Misplaced Pages

#84915

105-490: Cross County is a rural Northeast Arkansas county in the Arkansas Delta . Created as Arkansas's 53rd county on November 15, 1862, Cross County contains four incorporated municipalities , including Wynne , the county seat and most populous city. It is named for Confederate Colonel David C. Cross, a political leader in the area. The county is largely flat and fertile, mostly used for row agriculture typical of

210-702: A National Historic Landmark and interpreted via the Parkin Archeological State Park . Also in Parkin, the Northern Ohio School is a one-room school built by a lumber company to educate the children of African-American employees in the first half of the 20th century. Wynne was the primary beneficiary of transportation improvements following the Reconstruction era , becoming a commercial hub for Cross County. Many of

315-693: A balance of roughly equal parts sand and silt (with a typical grain size from 20 to 50 micrometers), often loosely cemented by calcium carbonate . Usually, they are homogeneous and highly porous and have vertical capillaries that permit the sediment to fracture and form vertical bluffs . Loesses are homogeneous ; porous ; friable ; pale yellow or buff ; slightly coherent ; typically, non- stratified ; and often calcareous . Loess grains are angular , with little polishing or rounding, and composed of quartz , feldspar , mica , or other mineral crystals. Loesses have been described as rich, dust-like soil. Loess deposits may become very thick: at more than

420-507: A county vary from nine to fifteen, and district boundaries are drawn by the county election commission. The Cross County Quorum Court has nine members. Presiding over quorum court meetings is the county judge , who serves as the chief executive officer of the county. The county judge is elected at-large and does not vote in quorum court business, although capable of vetoing quorum court decisions. Politically, Cross County has transitioned from reliably Democratic to steadily Republican since

525-577: A distinct history and culture from adjacent regions. Bisecting the county from north to south is Crowley's Ridge , a geologic anomaly rising from the Delta composed of loess soil and generally remains covered in oak-hickory forest . Today, the majority (68 percent) of the county is used for row agriculture. Roughly the western third of the county is within the Western Lowlands Pleistocene Valley Train subregion of

630-582: A frontier town, also located on the Black River. The primary population center of the region is the Jonesboro metropolitan area , with Jonesboro serving as the principal city. Southeast Arkansas is generally characterized as the area east of Little Rock and south of Interstate 40. The land is adjacent to the Mississippi River and generally flat, fertile, swampy lands sometimes called

735-426: A high cation exchange capacity (the ability of the soil to retain nutrients) and porosity (the air-filled space in the soil). The fertility of loess is not due to organic matter content, which tends to be rather low, unlike tropical soils which derive their fertility almost wholly from organic matter. Even well managed loess farmland can experience dramatic erosion of well over 2.5 kg/m per year. In China,

840-506: A high school degree or higher and 14.4% hold a bachelor's degree or higher, compared to Arkansas statewide averages of 86.6% and 23.0%. Cross County is significantly below national averages of 88.0% and 32.1%, respectively. Two public school districts are based in Cross County: Wynne School District and Cross County School District . Almost the entire county is served by one of these districts, except for

945-573: A hundred meters in areas of Northwestern China and tens of meters in parts of the Midwestern United States. Loesses generally occur as blanket deposits that cover hundreds of square kilometers. The deposits are often tens of meters thick. Loesses often have steep or vertical faces. Because the grains are angular, loesses will often stand in banks for many years without slumping . This type of soil has "vertical cleavage", and thus, it can be easily excavated to form cave dwellings, which

1050-429: A persistent grassland biome . When the valuable A-horizon topsoil is eroded or degraded, the underlying loess soil is infertile, and requires the addition of fertilizer in order to support agriculture . The loess along the Mississippi River near Vicksburg, Mississippi , consists of three layers. The Peoria Loess , Sicily Island Loess , and Crowley's Ridge Loess accumulated at different periods of time during

1155-672: A public community college in West Memphis . The East Central Arkansas Regional Library is headquartered at the Cross County Library, 410 Merriman Avenue East in downtown Wynne. The Cross County Library has a branch library at 122 Wilson Street in Parkin. The Cross County Hospital was established in 1952 in Wynne, and operated as a county hospital until a lease agreement with Jonesboro-based St. Bernards Healthcare started in 1999. Now known as CrossRidge Community Hospital ,

SECTION 10

#1732783396085

1260-470: A small area in the northeast corner served by Earle School District . The two Cross County districts also serve small areas in adjoining counties. Successful completion of the curriculum of these schools leads to graduation from Wynne Senior High School and Cross County High School respectively. Both high schools are accredited by the Arkansas Department of Education (ADE). Cross County HS

1365-556: Is characterized as arid-semiarid climate, and the southwest as a Gulf -influenced humid-subhumid climate. The area that receives the most rain in the state is the area south of the Ouachita Mountains , which form an orographic effect (commonly known as rain shadow ) when storms move north from the Gulf. The Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ) describes Arkansas's water resources by using six ecoregions. Of

