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34-544: The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants ( ICNCP ) is a guide to the rules and regulations for naming cultigens , plants whose origin or selection is primarily due to intentional human activity. It is also known as Cultivated Plant Code . Cultigens under the purview of the ICNCP include cultivars , Groups ( cultivar groups ), and grexes . All organisms traditionally considered to be plants (including algae and fungi ) are included. Taxa that receive

68-579: A botanical species, subspecies or variety, this is indicated by a sequence of names (Pelargonium zonale Mistress-Pollock ). This Article survived redrafting of the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature until 1935 and its core sentiments remain in the present-day ICNCP of 2009. The first version (1953) was published by the Royal Horticultural Society as a 29-page booklet, edited by William Stearn . Following

102-507: A descriptive account of the cultivated plants of a region (he was at that time preparing such an account for North America), it would be clear that there are two gentes or kinds (Latin singular gens , plural gentes ) of plants. Firstly, he referred to those that are of known origin or nativity "of known habitat" as indigens ; the other kind was "a domesticated group of which the origin may be unknown or indefinite, which has such characters as to separate it from known indigens, and which

136-411: A distinction between cultigen and cultivar while allowing the inclusion of cultivars within the definition of cultigen . Cultigen is a general-purpose term encompassing plants with cultivar names and others as well, while cultivar is a formal category in the ICNCP. The definition refers to a "deliberate" (long-term propagation) selection of particular plant characteristics that are not exhibited by

170-695: A name under the ICNCP will also be included within taxa named under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , for example, a cultivar is a member of a species . The first edition of the ICNCP , which was agreed in 1952 in Wageningen and published in 1953, has been followed by seven subsequent editions – in 1958 ( Utrecht ), 1961 (update of 1958), 1969 ( Edinburgh ), 1980 ( Seattle ), 1995 ( Edinburgh ), 2004 ( Toronto ) and 2009 ( Wageningen ). The ninth (most recent) edition

204-416: A new category for the cultivar. Bailey was never explicit about the etymology of the word cultivar ; it has been suggested that it is a contraction of the words cultigen or cultivated and variety . He defined cultivar in his 1923 paper as: a race subordinate to species, that has originated and persisted under cultivation; it is not necessarily, however, referable to a recognised botanical species. It

238-449: A plant's wild counterparts. Occasionally, cultigens escape from cultivation and go into the wild, where they breed with indigenous plants. Selections may be made from the progeny in the wild and brought back into cultivation where they are used for breeding, and the results of the breeding again escape into the wild to breed with indigenous plants; an example of this is the plant Lantana . Rosa Iceberg Rosa ' KORbin '

272-445: A summary of the changes made to the previous version; the changes have also been summarised for the period 1953 to 1995. The ICNCP operates within the framework of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants which regulates the scientific names of plants. The following are some examples of names governed by the ICNCP : Note that the ICNCP does not regulate trademarks for plants: trademarks are regulated by

306-534: Is a white floribunda rose cultivar bred by Kordes in Germany in 1958. It is also known as Iceberg , Fée des Neiges and Schneewittchen . 'KORbin' is among the world's best known roses. 'KORbin' is a modern cluster-flowered floribunda rose cultivar. It is commercially available in two main forms: a bush and a standard, both produced by a form of grafting known as budding. The size and shape of bush forms depend on growing conditions and pruning regime: it

340-643: Is distinguished from S. vulgaris 'Andenken an Ludwig Späth' (cultivar name). Other sources, including the Royal Horticultural Society , instead use a different font for selling names, e.g. Rosa Iceberg 'KORbin'. Cultigen The traditional method of scientific naming is under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , and many of the most important cultigens, like maize ( Zea mays ) and banana ( Musa acuminata ), are named. The items in

374-513: Is essentially the equivalent of the botanical variety except in respect to its origin In botanical literature, the word cultigen is generally used to denote a plant that, like the bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum ), is of unknown origin or presumed to be an ancient human selection. Plants like bread wheat have been given binomials according to the Botanical Code and therefore have names with

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408-532: Is limited. Plants tolerate shade, though they perform best in full sun. In North America they are able to be grown in USDA Hardiness Zones 4b and higher. In Australia, plants are suited to all but northern tropical areas. The hardiness and popularity of the cultivar have seen its widespread use in cultivation across the world, occasionally leading to claims that it is "overdone" as a garden plant. The blooms are suited for use as cut flowers. Both

