collectively grouped into the " Protocoleoptera " are thought to have been xylophagous (wood eating) and wood boring . Fossils from this time have been found in Siberia and Europe, for instance in the red slate fossil beds of Niedermoschel near Mainz, Germany. Further fossils have been found in Obora, Czech Republic and Tshekarda in the Ural mountains, Russia. However, there are only
2546-483: The Proto-Germanic * kebrô ("beetle"; compare German Käfer , Dutch kever , Afrikaans kewer ). Beetles are by far the largest order of insects: the roughly 400,000 species make up about 40% of all insect species so far described, and about 25% of all animal species. A 2015 study provided four independent estimates of the total number of beetle species, giving a mean estimate of some 1.5 million with
2613-662: The Quaternary caused beetles to change their geographic distributions so much that current location gives little clue to the biogeographical history of a species. It is evident that geographic isolation of populations must often have been broken as insects moved under the influence of changing climate, causing mixing of gene pools, rapid evolution, and extinctions, especially in middle latitudes. The very large number of beetle species poses special problems for classification . Some families contain tens of thousands of species, and need to be divided into subfamilies and tribes. Polyphaga
2680-2009: The Tenebrionoidea. The Polyphaga appear to date from the Triassic. Most extant beetle families appear to have arisen in the Cretaceous. The cladogram is based on McKenna (2015). The number of species in each group (mainly superfamilies) is shown in parentheses, and boldface if over 10,000. English common names are given where possible. Dates of origin of major groups are shown in italics in millions of years ago (mya). Archostemata 160 mya (40) [REDACTED] Myxophaga 220 mya (94) [REDACTED] Hydradephaga (5,560) e.g. Dytiscidae (diving beetles) [REDACTED] Geadephaga ( 35,000 ) e.g. Carabidae (ground beetles) [REDACTED] Scirtoidea (800) + Derodontoidea (29) 200 mya [REDACTED] Staphylinidae 195 mya ( 48,000 , rove beetles) [REDACTED] Scarabaeoidea 145 mya ( 35,000 , scarabs, stag beetles, etc.) [REDACTED] Hydrophiloidea (2,800, water scavenger beetles) [REDACTED] Histeroidea (3,800, clown beetles) [REDACTED] Nosodendridae (70) Dascilloidea (180) [REDACTED] Buprestoidea ( 14,000 , jewel beetles) [REDACTED] Byrrhoidea (400, pill and turtle beetles, etc.) [REDACTED] Elateroidea ( 23,000 , click and soldier beetles, fireflies) [REDACTED] Bostrichoidea (3150, deathwatch, powderpost and skin beetles) [REDACTED] Coccinelloidea (6,000, ladybirds or lady beetles) [REDACTED] Tenebrionoidea 180 mya ( 35,000 , leaf/flower beetles, etc.) and Lymexyloidea [REDACTED] Cleroidea (9,900, checkered beetles and allies) [REDACTED] Cucujoidea (8,000) [REDACTED] Chrysomelidae ( 35,000 , leaf beetles) [REDACTED] Cerambycidae ( 25,000 , longhorn beetles) [REDACTED] Curculionoidea ( 97,000 , weevils) [REDACTED] Beetles are generally characterized by
2747-763: The Upper Cretaceous include Kzyl-Dzhar in South Kazakhstan and Arkagala in Russia. Beetle fossils are abundant in the Cenozoic; by the Quaternary (up to 1.6 mya), fossil species are identical to living ones, while from the Late Miocene (5.7 mya) the fossils are still so close to modern forms that they are most likely the ancestors of living species. The large oscillations in climate during
Cromwell chafer beetle - Misplaced Pages Continue
2814-797: The Yixian formation in Liaoning , North China, as well as the Jiulongshan formation and further fossil sites in Mongolia . In North America there are only a few sites with fossil records of insects from the Jurassic, namely the shell limestone deposits in the Hartford basin, the Deerfield basin and the Newark basin. The Cretaceous saw the fragmenting of the southern landmass, with the opening of
2881-456: The aquatic whirligig beetles ( Gyrinidae ), where they are split to allow a view both above and below the waterline. A few Longhorn beetles ( Cerambycidae ) and weevils as well as some fireflies ( Rhagophthalmidae ) have divided eyes, while many have eyes that are notched, and a few have ocelli , small, simple eyes usually farther back on the head (on the vertex ); these are more common in larvae than in adults. The anatomical organization of