1470-562: Is Village Creek State Park on Crowley's Ridge near Wynne. The park is known as a large section of preserved forest in its natural state within the Delta, a 27-hole golf course, catfish and bass fishing in the two lakes, horseback riding trails, and a hiking trail along the former Memphis to Little Rock Military Road . The Parkin Archeological State Park in Parkin preserves a prehistoric Native American mound building settlement . The Brushy Creek Wildlife Management Area

1575-622: Is a popular method of making human habitations in some parts of China. However, loesses can readily erode. In several areas of the world, loess ridges have formed that had been aligned with the prevailing winds during the last glacial maximum . These are called " paha ridges" in America and "greda ridges" in Europe. The formation of these loess dunes has been explained as a combination of wind and tundra conditions. The word loess , with connotations of origin by wind-deposited accumulation,

1680-533: Is a series of loess hills more closely associated with the Appalachian Mountains of Tennessee and Kentucky than the Delta country surrounding it. Composed of sandy loess stacked on gravel deposits later eroded by streams into ravines, Crowley's Ridge rises from the flat Delta by up to 500 feet (150 m). Crowley's Ridge remains largely wooded with oak-hickory forest or beech–maple forest , with little land in cultivation. Forests are related to

1785-543: Is a small property reforested in bottomland hardwood forest by the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission near Hickory Ridge. The Arkansas Natural Heritage Commission maintains the Wittsburg Natural Area as natural Crowley's Ridge habitat, but there is no legal public access to the area. As of the 2020 United States Census , there were 16,833 people, 6,653 households, and 4,652 families residing in

1890-567: Is alive today at museums like the Southern Tenant Farmers Union Museum in Tyronza . The rivers served as highways for commerce and communication in the early days, and steamboat towns of days past have been restored for visitors to enjoy, including Jacksonport State Park and Powhatan Historic State Park along the Black River. Davidsonville Historic State Park preserves one of the state's first settlements as

1995-466: Is also found in Australia and Africa. Loess tends to develop into very rich soils. Under appropriate climatic conditions, it is some of the most agriculturally productive terrain in the world. Soils underlain by loess tend to be excessively drained. The fine grains weather rapidly due to their large surface area, making soils derived from loess rich. The fertility of loess soils is due largely to

2100-490: Is also known as brickearth . Non-glacial loess can originate from deserts , dune fields , playa lakes , and volcanic ash . Some types of nonglacial loess are: The thick Chinese loess deposits are non-glacial loess having been blown in from deserts in northern China. The loess covering the Great Plains of Nebraska , Kansas , and Colorado is considered to be non-glacial desert loess. Non-glacial desert loess

2205-553: Is also served by one public owned/public use general aviation airport, Wynne Municipal Airport , and seven community water systems provide potable water to customers in the county. Cross County was formed in November 1862 by the Arkansas State Legislature from portions of St. Francis , Crittenden , and Poinsett Counties. The first county seat was Whittsburg, located due east of modern Wynne. In 1882,

SECTION 20

#1732783396085

2310-763: Is anchored by the Fayetteville–Springdale–Rogers Metropolitan Area and Fort Smith metropolitan area , with sparsely populated mountainous areas defining the remainder of the region. The Ozark culture, such as Ozark Folk Festival held annually in Mountain View , defines much of the rural parts of northwest Arkansas. The Ozark Folk Center in Mountain View is dedicated to preserving northwest Arkansas's folk heritage. Other cultural centers are Bentonville , home to Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art , and Fayetteville , home to

2415-481: Is covered by mountains, river valleys, forests, lakes, and bayous in addition to the cities of Arkansas . Hot Springs National Park features bubbling springs of hot water, formerly sought across the country for their healing properties. Crowley's Ridge is a geological anomaly rising above the surrounding lowlands of the Mississippi embayment . The Buffalo National River , as it flows through The Ozarks to

2520-601: Is home to two radio stations: KWYN (92.5 FM) and sister station, KWYN (1400 AM). The county government is a constitutional body granted specific powers by the Constitution of Arkansas and the Arkansas Code . The quorum court is the legislative branch of the county government and controls all spending and revenue collection. Representatives are called justices of the peace and are elected from county districts every even-numbered year. The number of districts in

2625-730: Is largely covered in a thick pine , hickory , and oak forest known as the Piney Woods , with much of the land being preserved in the Ouachita National Forest . Manmade lakes dot the region, including Lake Ouachita , Lake Hamilton , Millwood Lake , and DeGray Lake . Population centers include Hot Springs , a popular tourist destination known for the natural hot springs protected within Hot Springs National Park , Oaklawn Park racing resort, and historic buildings; and Texarkana , which straddles

2730-580: Is mainly deposited in plateau-like situations in the Danube basins , likely derived from the Danube River system. In south-western Europe, relocated loess derivatives are mostly restricted to the Ebro Valley and central Spain. The Loess Hills of Iowa owe their fertility to the prairie topsoils built by 10,000 years of post-glacial accumulation of organic-rich humus as a consequence of

