The 70-centimeter or 440 MHz band is a portion of the UHF radio spectrum internationally allocated to amateur radio and amateur satellite use. The ITU amateur radio allocation is from 430 to 440 MHz; however, some countries, such as the United States, allocate hams 420 to 450 MHz. Depending on the country the band is shared with other radio services (in United States with government radar systems such as PAVE PAWS ).
62-487: PAVE PAWS ( PAVE Phased Array Warning System) is a complex Cold War early warning radar and computer system developed in 1980 to "detect and characterize a sea-launched ballistic missile attack against the United States". The first solid-state phased array deployed used a pair of Raytheon AN/FPS-115 phased array radar sets at each site to cover an azimuth angle of 240 degrees. Two sites were deployed in 1980 at
124-406: A $ 289.5 million sustainment contract which Raytheon was awarded in 2012. It has been reported that the defenses of Taiwan's PAVE PAWS system include a land based Phalanx CIWS . Taiwan had explored the acquisition of a second PAVE PAWS set but in 2012 decided against the purchase as the first PAVE PAWS set was significantly over budget and behind schedule. The second system would have been located in
186-662: A 22–23 February 1984 System Design Review for the Southeast and Southwest radars. The Expansion's Development Test and Engineering testing commenced on 3 February 1986 at the Southeast Site (PAVE PAWS Site 3, Robins Air Force Base —completed 5 June) and 15 August at the Southwest Site (PAVE PAWS Site 4, Eldorado Air Force Station ). The Gulf Coast FPS-115s were operational in 1986 (Robins) and May 1987 (Eldorado IOC). In February 1995, all 4 radars were being netted by
248-604: A 5–7 March "final review of the East Coast PAVE PAWS EIS was held at Hq AFSC ", the site was accepted by ESD on 12 April. The "first radio frequency transmission" from the West Coast Site was 23 March 1979 (it was completed in October 1979). " ADCOM wanted four [PAVE PAWS] sites, but by the end of 1979 only two had been funded". The Cape Cod system reached Initial operating capability (IOC) as
310-745: A list of PAVE program names relating to Laser Guided bombs Nicknames and Practice Terms , Department of the Air Force, 15 March 1979, p. 30 , retrieved 31 January 2022 v t e US Air Force PAVE Electronics Systems PAVE Eagle PAVE Hawk Pave Knife PAVE Low PAVE Mint PAVE Mover PAVE Onyx PAVE Pace PAVE PAWS Pave Penny PAVE Pillar Pave Pronto PAVE Spectre Pave Spike PAVE Sword Pave Tack Paveway Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PAVE&oldid=1250762643 " Category : Equipment of
372-419: A lower noise floor , making it easier to overcome both natural and artificial interference, especially prevalent in urban environments. Propagation considerations often take a back seat to channel availability or economic concerns in system planning. One practical concern when comparing the 70-centimeter band to the 2-meter band is that a quarter-wavelength antenna is much less unwieldy at 70 centimeters than it
434-411: A peak power of 320 W, so the peak power of each array is 580 kW. It operates in a repeating 54 millisecond cycle in which it transmits a series of pulses, then listens for echoes. Its duty cycle (fraction of time spent transmitting) is never greater than 25% (so the average power of the beam never exceeds 25% of 540 kW, or 145 kW) and is usually around 18%. It is reported to have
496-419: A range of about 3,000 nautical miles (3,452 statute miles, 5,555 km); at that range it can detect an object the size of a small car, and smaller objects at closer ranges. The functioning of the radar is completely automatic, controlled by four computers. The software divides the beam time between "surveillance" and "tracking" functions, switching the beam back and forth rapidly between different tasks. In
558-575: A second mission of tracking satellites and other objects in Earth orbit as part of the United States Space Surveillance Network . A notable feature of the system is its phased array antenna technology, it was one of the first large phased array radars. A phased array was used because a conventional mechanically-rotated radar antenna cannot turn fast enough to track multiple ballistic missiles. A nuclear strike on
