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46-671: The town is located adjacent to the Big Bend Dam , which holds back Big Bend Reservoir (also known as Lake Sharpe ), one of the four Missouri Mainstem reservoirs constructed by the US Army Corps of Engineers in the Pick-Sloan Plan . Authorized in 1944 for flood control and hydropower, the dam and lake were completed in the 1960s. The people of the Crow Creek Sioux Tribe are mostly descendants of

92-667: A daily bus/van transportation service between Lower Brule and Pierre. The Lower Brule education system consists of a Head Start program, a K-5 elementary school, a 6-8 middle school, and a 9-12 high school. The tribe also operates the Lower Brule Community College, accredited under Sinte Gleska University of the Rosebud Sioux Tribe . In addition, the tribe is involved in a video-cultural program in which students, teachers and elders document important cultural activities and histories. Jim Miller,

138-604: A large meander , Big Bend Dam creates Lake Sharpe , named after South Dakota Governor Merrill Q. Sharpe . The lake extends for 80 miles (130 km) up the course of the Missouri River passing through Pierre , the State Capitol, to Oahe Dam , another major power-generating and flood control dam. Lake Sharpe covers a total of 56,884 acres (23,020 ha) and drains an area just under 250,000 square miles (650,000 km ). South Dakota Highway 47 crosses over

184-486: A large kitchen. The tribe contracts with Indian Health Services to operate a Tribal Health Department that oversees the tribal ambulance services and employs Community Health Representatives. The Tribal Health Department provides examinations and eyeglasses to tribal members at reduced costs, as well as coordinating health delivery services. The Lower Brule IHS Service Unit operates a dental clinic, medical clinic and conducts several outreach programs, which provide services to

230-586: A spiritual leader and Vietnam War veteran, organized a group ride by horseback in 2012 following a vivid dream. They traveled from South Brule to Mankato, Minnesota , reaching it by December 26, the 150th anniversary of the largest mass execution in United States history. After bands surrendered at the end of the Dakota War of 1862 , warriors were tried by a US military tribunal. Thirty-nine Dakota warriors were sentenced to be executed by hanging, and one

276-554: A three-year period in the 1860s at the reservation after the Santee Dakota had been expelled from Minnesota . Deaths in early years at Crow Creek included many members of the Ho-Chunk nation, who had also been forced to relocate to Crow Creek by an act of Congress—even though they were uninvolved in the Dakota War of 1862 . On May 10, 2013, about 150 years after Minnesota 's State Governor Alexander Ramsey had called for

322-476: A time of climate and habitat change. They are believed to have been Siouan-speaking and Caddoan-speaking indigenous peoples who were ancestral to known historic tribes. The 20th-century development of Lake Sharpe following completion of the Big Bend Dam flooded much of this bottomland. It also forced relocation of Fort Thompson and other settlements. Loss of the most productive, fertile bottomlands worsened

368-664: Is a major embankment rolled-earth dam on the Missouri River in Central South Dakota , United States , creating Lake Sharpe . The dam was constructed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as part of the Pick-Sloan Plan for Missouri watershed development authorized by the Flood Control Act of 1944 . Construction began in 1959 and the embankment was completed in July 1963. Power generation began at

414-647: Is a part of the Mni Wiconi Water Project, authorized to provide water for the Pine Ridge Reservation , Rosebud Reservation , Lower Brule Reservation and counties located in west-central South Dakota. The Lower Brule Sioux Tribe, in coordination with the Indian Health Service , operates a solid waste collection and transfer facility. The Solid Waste Program gathers all solid waste from receptacles located throughout

460-723: Is an Indian reservation that belongs to the Lower Brule Sioux Tribe . It is located on the west bank of the Missouri River in Lyman and Stanley counties in central South Dakota in the United States. It is adjacent to the Crow Creek Indian Reservation on the east bank of the river. The Lower Brule Sioux are members of the Sicangu , one of the bands of the Lakota people . Tribal headquarters

506-511: Is an archeological site consisting of six miles of burial mounds along the river, constructed from c. 800 CE. They have yielded evidence of some of the first pottery makers on the plains. During salvage excavation of one site, some older materials were radiocarbon dated to c. 2450 BCE, showing nearly 5,000 years of indigenous settlement. The Crow Creek Massacre Site has revealed evidence of fierce conflict between Native American cultures about 1325 CE, likely when they were competing for resources at