442-480: Is probably not represented by any type specimen or exact description, having, therefore, no clear taxonomic beginning". He called this second kind of plant a cultigen; the word was thought to be derived from the combination of the Latin cultus ('cultivated') and gens ('kind'). In 1923, Bailey emphasised that he was dealing with plants at the rank of species, referring to indigens as those that are discovered in

476-943: Is published or that is registered by the discoverer or breeder of the cultivar. Trade designations are not regulated by the ICNCP ; they may be different in different countries. Thus the German rose breeder Reimer Kordes registered a white rose in 1958 as the cultivar 'KORbin'. This is sold in the United Kingdom under the selling name " Iceberg ", in France as " Fée des Neiges " and in Germany as " Schneewittchen ". Trade designations are not enclosed in single quotes. The ICNCP states that "trade designations must always be distinguished typographically from cultivar, Group and grex epithets." It uses small capitals for this purpose, thus Syringa vulgaris Ludwig Spaeth (trade designation)

510-426: Is usually about 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) high and 1 metre (3.3 ft) wide, though in hot climates it can reach 2 metres (6.6 ft) high and if lightly pruned can become a graceful shrub. Leaves are small, light green and glossy. Blooms are about 5 cm in diameter and have 25 to 35 petals. They grow in clusters on long stems. Buds are long and pointed. The fragrant flowers usually appear abundantly throughout

544-608: The American Society for Horticultural Science . He created the term from the thought of a need for special categories for cultivated plants that had arisen by intentional human activity and which would not fit neatly into the Linnaean hierarchical classification of ranks used by the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature (which later became the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants ). In his 1918 paper, Bailey noted that for anyone preparing

578-537: The 1865 International Botanical and Horticultural Congress and at the 1866 International Botanical Congress, where he suggested that future congresses should deal with nomenclatural matters. De Candolle, who had a legal background, drew up the Lois de la Nomenclature botanique (rules of botanical nomenclature). When adopted by the International Botanical Congress of Paris in 1867, this became

612-406: The ICNCP. Apart from ancient cultigens, there may be occasional anthropogenic plants, such as those that are the result of breeding, selection, and tissue grafting, that are considered of no commercial value and have therefore not been given names according to the ICNCP. The word cultigen was coined in 1918 by Liberty Hyde Bailey (1858–1954), an American horticulturist, botanist and cofounder of

646-637: The ancient Greek botanists (partly for religious reasons) and that the distinction was discussed in some detail by Theophrastus , the "Father of Botany". Theophrastus accepted the view that it was human action, not divine intervention, that produced cultivated plants (cultigens) from wild plants, and he also "had an inkling of the limits of culturally induced ( phenotypic ) changes and of the importance of genetic constitution" ( Historia Plantarum III, 2,2 and Causa Plantarum I, 9,3). He also states that cultivated varieties of fruit trees would degenerate if cultivated from seed. In his 1923 paper, Bailey established

680-540: The cultigen permits the recognition of cultivars; the 1923 definition restricts the idea of the cultigen to plants at the rank of species. In later publications of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium , Cornell, the idea of the cultigen having the rank of species returned (e.g., Hortus Second in 1941 and Hortus Third in 1976). Both of these publications indicate that the terms cultigen and cultivar are not synonymous and that cultigens exist at

714-723: The definitions and uses of the terms cultigen and cultivar have varied, and a wider use of the term cultigen has been proposed. The definition given in the Botanical Glossary of The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening defines a cultigen as "a plant found only in cultivation or in the wild having escaped from cultivation; included here are many hybrids and cultivars". The Cultivated Plant Code states that cultigens are "maintained as recognisable entities solely by continued propagation" and thus would not include plants that have evolved after escape from cultivation. Recent usage in horticulture has maintained

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748-416: The eponymous journal commemorating the work of Bailey (who died in 1954), Baileya , was published. In the first volume of Baileya George Lawrence, taxonomist and colleague of Bailey, wrote a short article on the distinction between the new terms cultivar and variety , and to clarify the term taxon , which had been introduced by German biologist Meyer in the 1920s. He opens the article: In horticulture,

782-453: The first version of today's International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants ( ICN ). Article 40 of the Lois de la Nomenclature botanique dealt with the names of plants of horticultural origin: Among cultivated plants, seedlings, crosses [ métis ] of uncertain origin and sports, receive fancy names in common language, as distinct as possible from the Latin names of species or varieties. When they can be traced back to