2948-447: The back part of the thorax is concealed by the beetle's wings . This further segmentation is usually best seen on the abdomen. The multisegmented legs end in two to five small segments called tarsi. Like many other insect orders, beetles have claws, usually one pair, on the end of the last tarsal segment of each leg. While most beetles use their legs for walking, legs have been variously adapted for other uses. Aquatic beetles including
3015-631: The bark of trees together with the jewel beetles (Buprestidae). The diversity of jewel beetles increased rapidly, as they were the primary consumers of wood, while longhorn beetles ( Cerambycidae ) were rather rare: their diversity increased only towards the end of the Upper Cretaceous. The first coprophagous beetles are from the Upper Cretaceous and may have lived on the excrement of herbivorous dinosaurs. The first species where both larvae and adults are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle are found. Whirligig beetles (Gyrinidae) were moderately diverse, although other early beetles (e.g. Dytiscidae) were less, with
3082-402: The beetle suggest they are only using 12% of the habitat available in the reserve. The river terrace the beetle occupies is also the location of the town of Cromwell . Some of the beetles were found north of the town in 1968, next to a nine-hole golf course, but that population was destroyed when the course was expanded to 18 holes. A block of undeveloped habitat surrounded by streets existed in
3149-433: The body whilst submerged. Equally, some families use antennae during mating, and a few species use them for defense. In the cerambycid Onychocerus albitarsis , the antennae have venom injecting structures used in defense, which is unique among arthropods . Antennae vary greatly in form, sometimes between the sexes, but are often similar within any given family. Antennae may be clubbed , threadlike , angled , shaped like
3216-555: The compound eyes may be modified and depends on whether a species is primarily crepuscular, or diurnally or nocturnally active. Ocelli are found in the adult carpet beetle (as a single central ocellus in Dermestidae ), some rove beetles ( Omaliinae ), and the Derodontidae . Beetle antennae are primarily organs of sensory perception and can detect motion, odor and chemical substances, but may also be used to physically feel
3283-651: The diversity of the early plant-eating species increased. Most recent plant-eating beetles feed on flowering plants or angiosperms, whose success contributed to a doubling of plant-eating species during the Middle Jurassic . However, the increase of the number of beetle families during the Cretaceous does not correlate with the increase of the number of angiosperm species. Around the same time, numerous primitive weevils (e.g. Curculionoidea ) and click beetles (e.g. Elateroidea ) appeared. The first jewel beetles (e.g. Buprestidae ) are present, but they remained rare until
3350-715: The elytra for use while diving. Beetles are holometabolans , which means that they undergo complete metamorphosis , with a series of conspicuous and relatively abrupt changes in body structure between hatching and becoming adult after a relatively immobile pupal stage. Some, such as stag beetles , have a marked sexual dimorphism , the males possessing enormously enlarged mandibles which they use to fight other males. Many beetles are aposematic , with bright colors and patterns warning of their toxicity, while others are harmless Batesian mimics of such insects. Many beetles, including those that live in sandy places, have effective camouflage . Beetles are prominent in human culture , from
3417-590: The evolutionary biologist J. B. S. Haldane to quip, when some theologians asked him what could be inferred about the mind of the Christian God from the works of His Creation, "An inordinate fondness for beetles". However, the ranking of beetles as most diverse has been challenged. Multiple studies posit that Diptera (flies) and/or Hymenoptera (sawflies, wasps, ants and bees) may have more species. Beetles are found in nearly all habitats, including freshwater and coastal habitats, wherever vegetative foliage
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#17327869646513484-440: The first part is called the scape and the second part is the pedicel. The other segments are jointly called the flagellum. Beetles have mouthparts like those of grasshoppers . The mandibles appear as large pincers on the front of some beetles. The mandibles are a pair of hard, often tooth-like structures that move horizontally to grasp, crush, or cut food or enemies (see defence , below). Two pairs of finger-like appendages,