2835-539: Is mostly served by two school districts: Cross County School District and Wynne Public Schools . Higher education is provided at the Wynne campus of East Arkansas Community College , a public community college . Crossridge Community Hospital in Wynne is a community hospital providing primary care in the county. Although no Interstate highways serve Cross County, the county has access to two United States highways ( US Highway 49 [US 49] and US 64 ) and thirteen Arkansas state highways . Cross County

2940-734: Is part of the New Tech Network . Cross County contains one institution of higher education , the Wynne Campus of the East Arkansas Community College , a public community college based in Forrest City . The Arkansas State University System offers two institutions in the region: Arkansas State University , a public four-year university in Jonesboro, and Arkansas State University Mid-South ,

3045-561: Is the Arkansas River Valley including the tri-peaks tourist region of Mount Nebo , Mount Magazine, Petit Jean Mountain , and Lake Dardanelle . Federal and state protected areas such as the Buffalo National River , Buffalo National River Wilderness , Bull Shoals–White River State Park , and Hobbs State Park – Conservation Area preserve the northwest Arkansas Ozarks in their natural state. Population

3150-943: Is the largest by customer count (9276), though it extends into portions of five other counties. Wynne Water Utilities is largest by customers in Cross County (8837), followed by the Vanndale-Birdeye Water Association (2389). Cherry Valley Waterworks, Hickory Ridge Waterworks, Parkin Rural Water Association, and Parkin Water Company are all smaller water systems with under 1000 customers. All use groundwater from various aquifers as source water. 35°17′30″N 90°46′24″W  /  35.29167°N 90.77333°W  / 35.29167; -90.77333 Northeast Arkansas The geography of Arkansas varies widely. The state

3255-505: Is the only National Military Park, and Arkansas Post National Memorial is the only National Memorial in the state. The Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism maintains 52 state parks in Arkansas as well as Poison Springs State Forest . Parks range from large forested areas for hiking enthusiasts, to lakes and rivers for watersports, to interpretive historical sites, to cemeteries celebrating historically significant Arkansans. Some of

Cross County, Arkansas - Misplaced Pages Continue

3360-486: Is the primary law enforcement agency in the county. The agency is led by the Cross County Sheriff, an official elected by countywide vote every four years. Police departments in Wynne and Cherry Valley provide law enforcement in their respective jurisdictions, with Hickory Ridge and Parkin contracting with the Cross County Sheriff's Office for law enforcement services. The county is under the jurisdiction of

3465-531: Is within one or more townships in an Arkansas county based on census maps and publications. The townships of Cross County are listed below; listed in parentheses are the cities, towns, and/or census-designated places that are fully or partially inside the township. Cross County is not served by any Interstate highways ; the nearest access to the Interstate system is Interstate 40 (I-40) in St. Francis County to

3570-555: Is −29 °F (−34 °C) at Gravette , on February 13, 1905. Arkansas is known for extreme weather and frequent storms. A typical year brings thunderstorms, tornadoes, hail, snow and ice storms. Between both the Great Plains and the Gulf States , Arkansas, receives around 60 days of thunderstorms. Arkansas is located in Tornado Alley , and as a result, a few of the most destructive tornadoes in U.S. history have struck

3675-572: The Cross County Times are the county's two weekly newspapers. The county has had several former publications that have closed over the years, including newspapers published at Parkin and Wittsburg. Cross County is within the Memphis designated market area with the following local TV stations: WREG ( CBS ), WMC (NBC), WKNO ( PBS ), WHBQ ( Fox ), WTWV , WATN ( ABC ), WLMT ( The CW ), WBUY , and WPXX ( Ion TV ). The county

3780-670: The Appalachian cove forests , with post oak, blackjack oak , southern red oak , white oak , beech and sugar maple forest standing in contrast to the southern floodplain forests in the rest of Cross County. The eastern third of Cross County is split between the Northern Holocene Meander Belts and St. Francis Lowlands , both subregions historically influenced by the Mississippi River . Both regions are flat, poorly drained areas consisting of former river channels, drainageways, and floodplains drained in

3885-560: The Clean Water Act . Arkansas contains approximately 515,000 acres (208,000 ha) of surface waters, including 28,408 miles (45,718 km) of perennial streams and 87,618 miles (141,008 km) of total streams. ADEQ uses six ultimate receiving streams to subdivide the state into primary watersheds: Arkansas River , Mississippi River , Ouachita River , Red River , St. Francis River , and White River . This six basins collect water from over 1600 smaller watersheds throughout

3990-555: The Johnston Cotton Gin marking mechanization of the cotton farm , and the Northern Ohio School , a segregated school built by a lumber company for African-American children of employees. Cross County occupies 622.33 square miles (1,612 ha) and contained a population of 16,833 as of the 2020 census . The economy is largely based on agriculture. Poverty and unemployment rates are above national averages, household incomes are below state and national averages. Cross County

4095-965: The McClellan–Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System . Through south Arkansas, the Ouachita River and the Saline River run roughly parallel to the Arkansas, and the major rivers in northeast Arkansas are the White River and St. Francis River . The Red River runs through the southwest corner of the state. Arkansas has many manmade lakes across the state, many are the basis for state parks , wildlife management areas , or other recreation. Bull Shoals Lake , DeGray Lake , Lake Dardanelle , Lake Ouachita all have state parks along their shores, and Beaver Lake , Table Rock Lake , Greers Ferry Lake , Lake Hamilton and Lake Catherine are also major recreation lakes in