620-584: A three-letter code. Thus, the AN/FPS-115 represents the 115th design of an Army-Navy “Fixed, Radar, Search” electronic device. The radar was built in the Cold War to give early warning of a nuclear attack , to allow time for US bombers to get off the ground and land-based US missiles to be launched, to decrease the chance that a preemptive strike could destroy US strategic nuclear forces. The deployment of submarine launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) by
682-869: A wide range of different programs, though backronyms and alternative meanings have been used. For example, in the helicopters Pave Low and Pave Hawk it was said to mean Precision Avionics Vectoring Equipment , but in PAVE PAWS it was said to mean Precision Acquisition Vehicle Entry . PAVE systems [ edit ] Pave Eagle – Modified Beechcraft Bonanza drone aircraft for low altitude sensor monitoring. Pave Hawk – Sikorsky HH-60 Pave Hawk special operations and combat search and rescue helicopter. Pave Nail - OV-10 Bronco with Pave Spot target laser designator pod. Pave Knife – Ford Aerospace AN/AVQ-10 Pave Knife early laser targeting pod. Pave Low – Sikorsky MH-53 Pave Low special ops and combat search and rescue helicopter. Pave Mint – Upgrade of
SECTION 10
#1732771974339744-620: Is a common repeater frequency offset in the 70 cm band. [ v ] All allocations are subject to variation by country. For simplicity, only common allocations found internationally are listed. See a band's article for specifics. [ w ] HF allocation created at the 1979 World Administrative Radio Conference . These are commonly called the " WARC bands ". [ x ] This is not mentioned in the ITU 's Table of Frequency Allocations , but many individual administrations have commonly adopted this allocation under "Article 4.4" . [ y ] This includes
806-493: Is about a military electronic system. For other uses, see Pave (disambiguation) . [REDACTED] An early Pave Sword laser pod on a F-4D during the Vietnam War , 1971. PAVE is a United States Air Force program identifier relating to electronic systems. Prior to 1979, Pave was said to be a code word for the Air Force unit responsible for the project. Pave was used as an inconsequential prefix identifier for
868-621: Is at 2 meters. Portable antennas for 2 meters are generally continuously loaded coil spring or " rubber duck " types, while on 70 centimeters they can be a full quarter wavelength. The difference can be as much as 8 dB . The primary advantage of 70 centimeters is that base station antennas of very significant gain (up to 11 dB or so) are practical while 6 dB is about the practical limit on 2m. The extra 5 dB of receive and transmit gain are often critical for long-range communication, particularly for high-power repeaters which can then concentrate all of their power and receive sensitivity at
930-413: Is kept at least 100 ft above the ground over public-accessible land to avoid the possibility of exposing the public to significant electromagnetic fields. Each array is a circle 72.5 ft (22.1 m) in diameter consisting of 2,677 crossed dipole antenna elements, of which 1,792 are powered and serve as both transmitting and receiving antennas, with the rest functioning as receiving antennas. Due to
992-407: Is much less severe with modern FM systems because the receiver's limiter circuitry compensates for variations in received signal strength over a very wide amplitude range. In properly engineered systems, multipath can also be reduced by assuring that the transmitter uses only the minimum necessary power, allowing the reflected signals to be lower than the receiver's detection threshold. 70 centimeters
1054-490: Is the prevalence of multipath signals. The reflective properties of the 70-centimeter band allow signals to be reflected by dense and solid material such as cement or rock. This creates a slight time delay between the primary and reflected signals, causing cancellations as direct and reflected signals are combined in the receiving antenna. This can cause receiving stations to experience rapid fluctuations in signal strength, or "picket fencing", when they are in motion. The problem
1116-447: Is very close to the third harmonic of 2 meters, which allows sufficiently broadband 2–meter antennas to be used for 70 centimeters. Antennas specifically designed to work on both bands are common. Also, 2 meters is far enough away from 70 centimeters to make diplexers small and simple, making it easy to cross-band repeat signals between the two bands with a single dual-band radio. In some countries, particularly Germany (until