3551-431: The legs are usually located recessed within a coxal cavity. The genitalic structures are telescoped into the last abdominal segment in all extant beetles. Beetle larvae can often be confused with those of other holometabolan groups. The beetle's exoskeleton is made up of numerous plates, called sclerites , separated by thin sutures. This design provides armored defenses while maintaining flexibility. The general anatomy of
3618-407: The legs, the mouthparts, and the ventral plates (sterna, pleura, coxae). In many species accurate identification can only be made by examination of the unique male genitalic structures. The head, having mouthparts projecting forward or sometimes downturned, is usually heavily sclerotized and is sometimes very large. The eyes are compound and may display remarkable adaptability, as in the case of
3685-489: The maxillary and labial palpi, are found around the mouth in most beetles, serving to move food into the mouth. In many species, the mandibles are sexually dimorphic, with those of the males enlarged enormously compared with those of females of the same species. The thorax is segmented into the two discernible parts, the pro- and pterothorax. The pterothorax is the fused meso- and metathorax, which are commonly separated in other insect species, although flexibly articulate from
3752-489: The most widespread being the species of Coptoclavidae , which preyed on aquatic fly larvae. A 2020 review of the palaeoecological interpretations of fossil beetles from Cretaceous ambers has suggested that saproxylicity was the most common feeding strategy, with fungivorous species in particular appearing to dominate. Many fossil sites worldwide contain beetles from the Cretaceous. Most are in Europe and Asia and belong to
3819-2746: The order Coleoptera (Redirected from Subgroups of the order Coleoptera ) This article classifies the subgroups of the order Coleoptera ( beetles ) down to the level of families , following the system in "Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)", Bouchard, et al. (2011), with corrections and additions from 2020, with common names from bugguide.net. Order Coleoptera Suborder † Protocoleoptera Superfamily † Tshekardocoleoidea Rohdendorf, 1944 Family † Tshekardocoleidae Rohdendorf, 1944 Family † Labradorocoleidae Ponomarenko, 1969 Family † Oborocoleidae Kukalová, 1969 Superfamily † Permocupedoidea Martynov, 1933 Family † Permocupedidae Martynov, 1933 Family † Taldycupedidae Rohdendorf, 1961 Superfamily † Permosynoidea Tillyard, 1924 Family † Ademosynidae Ponomarenko, 1968 Family † Permosynidae Tillyard, 1924 Suborder Archostemata Superfamily Cupedoidea Laporte, 1836 Family Crowsoniellidae Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1983 Family Cupedidae Laporte, 1836 Family Micromalthidae Barber, 1913 [REDACTED] Micromalthus debilis Family Ommatidae Sharp and Muir, 1912 Family Jurodidae Ponomarenko, 1985 Family † Triadocupedidae Ponomarenko, 1966 Family † Magnocoleidae Hong, 1998 Family † Obrieniidae Zherikhin and Gratshev, 1994 Superfamily † Asiocoleoidea Rohdendorf, 1961 Family † Asiocoleidae Rohdendorf, 1961 Family † Tricoleidae Ponomarenko, 1969 Superfamily † Rhombocoleoidea Rohdendorf, 1961 Family † Rhombocoleidae Rohdendorf, 1961 Superfamily † Schizocoleoidea Rohdendorf, 1961 (formerly Schizophoroidea Ponomarenko, 1968 ) Family † Phoroschizidae Bouchard and Bousquet, 2020 (formerly Schizophoridae Ponomarenko, 1968 ) Family † Catiniidae Ponomarenko, 1968 Family † Schizocoleidae Rohdendorf, 1961 Suborder Myxophaga Superfamily Lepiceroidea Hinton, 1936 (1882) Family Lepiceridae Hinton, 1936 (1882) Superfamily Sphaeriusoidea Erichson, 1845 Family Torridincolidae Steffan, 1964 Family Hydroscaphidae LeConte, 1874 Family Sphaeriusidae Erichson, 1845 Suborder Adephaga Family † Tritarsusidae Hong, 2002 (formerly Tritarsidae Hong, 2002 ) Family Gyrinidae Latreille, 1810 (whirligig beetles) Family Trachypachidae Thomson, 1857 (false ground beetles) Family Rhysodidae Laporte, 1840 Family Carabidae Latreille, 1802 (ground beetles) [REDACTED] Harpalus , in