4200-472: The Mississippi Flyway , many natural areas and grain fields serve as wintering ground for water fowl. Duck hunting is popular in the Delta, including Cross County. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 622.33 square miles (1,611.8 km), of which 615.85 square miles (1,595.0 km) is land and 6.48 square miles (16.8 km) (1.0%) is water. It ranks 49th of

4305-790: The Mississippi River to the east, Louisiana to the south, Oklahoma to the west, and Texas to the southwest. First added to the United States of America as part of the Louisiana Territory of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, Arkansas later became part of the Missouri Territory upon its establishment in 1812. This was further divided into the Arkansaw Territory on March 2, 1819, as everything south of Parallel 36°30′ north (except

Cross County, Arkansas - Misplaced Pages Continue

4410-650: The Missouri Bootheel ) to the Louisiana state line. This new territory also included most of present-day Oklahoma until gaining its current boundaries in the 1840s. The slight oddity in Arkansas's western boundary results from a dispute with the Choctaw Nation in 1824. The Choctaws wanted the western boundary of Arkansas to start 100 paces east of Fort Smith and run south to the Red River, claiming

4515-566: The Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region , and parts of others. Loess deposits of varying thickness (decimeter to several tens of meters) are widely distributed over the European continent. The northern European loess belt stretches from southern England and northern France to Germany, Poland and the southern Ukraine and deposits are characterized by strong influences of periglacial conditions. South-eastern European loess

4620-640: The Ouachita National Forest , maintained by the United States Forest Service . The Forest Service also maintains the Black Fork Mountain Wilderness , Blanchard Springs Caverns , and several other recreational areas within the forests. Administered by the National Park Service (NPS), Hot Springs National Park was the nation's first national park. The park includes structures from when it

4725-713: The Pleistocene . Ancient soils, called paleosols , have developed on the top of the Sicily Island Loess and Crowley's Ridge Loess. The lowermost loess, the Crowley's Ridge Loess, accumulated during the late Illinoian Stage . The middle loess, Sicily Island Loess, accumulated during the early Wisconsin Stage . The uppermost loess, the Peoria Loess in which the modern soil has developed, accumulated during

4830-597: The Texas state line in the southwest corner of Arkansas. Most of Southwest Arkansas is sparsely populated, with small towns separated by long roadways through stands of pine trees. Arkansas generally has a humid subtropical climate . While not bordering the Gulf of Mexico , Arkansas, is still close enough to the warm, large body of water for it to influence the weather in the state. Generally, Arkansas, has hot, humid summers and slightly drier, mild to cool winters. In Little Rock ,

4935-551: The University of Arkansas and Walton Arts Center . Northeast Arkansas is generally characterized as the area east of the Ozark Mountains and north of Interstate 40 . The land is adjacent to the Mississippi River and generally flat, fertile, swampy lands sometimes called the Arkansas delta. The exception is Crowley's Ridge, a geological remnant from the Pleistocene era that raises around 200 feet (61 m) above

5040-500: The White River , is a popular tourist attraction. It was designated the first national river in 1972 after years of conservation efforts in opposition to a United States Army Corps of Engineers plan to dam the river. The Arkansas River enters the state near Van Buren and flows southeast through Little Rock to empty into the Mississippi River near Arkansas Post . Most of the river serves barge traffic to Tulsa, Oklahoma , as

5145-627: The loess deposits which give the Yellow River its color have been farmed and have produced phenomenal yields for over one thousand years. Winds pick up loess particles contributing to the Asian Dust pollution problem. The largest deposit of loess in the United States which is the Loess Hills along the border of Iowa and Nebraska , has survived intensive farming and poor farming practices . For almost 150 years, this loess deposit

5250-475: The 1950s, mechanization reduced the need for laborers on the farm, driving much of the region's population elsewhere in order to find jobs. Throughout much of Southeast Arkansas, population has continued to decline and economies have continued to shrink ever since. The primary population center of the region is the Pine Bluff metropolitan area , with Pine Bluff serving as the principal city. Southwest Arkansas

5355-407: The 25th District state district court , which includes St. Francis County. Superseding district court jurisdiction is the 1st Judicial Circuit Court , which covers Cross, Lee, Monroe, Phillips, St. Francis, and Woodruff counties. The First Circuit contains five circuit judges, elected to six-year terms circuit wide. Fire protection is provided by seven agencies in Cross County, together covering

SECTION 50

#1732783396085

5460-436: The 75 Arkansas counties in area. The county is located approximately 46 miles (74 km) south of Jonesboro , 48 miles (77 km) west of Memphis , Tennessee , and 105 miles (169 km) east of Little Rock . Cross County is surrounded by five other Delta counties: Crittenden County to the east, St. Francis County to the south, Woodruff County to the west, Jackson County to the northwest, and Poinsett County to

