In grammar , the genitive case ( abbreviated gen ) is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun , as modifying another word, also usually a noun—thus indicating an attributive relationship of one noun to the other noun. A genitive can also serve purposes indicating other relationships. For example, some verbs may feature arguments in the genitive case; and the genitive case may also have adverbial uses (see adverbial genitive ).
35-688: Cualu or Cuala ( genitive C[h]ualann ) was a territory in Gaelic Ireland south of the River Liffey encompassing the Wicklow Mountains . Edmund Hogan concludes from primary sources that it "seems to extend from Arklow to the Liffey, and to be coextensive with [the] diocese of Glendaloch ". The Slíghe Chualann ["Cualu Way"] was a major road to Tara which crossed the Liffey at Áth Cliath ["Ford of Hurdles"], beside
70-457: A grammatical case, although they are sometimes referred to as genitives or as belonging to a possessive case . One of the reasons that the status of ' s as a case ending is often rejected is that it does not behave as such, but rather as a clitic marking that indicates that a dependency relationship exists between phrases. One can say the King's war , but also the King of France's war , where
105-803: A synchronic mutation of a final m into n in Finnish, e.g. genitive sydämen vs. nominative sydän .) This homophony has exceptions in Finnish , where a separate accusative -(e)t is found in pronouns, e.g. kenet "who (telic object)", vs. kenen "whose". A difference is also observed in some of the related Sámi languages , where the pronouns and the plural of nouns in the genitive and accusative are easily distinguishable from each other, e.g., kuä'cǩǩmi "eagles' (genitive plural)" and kuä'cǩǩmid "eagles (accusative plural)" in Skolt Sami . The genitive singular definite article for masculine and neuter nouns
140-439: Is des , while the feminine and plural definite article is der . The indefinite articles are eines for masculine and neuter nouns, and einer for feminine and plural nouns (although the bare form cannot be used in the plural, it manifests in keiner , meiner , etc.) Singular masculine and neuter nouns of the strong declension in the genitive case are marked with -(e)s . Generally, one-syllable nouns favour
175-416: Is as follows: The genitive personal pronouns are quite rare and either very formal, literary or outdated. They are as follows (with comparison to the nominative pronouns): Some examples: Unlike the personal ones, the genitive relative pronouns are in regular use and are as follows (with comparison to the nominative relative pronouns): Some examples: The genitive case is often used to show possession or
210-402: Is homophonic to the genitive case. This case does not indicate possession, but is a syntactic marker for the object, additionally indicating that the action is telic (completed). In Estonian , it is often said that only a "genitive" exists. However, the cases have completely different functions, and the form of the accusative has developed from * -(e)m . (The same sound change has developed into
245-431: Is left in the nominative case. For example: If the possessor is not the predicate of the sentence, the genitive is not used. Instead, the possessive suffixes ( -(j)e or -(j)a in the third person singular, depending on vowel harmony ) mark the possessed object. The possessor is left in the nominative if it directly precedes the possessed object (otherwise it takes a dative -nak/-nek suffix). For example: In addition,
280-485: Is neither genitive nor possessive). Modern English is an example of a language that has a possessive case rather than a conventional genitive case. That is, Modern English indicates a genitive construction with either the possessive clitic suffix " - 's ", or a prepositional genitive construction such as "x of y". However, some irregular English pronouns do have possessive forms which may more commonly be described as genitive (see English possessive ). The names of
315-964: Is the form of the English language that has been spoken since the Great Vowel Shift in England , which began in the late 14th century and was completed by the 17th century . With some differences in vocabulary, texts which date from the early 17th century, such as the works of William Shakespeare and the King James Bible , are considered Modern English texts, or more specifically, they are referred to as texts which were written in Early Modern English or they are referred to as texts which were written in Elizabethan English. Through colonization , English
350-458: Is used for more purposes than any other language". Its large number of speakers, plus its worldwide presence, have made English a common language (lingua franca) "of the airlines, of the sea and shipping, of computer technology, of science and indeed of (global) communication generally". Modern English evolved from Early Modern English which was used from the beginning of the Tudor period until
385-399: The -es ending, and it is obligatory with nouns ending with a sibilant such as s or z . Otherwise, a simple -s ending is usual. Feminine and plural nouns remain uninflected: Singular masculine nouns (and one neuter noun) of the weak declension are marked with an -(e)n (or rarely -(e)ns ) ending in the genitive case: The declension of adjectives in the genitive case