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552-641: Is in Lower Brule . The Sioux consist of a group of self-governing tribes speaking one of three Siouan languages : Eastern Dakota , Western Dakota and Lakota . The Eastern Dakota or Santee, who use the autonymns Mdewakantonwan, Wahpetowan, Wahpekute, or Sisseton, range in territory from the Ohio River valley to South Dakota. The Western Dakota , known as the Ihanktonwan/Yankton or Yanktonai/Ihanktonwanna, range from eastern Minnesota to

598-442: Is planning to develop additional market-rate housing to meet the needs of tribal residents who do not satisfy the low-income requirements. Lower Brule has an elderly center that provides an elderly nutrition program and other activities and a teen center that sponsors youth recreational activities. The tribe’s $ 5.8 million Veteran's Memorial Community Center has a swimming pool, full-size basketball court, weight and exercise rooms and

644-574: Is sacred to the Sicangu. The town of Reliance developed nearby. KELO-TV agreed to the tribe's request and placed a new tower elsewhere. Major employers are the Lower Brule Sioux Tribe, its Golden Buffalo Casino, Bureau of Indian Affairs , and Indian Health Service . The gaming casino has generated new revenue for the tribe. The Lower Brule Sioux Tribe is a sovereign nation defined by its government-to-government relationship with

690-432: Is the major electricity provider in west central South Dakota. The reservation has approximately 200 miles (320 km) of roads. These include 107 miles (172 km) of gravel roads, 65 miles (105 km) of asphalt, 11 miles (18 km) of graded dirt roads, and 10 miles (16 km) of unimproved roads. The Tribe operates a propane company and serves all residences within the reservation, as well as areas adjacent to

736-624: The Great Sioux Reservation , which was established west of the Missouri River, the Crow Creek Reservation, founded in 1862, has always been separate. The reservation originally included bottomlands along the Missouri, which had been farmed previously by Mandan and Arikara , and other indigenous peoples prior to these tribes. These peoples were decimated in smallpox and other infectious disease epidemics in

782-752: The Mdewakanton Dakota Tribe of south and central present-day Minnesota. They were expelled from Minnesota , along with the Santee Dakota Tribe and Ho-Chunk Nation after all reservations in the southern part of that state were abolished in December 1862 following the Dakota War . The land was poorly suited for people accustomed to their former woodland terrain, as it was dry and lacked game for hunting. For six weeks after their arrival at Crow Creek, three or four expelled people died every day from starvation or disease. This caused

828-518: The Missouri River valley. The Lakota, or Western Teton/Tituwan Sioux, consisting of the Oglala , Miniconjou , Sicangu , Sihasapa , Two Kettles , Hunkpapa , and Itazipco , traditionally ranged from lands east of the Missouri River valley to the Rocky Mountains . A common history and language, a strong respect for the land and nature, the common use of pipestone and the reverence held for

874-636: The Pick-Sloan Missouri River Basin program , authorized by Congress in 1944 for flood control, two major dams and other flood control projects were built in this area by the federal government. It acquired property on the Lower Brule Indian Reservation for two dam projects: 7,997 acres of Indian land for the Fort Randall Dam project and 14,299 acres for the Big Bend Dam project. In 1963,

920-578: The White River and the Missouri River, while the Upper Brule lived further south and west. The tribe has been working to improve the environment of the reservation and to protect its sacred places. In 2013, the tribe requested that the KELO-TV station find a new site for a transmission tower on Medicine Butte that had fallen. Medicine Butte rises about 200 feet (61 m) above the prairie and

966-503: The chief executive officer and administrative head of the tribe. A general election is held on the first Tuesday of September in even-numbered years. Chairman, vice-chairman, and secretary and treasurer are elected at-large . The tribal council appoints a sergeant at arms, a chaplain, and other officers as necessary. Offices are held for two years. Elections consist of a primary and general election . The primaries are held in August and

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1012-678: The 18th century. Surviving Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara moved northwest and formed the Affiliated Tribes, whose descendants have occupied the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation in North Dakota. Today several former Mandan and Arikara villages within the Crow Creek Reservation are preserved as archaeological sites. Within the reservation are two pre-contact archeological sites that have been designated as National Historic Landmarks . Fort Thompson Mounds

1058-459: The 1975 Indian Self Determination and Education Assistance Act , PL 93-638. On June 17, 1974, the constitution and bylaws were amended, and on September 2, 1986, they were again amended and a code of ethics adopted. Tribal affairs are conducted by a six-member tribal council who are elected to serve two-year terms. Council offices include the chairman, vice-chairman, secretary/treasurer, and three council members. The tribal council chairman serves as