5565-482: The Arkansas Delta, essentially bisects the county, serving as a principal arterial through Wynne and connecting Cherry Valley and Vanndale to the state highway system. Highway 42 runs east–west across the northern part of Cross County through Hickory Ridge, Cherry Valley, Birdeye, Coldwater, and Twist. Highway 75 runs north–south through east Cross County, connecting Parkin and Coldwater to I-40 to

5670-415: The Arkansas delta. This region is sparsely populated, with an economy primarily driven by agriculture. The western side of Southeast Arkansas includes the Piney Woods , a region known for dense pine and cypress forests . Silviculture and agriculture are prominent in this section of the region. Population centers include Pine Bluff , Stuttgart , Monticello , Warren and Crossett . Primary waterways in

5775-556: The Austrian and Hungarian loess stratigraphy, respectively. Since the 1980s, thermoluminescence (TL), optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), and infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) dating have been available, providing the possibility for dating the time of loess (dust) depositions, i.e., the time elapsed since the last exposure of the mineral grains to daylight. During the past decade, luminescence dating has significantly improved by new methodological improvements, especially

5880-403: The Cross County District Court, a local district court . Local district courts in Arkansas are courts of original jurisdiction for criminal, civil, small claims, and traffic matters. Local district courts are presided over by an elected part-time judge who may privately practice law. The district court has three departments: Cherry Valley, Parkin, and Wynne. In 2021, the court will be merged into

5985-476: The Delta. This region is characterized as flat windblown deposits of silty, sandy soils, and loess with a high groundwater table. Post oak and loblolly pine are native in the higher elevations, with overcup oak , water hickory , willow oak , and pin oak and pondberry native in wetlands . Today, row agriculture is extensive (mostly soybeans and cotton), with commercial aquaculture ( crawfish , baitfish, and catfish farms) also common. Crowley's Ridge

6090-432: The Huangtu Plateau, is a plateau that covers an area of some 640,000 km around the upper and middle reaches of China's Yellow River . The Yellow River was so named because the loess forming its banks gave a yellowish tint to the water. The soil of this region has been called the "most highly erodible soil on earth". The Loess Plateau and its dusty soil cover almost all of Shanxi , Shaanxi , and Gansu provinces;

6195-455: The Rhine valley near Heidelberg . Charles Lyell (1834) brought the term into widespread usage, observing similarities between "loess" and its derivatives along the loess bluffs in the Rhine and in Mississippi . At the time, it was thought that the yellowish brown silt-rich sediment was of fluvial origin and had been deposited by large rivers. The aeolian origin of the loesses was recognized later (Virlet D'Aoust 1857), particularly due to

6300-476: The St. Francis River, which is served by Woodruff Electric Cooperative . Telephone communication service is provided by AT&T , cable television is provided by East Arkansas Video . Centerpoint Energy is the natural gas utility in Cross County. The Arkansas Department of Health (ADH) is responsible for the regulation and oversight of public water systems throughout the state. Cross County contains seven community water systems. Cross County Rural Water System

6405-518: The area where the Tyronza River empties into the St. Francis. Today, this settlement is preserved within Parkin Archaeological State Park . Centuries later, European settlers founded Wittsburg as a port city as the northernmost navigable point on the St. Francis a few miles downstream from Parkin, opening the region to regional trade. Within the county, Brushy Creek, Cross County Ditch, Copeland Slough, Prairie Creek, and Village Creek are important watercourses. The largest protected area in Cross County

SECTION 60

#1732783396085

6510-496: The autumn and winter, when the melting of the ice sheets and ice caps ceased, the flow of meltwater down these rivers either ceased or was greatly reduced. As a consequence, large parts of the formerly submerged and unvegetated floodplains of these braided rivers dried out and were exposed to the wind. Because the floodplains consist of sediment containing a high content of glacially ground flour-like silt and clay , they were highly susceptible to winnowing of their silts and clays by

6615-469: The convincing observations of loesses in China by Ferdinand von Richthofen (1878). A tremendous number of papers have been published since then, focusing on the formation of loesses and on loess/ paleosol (older soil buried under deposits) sequences as the archives of climate and environment change. These water conservation works have been carried out extensively in China, and the research of loesses in China has been ongoing since 1954. [33] Much effort

6720-488: The county. At the 2000 census , there were 19,526 people, 7,391 household, and 5,447 families residing in the county. The population density was 32 per square mile (12/km). There were 8,030 housing units at an average density of 13 per square mile (5.0/km). The racial makeup of the county was 74.80% White , 23.70% Black or African American , 0.23% Native American , 0.31% Asian , 0.01% Pacific Islander , 0.21% from other races , and 0.74% from two or more races. 0.93% of

6825-470: The daily high temperatures average around 93 °F (34 °C) with lows around 73 °F (23 °C) in July. In January highs average around 51 °F (11 °C) and lows around 32 °F (0 °C). In Siloam Springs in the northwest part of the state, the average high and low temperatures in July are 89 and 67 °F (32 and 19 °C) and in January the average high and low are 44 and 23 °F (7 and −5 °C). Annual precipitation throughout