3886-490: The other suborders. Adephaga contains about 10 families of largely predatory beetles, includes ground beetles (Carabidae), water beetles ( Dytiscidae ) and whirligig beetles (Gyrinidae). In these insects, the testes are tubular and the first abdominal sternum (a plate of the exoskeleton ) is divided by the hind coxae (the basal joints of the beetle's legs). Archostemata contains four families of mainly wood-eating beetles, including reticulated beetles (Cupedidae) and
3953-410: The prothorax. When viewed from below, the thorax is that part from which all three pairs of legs and both pairs of wings arise. The abdomen is everything posterior to the thorax. When viewed from above, most beetles appear to have three clear sections, but this is deceptive: on the beetle's upper surface, the middle section is a hard plate called the pronotum , which is only the front part of the thorax;
4020-472: The sand-hills of the Molyneaux River." Although its species epithet was lewisii , the modernised genitive of Lewis, both lewisii and lewisi are used in the scientific literature; lewisii is slightly more common. This large beetle has pale reddish-brown elytra which are strongly convex and with deep groves passing along their length. Females are longer and wider than males, but males have
4087-510: The sea and the polar regions , they interact with their ecosystems in several ways: beetles often feed on plants and fungi , break down animal and plant debris, and eat other invertebrates . Some species are serious agricultural pests, such as the Colorado potato beetle , while others such as Coccinellidae (ladybirds or ladybugs) eat aphids , scale insects , thrips , and other plant-sucking insects that damage crops. Some others also have unusual characteristics, such as fireflies , which use
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#17327869646514154-664: The southern Atlantic Ocean and the isolation of New Zealand, while South America, Antarctica, and Australia grew more distant. The diversity of Cupedidae and Archostemata decreased considerably. Predatory ground beetles (Carabidae) and rove beetles (Staphylinidae) began to distribute into different patterns; the Carabidae predominantly occurred in the warm regions, while the Staphylinidae and click beetles (Elateridae) preferred temperate climates. Likewise, predatory species of Cleroidea and Cucujoidea hunted their prey under
4221-702: The temperate climate zone during the Cretaceous. Lower Cretaceous sites include the Crato fossil beds in the Araripe basin in the Ceará , North Brazil, as well as overlying Santana formation; the latter was near the equator at that time. In Spain, important sites are near Montsec and Las Hoyas . In Australia, the Koonwarra fossil beds of the Korumburra group, South Gippsland , Victoria, are noteworthy. Major sites from
4288-485: The tip. The Scarabaeidae typically have lamellate antennae with the terminal segments extended into long flat structures stacked together. The Carabidae typically have thread-like antennae. The antennae arises between the eye and the mandibles and in the Tenebrionidae, the antennae rise in front of a notch that breaks the usually circular outline of the compound eye. They are segmented and usually consist of 11 parts,
4355-457: The town of Cromwell itself by the 1970s; two residents used pitfall traps to catch and relocate the beetles from this block over 1975–76, before it was levelled for housing. Much of the rest of the beetle's original 500-hectare range was destroyed by the construction of the Clyde Dam in 1979 and the subsequent formation of Lake Dunstan . The remaining surviving population of the Cromwell chafer
4422-565: The year than females, on average. The habitat of this beetle is an area of low sand dunes on the Cromwell river terrace, known as the “Cromwell shallow sand”. The dunes are formed by loess originally deposited by the Clutha River . As P. lewisii seems to be adapted to burrowing in these inland dunes, its entire natural range was probably never more than 500 hectares. The species is currently restricted to an 81 hectare nature reserve, between Bannockburn and Cromwell . Regular surveys of
4489-514: Was a 95 hectare triangular area of undeveloped land immediately south-west of Cromwell. In 1979, an 81 ha area was fenced off to protect the population, and in 1983 it was gazetted as the Cromwell Chafer Beetle Nature Reserve: at the time, the only reserve in the world created solely for an invertebrate. In 1996, after years of being classed as Vulnerable, the Cromwell chafer was declared Critically Endangered on
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