1104-407: The Big Bend Dam and flooding of the reservoir. The act was also intended to enable the tribe to share in the benefits of these projects. It provided for payments to the tribe of amounts beginning in 1998 and annually until the aggregated of $ 39.3 million had been accumulated in the trust fund. In response, the tribe created a plan for how it would use such funds for facilities and development to aid

1150-694: The Big Bend Dam on the Missouri River was completed by the Army Corps of Engineers . The operation of the dam caused flooding of the Lower Brule community and surrounding bottomlands in the heart of the reservation. The waters inundated miles of roadways and a significant amount of the most productive and fertile farmland of the Reservation; it destroyed most of the Reservation’s native trees, shrubs and medicinal plants, which were located chiefly along

1196-721: The Buffalo Interpretive Center, providing insight into the people and their customs. Local telephone service is furnished by the Golden West Telephone Company, as well as various cell phone providers. Internet services are available through Golden West and the West Central Rural Electric Cooperative. The Lower Brule Sioux Tribe is a member of the West Central Rural Electric Cooperative. The majority of tribal members are also Cooperative members, as it

1242-781: The Crow Creek Tribal Schools system, with an elementary school at Fort Thompson and a K-12 boarding and day school at Stephan , approximately 10 miles (16 km) north of Fort Thompson. The tribe leases most of its land for grazing to a few large ranching families, as it is not suitable for subsistence farming. Unemployment is high. The tribe operates the Lode Star Casino and Hotel on its reservation, attracting tourists and area residents. The archeological sites are also featured for heritage tourism. Recreational travelers use Lake Sharpe's fishing and boating. The Lower Brule Indian Reservation , originally part of

1288-541: The Great Sioux Reservation, is located on the west bank of the Missouri River. It is directly across from the Crow Creek Reservation. Its people also lost fertile bottomlands in the flooding that accompanied the construction of the dam. In 2002 a monument was dedicated at Big Bend Dam. The Spirit of the Circle Monument honors the more than 1,300 people who died of malnutrition and exposure over

1334-729: The Santee and Ho-Chunk to flee the reservation downriver, the Santee settling at what is now the Santee Indian Reservation in north-central Nebraska and the Ho-Chunk settling on part of the Omaha Indian Reservation , northeast Nebraska, later purchasing that part from the Omaha. Some Yankton and lower Yanktonai Dakota also reside on the reservation. Although some writers consider this to have been part of

1380-633: The United States. As part of the Great Sioux Nation, the tribe signed treaties in 1824, 1851, 1865 and 1868 with the federal government that constitute the legal documents establishing boundaries and recognizing the rights of sovereign tribal governments. The Tribe was chartered under the Indian Reorganization Act of June 18, 1934. Its constitution was ratified on July 11, 1936, and bylaws were approved in 1960. The tribe has contracted several aspects of self-government under

1426-437: The chief judge as an elected position with a 4-year term. While the tribal council is the final authority on the reservation, it has formally acknowledged the legal authority necessarily vested in the tribal courts. The Lower Brule Sioux Court system also has established an appellate court and attendant processes. The court hears all civil and minor criminal cases, while the federal courts hear all major felony cases. As part of

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1472-414: The dam's spillway gates on the morning of June 3, 2011. In response to the 2011 Missouri River Floods , the dam was releasing 150,000 cubic feet per second (4,200 m /s), which greatly exceeded its previous record release of 74,000 cu ft/s (2,100 m /s) set in 1997. Lower Brule Indian Reservation The Lower Brule Indian Reservation ( Khulwíčhaša Oyáte , 'lower men nation')

1518-504: The dam, connecting Lyman and Buffalo Counties. Big Bend Dam is located approximately 17 miles (27 km) north of I-90 , and approximately 60 miles (97 km) southeast of Pierre . The next dam upstream is Oahe Dam , near Pierre , and the next dam downstream is Fort Randall Dam , near Pickstown . The construction of the dam resulted in the dislocation of people on the Crow Creek and Lower Brule Reservations. The flooding of

1564-492: The economic conditions for the Mdewakanton and other Native Americans. Allotment and land sales since the late nineteenth century had reduced the amount of land in both tribal and Indian ownership, and the size of the Reservation was reduced by governmental action between its establishment in 1862 and modern times. The reservation and the Crow Creek Sioux Tribe is organized into three districts. The tribe runs its own school,