1178-563: The Cape Cod Missile Early Warning Station on 4 April 1981 with initial operational test and evaluation (IOT&E) completed 21 May; Beale AFB reached IOC on 15 August. The two PAVE PAWS, three BMEWS, and the PARCS & FPS-85 radar stations transferred to Strategic Air Command (then Space Command ) in 1983. By 1981 Cheyenne Mountain was providing 6,700 messages per hour including those based on input from
1240-842: The FAA restricts aircraft at altitudes below 4,500 ft (1,400 m) to maintain 1 nm (1.85 km) from the Cape Cod SSPARS phased array. On May 23, 1975 the USAF announced the Raytheon Corporation would be contracted to build the East Coast facility in Otis Air Force Base and West Coast facility in Beale Air Force Base . On October 27, 1976, ground-breaking ceremonies were held at
1302-690: The Kamchatka peninsula from locations in southwestern Russia". The Safeguard PAR station that closed in 1976, had its radar "modified for the ADCOM mission during 1977 [and] ADCOM accepted [the Concrete Missile Early Warning Station] from the Army on 3 October 1977" for "SLBM surveillance of Arctic Ocean areas". By December 1977 RADC had developed the 322 watt PAVE PAWS "solid state transmitter and receiver module", and
SECTION 20
#17327719743391364-768: The Kwajalein Missile Site Radar (1967). The Avco 474N Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM) Detection and Warning System (SLBMD&W System) was deployed as "an austere…interim line-of-sight system" after approval in July 1965 to modify some Air Defense Command (ADC) Avco AN/FPS-26 Frequency Diversity Radars into Avco AN/FSS-7 SLBM Detection Radars. The 474N sites planned for 1968 also were to include AN/GSQ-89 data processing equipment (for synthesizing tracks from radar returns), as well as site communications equipment that NORAD requested on 10 May 1965 to allow "dual full period dedicated data circuits" to
1426-671: The Project Space Track "phased-array radar at Eglin AFB …for SLBM surveillance on an "on-call" basis" "at the appropriate DEFCON ". By June 1966 the refined FPS-85 plan was for it "to have the capability to operate in the SLBM mode simultaneously [ sic ] [interlaced transmissions] with the Spacetrack surveillance and tracking modes" Rebuilding of the "separate faces for transmitting and receiving" began in 1967 after
1488-676: The Safeguard Program for defending against enemy ballistic missiles. The SLBM Phased Array Radar System (SPARS) was the USAF program initiated in November 1972 by the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) while the Army's PAR was under construction. A 1974 SPARS proposal for "two new SLBM Phased Array Warning Radars" was submitted to replace the east/west coast 474N detection radars, which had "limitations against Soviet SLBMs, particularly
1550-539: The "missile warning center at Cheyenne Mountain AS [which was] undergoing a $ 450 million upgrade program". Other centers receiving PAVE PAWS output were the 19xx Missile Correlation Center and 19xx Space Control Center. During the post-Cold War draw down, the Eldorado and Robins radar stations closed in 1995. By October 1999, Cape Cod and Beale radars were providing data via Jam Resistant Secure Communication (JRSC) circuits to
1612-416: The 105 ft high transmitter building, which are oriented 120° apart in azimuth. The beam from each array can be deflected up to 60° from the array's central boresight axis, allowing each array to cover an azimuth angle of 120°, thus the entire radar can cover an azimuth of 240°. The building sides are sloped at an angle of 20°, and the beam can be directed at any elevation angle between 3° and 85°. The beam
1674-463: The 1955 GE AN/FPS-17 Fixed Ground Radar and 1961 RCA AN/FPS-50 Radar Set were deployed for missile tracking, and the USAF tests of modified AN/FPS-35 mechanical radars at Virginia and Pennsylvania SAGE radar stations had "marginal ability" to detect Cape Canaveral missiles in summer 1962. A Falling Leaves mechanical radar in New Jersey built for BMEWS successfully tracked a missile during
1736-857: The 420 to 450 MHz band near AN/FPS-123 radars were notified to lower their power output to mitigate interference, and AN/FPS-123s were part of the Air Force Space Surveillance System by 2009. The Beale AN/FPS-123 was upgraded to a Raytheon AN/FPS-132 Upgraded Early Warning Radar (UEWR), circa 2012, with capabilities to operate in the Ground-based Midcourse Defense (GMD) ABM system—the Beale UEWR included Avionics, Transmit-Receive modules, Receiver Exciter / Test Target Generator, Beam Steering Generator, Signal Processor, and other changes. After additional UEWR installations for GMD at Thule Site J and