6930-459: The development of single aliquot regenerative (SAR) protocols (Murray & Wintle 2000) resulting in reliable ages (or age estimates) with an accuracy of up to 5 and 10% for the last glacial record. More recently, luminescence dating has also become a robust dating technique for penultimate and antepenultimate glacial loess (e.g. Thiel et al. 2011, Schmidt et al. 2011) allowing for a reliable correlation of loess/palaeosol sequences for at least

7035-434: The entire county. The four incorporated municipalities provide fire protection beyond their corporate limits. Rural areas are served by the Bay Village Volunteer Fire Department, Fair Oaks Volunteer Fire Department, and Vanndale Volunteer Fire Department. All fire departments in Cross County are volunteer-based, except the Wynne Fire Department. Cross County has several facilities, monuments, and museums dedicated to preserving

7140-446: The first railroad, the Helena & Iron Mountain Railroad, was constructed in Cross County. The line was later bought out by the St. Louis, Iron Mountain, & Southern Railroad . In 1903, the county seat was moved to Wynne. Cross County is established on the rich, fertile, alluvial soils of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain . In Arkansas, this region is called the Arkansas Delta (in Arkansas, usually referred to as "the Delta"), having

7245-411: The formation of loess: a dust source, adequate wind energy to transport the dust, a suitable accumulation area, and a sufficient amount of time. Periglacial (glacial) loess is derived from the floodplains of glacial braided rivers that carried large volumes of glacial meltwater and sediments from the annual melting of continental ice sheets and mountain ice caps during the spring and summer. During

7350-428: The historic structures in downtown Wynne were constructed during economically prosperous times on the farm, leading to the construction of ornate homes in the East Hamilton Avenue Historic District . The commercial centers are preserved as the Wynne Commercial Historic District and the Wynne Wholesale Commercial Historic District . Other cultural points of interest in Cross County include: The Wynne Progress and

7455-404: The history and culture of the area. The Cross County Museum , owned and operated by the Cross County Historical Society, preserves and interprets the history and culture of Cross County for visitors. Cross County Historical Society also maintains the New Hope School outside Wynne. Parkin contains remains of a historic palisaded village with one mound Late Mississippian village, today listed as

7560-434: The hospital is supported by a 1% sales tax renewed by voters every four years. The nearest Level 1 Trauma Centers are RegionalOne Health Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital , both in Memphis. The county's population is significantly above healthy weight, with 39.4% of adults ranking as obese , above the state average of 35.7%, itself significantly above national average of 29.6%. The Cross County Sheriff's Office

7665-655: The land had little timber and poor soil. Despite protests from Henry Conway , President James Monroe signed the bill into law on January 20, 1825. Arkansas's regions are defined using many different criteria. Distinct natural regions of Arkansas include The Ozarks , Ouachita Mountains , Arkansas River Valley , Gulf Coastal Plain , Crowley's Ridge , the Arkansas Delta , Arkansas Timberlands , and Central Arkansas . Arkansans usually identify as being from one of five regions: northwest, southwest, northeast, southeast, or central Arkansas. These directional regions are not specifically defined by county. Northwest Arkansas contains

7770-556: The last two interglacial/glacial cycles throughout Europe and the Northern Hemisphere (Frechen 2011). Furthermore, the numerical dating provides the basis for quantitative loess research applying more sophisticated methods to determine and understand high-resolution proxy data including the palaeodust content of the atmosphere, variations of the atmospheric circulation patterns and wind systems, palaeoprecipitation, and palaeotemperature. Besides luminescence dating methods,

7875-458: The late 19th century for settlement and row agriculture. Today consisting of farm fields, channelized drainage ditches , levees , the area is predominantly in soybean and cotton cultivation, with some corn, wheat, rice, and sorghum . Remaining natural areas consist of sugarberry , elm , ash tree , pecan , cottonwood , and sycamores . Sandy "Sunk lands" are attributed to the 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes . Given Cross County's position along

7980-688: The late Wisconsin Stage. Animal remains include terrestrial gastropods and mastodons . Extensive areas of loess occur in New Zealand including the Canterbury Plains and on the Banks Peninsula . The basis of loess stratigraphy was introduced by John Hardcastle in 1890. Much of Argentina is covered by loess. Two areas of loess are usually distinguished in Argentina: the neotropical loess north of latitude 30° S and

8085-677: The local Native American culture at the Nodena site , Parkin Archaeological State Park , and Hampson Museum State Park . Following settlement, most of the area relied on cotton as the primary cash crop, and was home to many powerful plantation owners in the antebellum period. After the Civil War , agriculture became based on sharecropping and tenant farming , allowing plantation owners to keep their workers in poverty and maintain their political power. Much of this history

8190-621: The mid-20th century. It has voted Republican by increasing margins in each presidential election from 2004-2024. Townships in Arkansas are the divisions of a county. Each township includes unincorporated areas; some may have incorporated cities or towns within part of their boundaries. Arkansas townships have limited purposes in modern times. However, the United States census does list Arkansas population based on townships (sometimes referred to as "county subdivisions" or "minor civil divisions"). Townships are also of value for historical purposes in terms of genealogical research. Each town or city