1610-531: The extermination or removal of the Dakota people from Minnesota, his modern-day successor Mark Dayton observed a "day of reconciliation". He repudiated his predecessor's encouragement of vigilante violence against innocent people, and offered condolences to descendants who had lost ancestors in the Dakota War of 1862 . 44°07′44″N 99°28′26″W  /  44.12889°N 99.47389°W  / 44.12889; -99.47389 Big Bend Dam Big Bend Dam

1656-540: The facility in 1964 and the entire complex was completed in 1966 at a total cost of $ 107 million. The hydroelectric plant generates 493,300 kilowatts of electricity at maximum capacity, with an annual production of 969 million kilowatt hours, and meets peak-hour demand for power within the Missouri River Basin . Located near Fort Thompson , South Dakota, just south of the Big Bend of the Missouri River ,

1702-571: The general is held in September, with officials being seated during the October regular meeting. Council members also serve as officers or council representatives on various boards and committees. Meetings are held the first Wednesday of each month with a quorum of five members. The Lower Brule Sioux Tribal courts are established under a quasi-separation of power relationship with the tribal government. The 1986 constitution/by-law amendments created

1748-626: The land for the reservoir also resulted in the loss of limited plant life resources used by them for food and medicine. A monument at Big Bend Dam dedicated in 2002, the Spirit of the Circle Monument , honors the more than 1,300 people who died over a three-year period in the 1860s at the Crow Creek Reservation near the present site of the dam. For the first time in the dam's history, the US Army Corps of Engineers opened

1794-480: The members of the Lower Brule Sioux Tribe on a regular basis, and to anyone in an emergency. Full-service hospital facilities are available in the neighboring communities of Chamberlain and Pierre. The Golden Buffalo Casino operates a convention center with a capacity of 120 people. A horseman's club sponsors several "Play Days" throughout the summer. The tribe has a recreational area and boat launch at South Iron Nation and other informal beach areas, and boat ramps along

1840-405: The reservation, 300 of them constructed with U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development funds. The Lower Brule Housing Authority manages 228 of the homes. Only 36.8 percent of the units on the reservation are owner-occupied, compared to a state average of 68.2 percent. The housing market is very tight on the reservation, with the majority of housing intended for low-income residents. The tribe

1886-580: The reservation. All solid waste is disposed in approved landfill facilities in Pierre and Pukwana . The Lower Brule Sioux Tribe, in coordination with the Indian Health Service, operates a sewage disposal and treatment system for the towns of Lower Brule and West Brule. The major treatment for wastewater is evaporation and settling in evaporation and settling ponds in two lagoon areas; the system uses limited aeration. There are 392 residences on

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1932-504: The reservation. Unleaded and diesel gasoline are available at the local gas station. Fuel oil is available from the nearest Fanners Union in Reliance (15 miles (24 km)). Lake Sharpe serves as a virtually unlimited water source for the Lower Brule community. The Lower Brule Sioux Tribe's Rural Water System (RWSS) supplies clean water to the communities of Lower Brule and West Brule for both domestic and agricultural use. This system

1978-648: The river bottomlands. By Public Law 87-734 (76 Stat. 698 et seq.), the Secretary of the Army was to provide mitigation for such damages, including replacing roads and facilities. The government failed to carry out its obligations under the act. In 1997 the federal government enacted the Lower Brule Infrastructure Development Trust Fund Act in compensation for the lands and infrastructure lost due to construction of

2024-695: The shoreline of the Missouri River. Commercial airline and freight train services are available in Pierre. The town of Chamberlain provides the nearest landing strip and bus service. Truck service is available locally, and most retail businesses on the reservation receive service from suppliers in distributor-owned trucks. There are charter buses and limousines serving patrons of the Golden Buffalo Casino, and Greyhound Lines terminals are located in Chamberlain and Pierre. River City Transit runs

2070-584: The stone, and ceremonies such as the Sun Dance , sweat lodges , and vision quests , bind these peoples together. The name "Brule" comes from the French word brûlé (burnt), the name French fur traders used for the Sicangu in the late 17th century. The Sicangu divided into the Lower Brule and the Heyata Wicasa , or Upper Brule, in the late 18th century. The Lower Brule favored lands at the confluence of

2116-629: The tribe. It also established the Infrastructure Development Authority, a committee of tribal members who oversee the trust fund, and recommend action and expenditures to the tribal council. Since establishment of the trust fund, the authority has supervised development of the administration building and community center located in Lower Brule. The authority is also overseeing construction of the Lower Brule Justice Center. The tribe has established

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