816-402: The former as indigens (indigenous or native to the region) and the latter as cultigens. At the same time, he proposed the term cultivar to distinguish varieties originating in cultivation from botanical varieties known first in the wild. In 1953, the first International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants was published, in which Bailey's term cultivar was introduced. In the same year,

850-418: The law of the land involved. Nor does the ICNCP regulate the naming of plant varieties in the legal sense of that term. Many plants have "selling names" or "marketing names" as well as a cultivar name; the ICNCP refers to these as "trade designations". Only the cultivar name is governed by the ICNCP . It is required to be unique; in accordance with the principle of priority, it will be the first name that

884-644: The list can be in any rank. It is more common currently for cultigens to be given names in accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP) principles, rules and recommendations, which provide for the names of cultigens in three categories: the cultivar , the Group (formerly the cultivar-group), and the grex . The ICNCP does not recognize the use of trade designations and other marketing devices as scientifically acceptable names; it does provide advice on how they should be presented. Not all cultigens have been given names according to

918-414: The rank of species only. A cultigen is a plant or group of apparent specific rank, known only in cultivation, with no determined nativity, presumably having originated, in the form in which we know it, under domestication. Compare indigen. Examples are Cucurbita maxima , Phaseolus vulgaris , Zea mays . Botanical historian Alan Morton thought that wild and cultivated plants (cultigens) were of interest to

952-618: The same form as those of plant species that occur naturally in the wild, but it is not necessary for a cultigen to have a species name or to have the biological characteristics that distinguish a species . Cultigens can have names at any of various other ranks, including cultivar names, names in the categories of grex and group , variety names , and forma names , or they may be plants that have been altered by humans (including genetically modified plants) but which have not been given formal names. In 1918, L.H. Bailey distinguished native plants from those originating in cultivation by designating

986-540: The structure of the Botanical Code , the ICNCP is set out in the form of an initial set of Principles followed by Rules and Recommendations that are subdivided into Articles. Amendments to the ICNCP are prompted by international symposia for cultivated plant taxonomy which allow for rulings made by the International Commission on the Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants. Each new version includes

1020-517: The wild and cultigens as plants that arise in some way under the hand of man. He then defined a cultigen as a species, or its equivalent, that has appeared under domestication. Bailey soon altered his 1923 definition of cultigen when, in 1924, he gave a new definition in the Glossary of his Manual of Cultivated Plants as: Plant or group known only in cultivation; presumably originating under domestication; contrast with indigen The 1924 definition of

1054-549: The year. The cultivar was developed by prolific German rose breeder Reimer Kordes in Germany in 1958. He and his father Wilhelm had initially specialised in developing bush roses that were suitable for small gardens. The parent varieties of 'KORbin' are 'Robin Hood', a red hybrid musk rose, developed by Joseph Pemberton in 1927 in England, and 'Virgo', a white hybrid-tea rose bred in France by Charles Mallerin in 1927. The plant

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1088-545: Was published in 2016 ( Beijing ). William Stearn has outlined the origins of ICNCP , tracing it back to the International Horticultural Congress of Brussels in 1864, when a letter from Alphonse de Candolle to Edouard Morren was tabled. This set out de Candolle's view that Latin names should be reserved for species and varieties found in the wild, with non-Latin or "fancy" names used for garden forms. Karl Koch supported this position at

1122-625: Was registered under the cultivar name 'KORbin' by Kordes in 1958 and given the trade name Schneewittchen. The cultivar is known as Fée des Neiges in French and Iceberg in English. In 1958, 'KORbin' was awarded a Royal National Rose Society Gold Medal. The cultivar was selected as the "World Favourite Rose" of 1983 by the World Federation of Rose Societies and is listed in their " Rose Hall of Fame ". The German ADR title granted in 1960

1156-707: Was taken away in 2004. Stamps depicting the cultivar were issued in Romania in 1970 and New Zealand in 1975. A number of sports of 'KORbin' have been discovered: Because of its positive qualities, 'KORbin' was an important parent of the English Roses bred by David Austin and others: 1983 – 'Graham Thomas' and 'Perdita'; 1984 – 'Belle Story', 'Dove' and 'Heritage'; 1985 – 'Emanuel'; 1986 – 'Claire Rose', 'English Garden' and 'Swan'. Although plants are generally disease free, they may suffer from black spot in more humid climates or in situations where air circulation

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