8295-523: The most frequently visited parks include Mount Magazine State Park , DeGray Lake Resort State Park , Crater of Diamonds State Park , Pinnacle Mountain State Park , Petit Jean State Park , Devil's Den State Park , Crowley's Ridge State Park , and Lake Ouachita State Park . [REDACTED] United States portal Loess A loess is a periglacial or aeolian (windborne) sediment, defined as an accumulation of 20% or less of clay with

8400-464: The north. Water is an important part of Cross County's geography, history, and culture. Hydraulically, the county is split into two watersheds by Crowley's Ridge, with the eastern half draining to the St. Francis River or its tributaries, and the western half draining to the L'Anguille River . The deep, wide, calm, and navigable St. Francis River has been important for every civilization in Cross County since prehistory. The Casqui tribe settled in

8505-525: The pampean loess. The neotropical loess is made of silt or silty clay. Relative to the pampean loess the neotropical loess is poor in quartz and calcium carbonate . The source region for this loess is thought by some scientists to be areas of fluvio-glacial deposits the Andean foothills formed by the Patagonian Ice Sheet . Other researchers stress the importance of volcanic material in

8610-438: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 7,391 households, of which 34.70% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.20% were married couples living together, 14.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.30% were non-families. 23.50% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size

8715-530: The region include the Arkansas River, Bayou Bartholomew , Mississippi River and the White River. Protected areas of southeast Arkansas include Cane Creek State Park , Delta Heritage Trail State Park , Felsenthal National Wildlife Refuge , Lake Chicot State Park , Mississippi River State Park , Overflow National Wildlife Refuge and White River National Wildlife Refuge . The flat topography and fertile soils of Southeast Arkansas have been important to

8820-570: The region throughout its history, first to the Native American that inhabited the region. This history is available today at museums like the Pine Bluff/Jefferson County Historical Museum . The area was one of the first explored and settled in Arkansas; including the territorial capital at Arkansas Post . Following widespread settlement, most of the area was put into cotton cultivation due to

8925-534: The region's fertile soils. The staple's high market value made many plantation owners wealthy in the antebellum period; this history is available to visitors at museums such as the Lakeport Plantation . After the Civil War, agriculture became based on sharecropping and tenant farming, allowing plantation owners to keep their workers in poverty and maintain their political power and social dominance. In

9030-448: The rich alluvial soils of the Arkansas Delta. Crowley's Ridge , a forested deposit of loess hills rising from the flat Delta bisects the county from north to south, including part of Wynne and most of Village Creek State Park , the county's primary protected area of ecological value. Historical and cultural features range from Parkin Archeological State Park , which preserves a prehistoric Native American mound building settlement , to

9135-464: The six, the Boston Mountain, Ouachita Mountain and Ozark Highlands ecoregions generally contain waterways with "exceptionally high quality water", including many of the state's extraordinary resources waters (ERWs). The Arkansas River Valley, Gulf Coastal and Delta ecoregions have seen adverse water quality effects from agriculture and silviculture but are generally compliant with the goals of

9240-468: The south and I-555 to the north. Highway 163 begins at Wittsburg and runs north along Crowley's Ridge to Birdeye and toward Jonesboro. It is designated as the Crowley's Ridge Parkway , a National Scenic Byway and Arkansas Scenic Byway . Entergy Arkansas is the sole provider of electricity in most of Cross County, with exception of an area northeast of Wynne roughly between Highway 1 and

9345-571: The south through north central Arkansas. The Boston Mountains subset contain highest peaks in the Ozarks. Arkansas is located in the southeastern United States, in the West South Central Census Bureau division. Arkansas covers an area of 53,179 square miles (137,733 km²) and ranks as the 29th largest state by size. The state borders six U.S. states : Missouri to the north, Tennessee and Mississippi across

9450-405: The south. Two United States highways serve Cross County: U.S. Highway 49 (US 49) runs north–south in western Cross County; and US 64 runs east–west across the length of Cross County. Eleven state highways serve the traveling public in the county, varying from short connector routes to long highways traversing the entire county. Highway 1 , which runs north–south the length of

9555-658: The southern half of the Ozarks , including the steeper Boston Mountains and the more gentle Springfield Plateau . These mountains are heavily forested by an oak-hickory ecosystem and less than 25% has been cleared for agriculture. The Ozark National Forest , administered by the National Forest Service , preserves 1,200,000 acres (490,000 ha) of land in northwest Arkansas, including Arkansas's highest point, Mount Magazine in Mount Magazine State Park . Also within northwest Arkansas

9660-399: The state averages between about 40 and 60 inches (1,000 and 1,500 mm); it is somewhat wetter in the south and drier in the northern part of the state. Snowfall is infrequent but most common in the northern half of the state. The half of the state south of Little Rock is apter to see ice storms. Arkansas's record high is 120 °F (49 °C) at Ozark on August 10, 1936; the record low