1798-411: The 70 cm band, but unlike similar operations in the 6-meter band , no specific frequencies have been set aside for RC use. American radio amateurs may use a maximum of one watt of radiated RF power, on any ham frequency authorized for data emissions, to control RC models. Canadian radio amateurs may use any amateur frequency above 30 MHz for the control of RC models. Plus or minus 5 MHz
1860-777: The AN/ALQ-117 electronic warfare system to the AN/ALQ-172. Pave Mover – Demonstration program to develop the AN/APY-7 radar wide-area surveillance, ground moving target indicator (GMTI), fixed target indicator (FTI) target classification, and synthetic aperture radar (SAR), for the E-8 Joint STARS . Pave Onyx – Vietnam era Advanced Location Strike System c.1973. Pave Pace – A fully integrated avionics architecture featuring functional resource allocation. PAVE PAWS – The Phased-Array Warning System which replaced
1922-596: The American coastline, while hiding the fact that it had no defensive armaments in the event an incoming missile was detected. The USAF requested the National Research Council (in May 1978) and a contractor, SRI International (April 1978), to assess PAVE PAWS radiation. Two NRC reports were prepared (1979, tbd ), SRI's Environmental Impact Statement was reviewed during a 22 January 1979 public hearing at
PAVE PAWS - Misplaced Pages Continue
1984-465: The Canada–US border from Washington state to Maine , and east of Line C, which runs from northeast to southeast Alaska . 70-centimeter propagation characteristics lie midway between 2-meter and 33-centimeter (~900 MHz) bands. Above 200 MHz, as frequency increases, building penetration is reduced. Smaller obstacles may also block or reflect the signal. However, higher frequencies also present
2046-715: The Cheyenne Mountain 425L System, which was "fully operational" on 20 April 1966. ( Cheyenne Mountain Complex relayed 474N data to " SAC , the National Military Command Center , and the Alternate NMCC over BMEWS circuits", for presentation by Display Information Processors—impact ellipses and "threat summary display" with a count of incoming missiles and "Minutes Until First Impact" countdown). By December 1965 NORAD decided to use
2108-546: The Command Center Processing and Display System in the NMCC. The transition of BMEWS and PAVE PAWS to SSPARS had begun with the 4 AN/FPS-50 BMEWS radars near Thule Air Base being replaced with a Raytheon AN/FPS-120 Solid State Phased Array Radar at Thule Site J (operational "2QFY87"). An AN/FPS-115 system was sold to Taiwan in 2000 and installed at Loshan or Leshan Mountain, Tai'an, Miaoli in 2006. It
2170-729: The East Coast Site. System performance testing at the Otis facility began on April 3, 1978 and completed by January 16, 1979. To mitigate interference at the FPS-115 site on Flatrock Hill from the Cape & Islands Emergency Medical Service (CIEMSS), on 8 February 1979 ESD installed six high pass filters—then Raytheon was contracted 24 May to move the EMS Repeater Station to Bourne, Massachusetts (completed 13 July). After
2232-599: The October 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis , and "an AN/FPS-85 long-range phased array ( Passive electronically scanned array ) radar was constructed at Eglin AFB " Site C-6, Florida beginning on 29 October 1962 (the Bendix Radio Division FPS-85 contract had been signed 2 April 1962). Early military phased array radars were also deployed for testing: Bendix AN/FPS-46 Electronically Steerable Array Radar (ESAR) at Towson, MD (powered up in November 1960), White Sands' Multi-function Array Radar (1963), and
2294-686: The PARCS beginning December 1978, e.g., "extending the range" by 1989 for the Enhanced PARCS configuration (EPARCS). USAF environmental assessments in August 1975 and March 1976 for PAVE PAWS were followed by the EPA's Environmental Impact Analysis in December 1977. Environmental impacts were litigated in U.S. District Court in Boston. The government asserted the position that Pave Paws would protect
2356-682: The PAVE PAWS and the remaining FSS-7 stations. In 1981, as part of the Worldwide Military Command and Control System Information System (WIS), the Pentagon's National Military Command Center was receiving data "directly from the Satellite Early Warning System (SEWS) and directly from the PAVE PAWS sensor systems". Beam Steering Unit (BSU) and Receiver Beam Former (REX) replacements were made on