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#1732776317108420-585: The Ethnologue , there are almost one billion speakers of English as a first or second language. English is spoken as a first or a second language in many countries, with most native speakers being in the United States , the United Kingdom , Australia , Canada , New Zealand and Ireland . It "has more non-native speakers than any other language, is more widely dispersed around the world and
455-596: The Lebor Gabála Érenn , Cualu was a son of Breogán , as were the founders of three territories further north: Brega, Muirtheimhne , and Cuailgne . The legendary Medb Lethderg was daughter of Conan, king of Cualu. James MacKillop identifies the Fir Chualann with the Cauci of Ptolemy's world map . As early as 1946, T. F. O'Rahilly had also suggested a possible connection between the two. The "ale of Cuala"
490-677: The Gaelic revival , Cuala was revived by the Gaelic League as a name for south Dublin–north Wicklow. Cuala Press was a private press founded by W. B. Yeats ' sisters which published works by him and colleagues. Brí Cualann was coined as an Irish name for Bray, County Wicklow , later rejected as inauthentic by the Placenames Branch . Cuala CLG is a Gaelic Athletic Association club based in Dalkey . Ceoltóirí Chualann
525-592: The Interregnum and Stuart Restoration in England. By the late 18th century, the British Empire had facilitated the spread of Modern English through its colonies and geopolitical dominance. Commerce, science and technology, diplomacy, art, and formal education all contributed to English becoming the first truly global language. Modern English also facilitated worldwide international communication. English
560-552: The Kansai dialect of Japanese will in rare cases allow accusative case to convert to genitive, if specific conditions are met in the clause in which the conversion appears. This is referred to as "Accusative-Genitive conversion." The genitive is one of the cases of nouns and pronouns in Latin . Latin genitives still have certain modern scientific uses: The Irish language also uses a genitive case ( tuiseal ginideach ). For example, in
595-630: The Turkic languages . Depending on the language, specific varieties of genitive-noun–main-noun relationships may include: Depending on the language, some of the relationships mentioned above have their own distinct cases different from the genitive. Possessive pronouns are distinct pronouns, found in Indo-European languages such as English, that function like pronouns inflected in the genitive. They are considered separate pronouns if contrasting to languages where pronouns are regularly inflected in
630-614: The astronomical constellations have genitive forms which are used in star names, for example the star Mintaka in the constellation Orion (genitive Orionis) is also known as Delta Orionis or 34 Orionis. Many languages have a genitive case, including Albanian , Arabic , Armenian , Basque , Danish , Dutch , Estonian , Finnish , Georgian , German , Greek , Gothic , Hungarian , Icelandic , Irish , Kannada , Latin , Latvian , Lithuanian , Malayalam , Nepali , Romanian , Sanskrit , Scottish Gaelic , Swedish , Tamil , Telugu , all Slavic languages except Macedonian , and most of
665-671: The course of the 20th century. Note, however, that these are generalizations, and some of these may not be true for specific dialects: Up until the American–British split (1600–1725), some major phonological changes in English included: After the American-British split , further changes to English phonology included: Changes in alphabet and spelling were heavily influenced by the advent of printing and continental printing practices. Consequently, Modern English came to use
700-591: The genitive case may be found in inclusio – that is, between the main noun's article and the noun itself. Old English had a genitive case, which has left its mark in modern English in the form of the possessive ending ' s (now sometimes referred to as the "Saxon genitive"), as well as possessive adjective forms such as his , their , etc., and in certain words derived from adverbial genitives such as once and afterwards . (Other Old English case markers have generally disappeared completely.) The modern English possessive forms are not normally considered to represent
735-421: The genitive is marked with -n , e.g. maa – maan "country – of the country". The stem may change, however, with consonant gradation and other reasons. For example, in certain words ending in consonants, -e- is added, e.g. mies – miehen "man – of the man", and in some, but not all words ending in -i , the -i is changed to an -e- , to give -en , e.g. lumi – lumen "snow – of
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#1732776317108770-458: The genitive marker is attached to the full noun phrase the King of France , whereas case markers are normally attached to the head of a phrase. In languages having a true genitive case, such as Old English, this example may be expressed as þes cynges wyrre of France , literally "the King's war of France", with the ' s attaching to the King . Finnic languages ( Finnish , Estonian , etc.) have genitive cases. In Finnish, prototypically
805-430: The genitive. For example, English my is either a separate possessive adjective or an irregular genitive of I , while in Finnish, for example, minun is regularly agglutinated from minu- "I" and -n (genitive). In some languages, nouns in the genitive case also agree in case with the nouns they modify (that is, it is marked for two cases). This phenomenon is called suffixaufnahme . In some languages, nouns in