9765-401: The state via tributary streams, as described below. Groundwater accounts for over 60% of water use in Arkansas, and shallow aquifers providing high quality groundwater can be found throughout the state. In many upland regions of Arkansas, surface water interacts with groundwater via karst topography common to the Ozarks and Ouachitas. Groundwater monitoring is subdivided into twelve areas. Of

9870-411: The state. The Ozarks is a broad term for many mountainous counties in northwest Arkansas. This region is usually referred to the Ozarks because the term Northwest Arkansas is the colloquial name for the Fayetteville–Springdale–Rogers Metropolitan Area , including Benton , Madison , Washington counties in Arkansas and McDonald County, Missouri . The Ozark, however, span from the Arkansas River in

9975-431: The state. While sufficiently far from the coast to avoid a direct hit from a hurricane, Arkansas can often get the remnants of a tropical system , which dumps tremendous amounts of rain in a short time and often spawns smaller tornadoes. The Natural Resources Conservation Service has noted that amounts of rainfall in Arkansas are characterized by marked differences along a northeast/southwest dividing line. The northeast

10080-653: The surrounding delta lowlands. Crowley's Ridge is more populated than the sparsely populated delta, including larger cities Jonesboro , Paragould , Forrest City , and Wynne . Primary waterways in the region include the Cache River , St. Francis River , and the Black River . Protected areas of northeast Arkansas include Cache River National Wildlife Refuge , Bald Knob National Wildlife Refuge , Wapanocca National Wildlife Refuge , Lake Charles State Park , and Lake Poinsett State Park . Tourists can explore some of

10185-543: The twelve, the Athens Plateau ( Hempstead County ), Frontal Ouachita, Hardy, Omaha, Ouachita, North Central, and Pine Bluff monitoring areas have a water quality described as "generally good". Arkansas has many protected natural areas administered by several different organizations. The Ozark Mountain forests have been subdivided into the Ozark National Forest, St. Francis National Forest , and

10290-506: The use of radiocarbon dating in loess has increased during the past decades. Advances in methods of analyses, instrumentation, and refinements to the radiocarbon calibration curve have made it possible to obtain reliable ages from loess deposits for the last 40–45 ka. However, the use of this method relies on finding suitable in situ organic material in deposits such as charcoal, seeds, earthworm granules, or snail shells. According to Pye (1995), four fundamental requirements are necessary for

10395-696: The wind. Once entrained by the wind, particles were then deposited downwind. The loess deposits found along both sides of the Mississippi River alluvial valley are a classic example of periglacial loess. During the Quaternary , loess and loess-like sediments were formed in periglacial environments on mid-continental shield areas in Europe and Siberia as well as on the margins of high mountain ranges like in Tajikistan and on semi-arid margins of some lowland deserts as in China. In England, periglacial loess

10500-412: Was $ 34,044. Males had a median income of $ 27,880 and females $ 20,133. The per capita income for the county was $ 15,726. About 16.40% of families and 19.90% of the population were below the poverty line , including 27.90% of those under age 18 and 17.50% of those age 65 or over. Educational attainment in Cross County is typical for a rural Arkansas county: 83.6% of Cross County residents over age 25 held

10605-421: Was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.07. 27.80% of the population were under the age of 18, 8.50% from 18 to 24, 27.40% from 25 to 44, 22.60% from 45 to 64, and 13.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 94.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.40 males. The median household income was $ 29,362 and the median family income

10710-652: Was a flourishing resort: Bathhouse Row is a formerly bustling avenue of Gilded Age architecture bathhouses; each drew on the spring water of the site with claims to cure dozens of ailments. There was also a racetrack and associated resort nearby. The NPS also maintains three National Historic Sites in Arkansas: Fort Smith National Historic Site , Little Rock Central High School , and the President Clinton Birthplace . Pea Ridge National Military Park

10815-526: Was farmed with mouldboard ploughs and tilled in the fall, both intensely erosive practices. At times it suffered erosion rates of over 10 kilograms per square meter per year. Today this loess deposit is worked as low till or no till in all areas and is aggressively terraced . An area of multiple loess deposits spans from southern Tajikistan up to Almaty , Kazakhstan . The Loess Plateau ( simplified Chinese : 黄土高原 ; traditional Chinese : 黃土高原 ; pinyin : Huángtǔ Gāoyuán ), also known as

10920-693: Was introduced into English from the German Löss , which can be traced back to Swiss German and is cognate with the English word loose and the German word los . It was first applied to the Rhine River valley loesses around 1821. The term "Löß" was first described in Central Europe by Karl Cäsar von Leonhard (1823–1824), who had reported yellowish brown, silty deposits along

11025-407: Was put into setting up regional and local loess stratigraphies and their correlations (Kukla 1970, 1975, 1977). However, even the chronostratigraphical position of the last interglacial soil correlating with marine isotope substage 5e was a matter of debate, due to the lack of robust and reliable numerical dating, as summarized, for example, by Zöller et al. (1994) and Frechen et al. (1997) for

#84915