2418-688: The Sandwich MA high school auditorium (~300 people). The studies found no elevated cancer risk from PAVE PAWS e.g., elevated Ewing sarcoma rates were not supported by 2005 available data (a December 2007 MA Department of Health report concluded it "appears unlikely that PAVE PAWS played a primary role in the incidence of Ewing family of tumors on Cape Cod.") A followup to a 1978 Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine report concluded in 2005 that power densities beyond 15 metres (49.2 ft) were within permissible exposure limits . Consistent with other regulations to prevent interference with aircraft systems,
2480-578: The Skies: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Defense Radar Program (Report). Champaign, IL: U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories. LCCN 97020912 . Archived from the original on December 1, 2012 . Retrieved 2013-04-23 . Bibliography [ edit ] "Laser Guided Bombs" . Federation of American Scientists . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . - Contains
2542-534: The Soviet Union by the 1970s, significantly decreased the warning time available between the detection of an incoming enemy missile and its reaching its target, because SLBMs can be launched closer to the US than the previous ICBMs , which have a long flight path from the Soviet Union to the continental US. Thus there was a need for a radar system with faster reaction time than existing radars. PAVE PAWS later acquired
PAVE PAWS - Misplaced Pages Continue
2604-602: The System Program Office (ESD/OCL) issued the AN/FPS-115 "System Performance Specification …SS-OCLU-75-1A" on 15 December 1977. IBM's PAVE PAWS "beam-steering and pulse schedules from the CYBER-174 " duplexed computers to the MODCOMP IV duplexed radar control computers were "based upon" PARCS program(s) installed for attack characterization in 1977 when the USAF received the Army's PAR. Bell Labs enhanced
2666-494: The UK (contracted 2003), a 2012 ESD/XRX Request for Information for replacement, and remote operation, of the remaining "PAVE PAWS/BMEWS/PARCS systems" at Cape Cod, Alaska, and North Dakota was issued. The Alaska AN/FPS-132 was contracted in fall 2012 and in 2013, the U.S. announced a plan to sell an AN/FPS-132 to Qatar . PAVE United States military electronic system program This article
2728-407: The US would consist of hundreds of ICBMs and SLBMs incoming simultaneously. The beam of the phased array radar is steered electronically without moving the fixed antenna, so it can be pointed in a different direction in milliseconds, allowing it to track many incoming missiles at the same time. The AN/FPS-115 radar consists of two phased arrays of antenna elements mounted on two sloping sides of
2790-414: The United States and Trinidad and Tobago , the band ranges from 420 to 450 MHz with some geographical limitations. In Canada and Australia , the band is 430–450 MHz. In the UK, amateurs are allocated 430–440 MHz. By international treaty between the US and Canada, operation in the portion of the band from 420 to 430 MHz is prohibited north of Line A, which runs just south of
2852-537: The United States Air Force Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata 70-centimeter band 70 centimeters is a popular ham band due to the ready availability of equipment in both new and used markets. Most amateurs operating on 70 cm use either equipment purpose-built for ham radio, or commercial equipment designed for nearby land mobile frequencies. Amateurs usually use
2914-438: The band for FM or digital voice communications through repeaters (useful for emergency communications), as well narrow band modes (analog and digital) for long-distance communications (called "DX", including Moon bounce ). The band is also popular for Amateur Satellite Service. Due to its size , it's the lowest frequency ham band which can support amateur television transmissions. The band's allocation varies regionally. In
2976-542: The computer can instantly steer the beam to a different direction. The radar operates in the UHF band between 420 - 450 MHz, which is shared with the 70 centimeter amateur band (just below the UHF television broadcast band), that is a wavelength of 71–67 cm, with circular polarization . It is an active array ( AESA ); each of the 1,792 transmitting elements has its own solid-state transmitter/receiver module, and radiates