840-406: The head noun (rather than the modifying noun) in the construct state . Possessive grammatical constructions, including the possessive case, may be regarded as subsets of the genitive construction. For example, the genitive construction "pack of dogs” is similar, but not identical in meaning to the possessive case "dogs' pack" (and neither of these is entirely interchangeable with "dog pack", which
875-691: The later site of Dublin city. Henry Morris suggested, based on a story in a law tract , that the Fir Chualann ["men of Cualu"] had originally lived further north, in Brega around Tara, until displaced by the Ciannachta after the battle of Crionna . Among the kings of Leinster were Cellach Cualann (died 715) and Crimthann mac Áedo (died 633) who the Annals of Tigernach say was "of Cualu". "Tuathal son of Cremthann, king of Cualu" died in 778. In
910-639: The phrase bean an tí (woman of the house), tí is the genitive case of teach , meaning "house". Another example is barr an chnoic , "top of the hill", where cnoc means "hill", but is changed to chnoic , which also incorporates lenition . In Mandarin Chinese , the genitive case is made by use of the particle 的 (de). 我 wǒ 的 de 猫 māo [ 我的貓 ] 我 的 猫 wǒ de māo Modern English Modern English , sometimes called New English ( NE ) or present-day English ( PDE ) as opposed to Middle and Old English ,
945-442: The relation between nouns: A simple s is added to the end of a name: The genitive case is also commonly found after certain prepositions: The genitive case can sometimes be found in connection with certain adjectives: The genitive case is occasionally found in connection with certain verbs (some of which require an accusative before the genitive); they are mostly either formal or legal: The ablative case of Indo-European
980-530: The singular genitive is sometimes (in a subset of words ending with a vocal in nominative) identical in form to nominative. In Finnish, in addition to the uses mentioned above, there is a construct where the genitive is used to mark a surname. For example, Juhani Virtanen can be also expressed Virtasen Juhani ("Juhani of the Virtanens"). A complication in Finnic languages is that the accusative case -(e)n
1015-402: The snow". The genitive is used extensively, with animate and inanimate possessors. In addition to the genitive, there is also a partitive case (marked -ta/-tä or -a/-ä ) used for expressing that something is a part of a larger mass, e.g. joukko miehiä "a group of men". In Estonian, the genitive marker -n has elided with respect to Finnish. Thus, the genitive always ends with a vowel, and
1050-600: The suffix -i ('of') is also used. For example: Japanese construes the genitive by using the grammatical particle no の. It can be used to show a number of relationships to the head noun. For example: The archaic genitive case particle -ga ～が is still retained in certain expressions, place names, and dialects. Possessive ga can also be written as a small ke ( ヶ ), for example in Kasumigaoka ( 霞ヶ丘 ) . Typically, languages have nominative case nouns converting into genitive case. It has been found, however, that
1085-447: Was a 1960s Irish traditional music ensemble named by Seán Ó Riada after its home area. Genitive The genitive construction includes the genitive case, but is a broader category. Placing a modifying noun in the genitive case is one way of indicating that it is related to a head noun , in a genitive construction. However, there are other ways to indicate a genitive construction. For example, many Afroasiatic languages place
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1120-513: Was absorbed into the genitive in Classical Greek. This added to the usages of the "genitive proper", the usages of the "ablatival genitive". The genitive occurs with verbs, adjectives, adverbs and prepositions. See also Genitive absolute . The Hungarian genitive is constructed using the suffix -é . The genitive -é suffix is only used with the predicate of a sentence: it serves the role of mine, yours, hers, etc. The possessed object
1155-636: Was adopted in North America, India, parts of Africa, Australia, and many other regions. In the post-colonial period, some newly created nations that had multiple indigenous languages opted to continue using Modern English as the official language to avoid the political difficulties inherent in promoting one indigenous language above another. The following is an outline of the major changes in Modern English compared to its previous form (Middle English), and also some major changes in English over
1190-792: Was adopted in many regions of the world by the British Empire , such as Anglo-America , the Indian subcontinent , Africa , Australia and New Zealand . Modern English has many dialects spoken in many countries throughout the world, sometimes collectively referred to as the English-speaking world . These dialects include (but are not limited to) American , Australian , British (containing Anglo-English , Scottish English and Welsh English ), Canadian , New Zealand , Caribbean , Hiberno-English (including Ulster English ), Indian , Sri Lankan , Pakistani , Nigerian , Philippine , Singaporean , and South African English . According to
1225-471: Was the prerogative in various texts of either the High King of Ireland or the king of Leinster. In Norman times, "Fera Cualann", anglicised Fercullen , was a smaller territory than ancient Cualu, encompassing the north Wicklow Mountains and ruled by the O'Toole family , which later became the manor of Powerscourt . The Irish name for Great Sugar Loaf mountain is Ó Cualann ["peak of Cualu"]. During
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