3038-829: The early 1970s. See also [ edit ] Light Airborne Multi-Purpose System (LAMPS) LANTIRN References [ edit ] Notes [ edit ] ^ Engineering Panel on the PAVE PAWS Radar System (1979). Radiation Intensity of the PAVE PAWS Radar System (PDF) (Report). National Academy of Sciences. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 14, 2014 . Retrieved 2014-06-05 . ^ "Upgraded Early Warning Radar (UEWR)" . Federation of American Scientists . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . ^ Photographs / Written Historical and Descriptive Data: Cape Cod Air Station Technical Facility/Scanner Building and Power Plant (PDF) (Report). p. 2. Archived from
3100-591: The end of 2008) and Switzerland , a portion of the 70 cm band overlaps with a secondary frequency allocation for the operation of Radio control models. In Germany, 33 frequencies were available for RC use, and in Switzerland , ten frequencies are available. These frequencies fall within the LPD433 band used by short range devices in Europe. In North America, licensed amateurs may conduct RC operations in
3162-533: The four Cape Cod and Beale radars in the 1980s. The PAVE PAWS Expansion Program had begun by February 1982 to replace "older FPS-85 and FSS-7 SLBM surveillance radars in Florida with a new PAVE PAWS radar to provide improved surveillance of possible SLBM launch areas southeast of the United States [and for another] to the Southwest." After a 3 June 1983 RFP, Raytheon Company was contracted on 10 November and had
SECTION 50
#17327719743393224-470: The horizon. The 70-centimeter amateur band also provides a wider spectrum than the 2-meter band (in the U.S., this is 30 MHz of spectrum, compared to only 4 MHz on the 2-meter band). This allows for many more channels, accommodating fast scan television , wideband digital modes, and point-to-point linking, which may not be permitted on 2-meter and lower frequencies, depending on local regulations. A problem found with all UHF and higher frequencies
3286-606: The longer range SS-N-8 " on 1973 "Delta" class submarines . Development began in August 1973, SPARS was renamed PAVE PAWS on 18 February 1975, and system production was requested by a 13 June 1975 Request for Proposals (RFP). Rome Air Development Center (RADC) "was responsible for the design, fabrication installation, integration test, and evaluation of" PAVE PAWS through 1980. The differing USAF AN/FPS-109 Cobra Dane phased array radar in Alaska achieved IOC on 13 July 1977 for "providing intelligence on Soviet test missiles fired at
3348-487: The original (PDF) on 2014-07-15 . Retrieved 2014-06-10 . ^ "The Acronym That Wasn't" . Aerofiles . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . ^ Smith, John Q.; Byrd, David A (1991). Forty Years of Research and Development at Griffis Air Force Base: June 1951 – June 1991 (Report). Rome Laboratory. p. 130. Archived from the original on April 8, 2013 . Retrieved 2014-03-10 . ^ Winkler, David F; Webster, Julie L (June 1997). Searching
3410-509: The periphery of the contiguous United States, then two more in 1987–95 as part of the United States Space Surveillance Network . One system was sold to Taiwan and is still in service. Under the Joint Electronics Type Designation System (JETDS), all U.S. military radar and tracking systems are assigned a unique identifying alphanumeric designation. The letters “AN” (for Army-Navy) are placed ahead of
3472-432: The phenomenon of interference the radio waves from the separate elements combine in front of the antenna to form a beam. The array has a gain of 38.6 dB, and the width of the beam is only 2.2°. The drive current for each antenna element passes through a device called a phase shifter , controlled by the central computer. By changing the relative timing ( phase ) of the current pulses supplied to each antenna element
3534-562: The south and together the PAVE PAWS sets would have provided Taiwan with 360-degree coverage. The radar site in Taiwan sits on top of a mountain at an elevation of over 2,600 m (8,500 ft). Due to its extremely elevated position the Taiwanese set has the unique ability to track surface ships. Detection and tracking data is believed to be shared with the United States in real time; this has not been officially confirmed. The radar site
3596-582: The surveillance mode, which normally consumes about 11% of the duty cycle, the radar repeatedly scans the horizon across its full 240° azimuth in a pattern between 3° and 10° elevation, creating a "surveillance fence" to immediately detect missiles as they rise above the horizon into the radar's field of view. In the tracking mode, which normally consumes the other 7% of the 18% duty cycle, the radar beam follows already-detected objects to determine their trajectory, calculating their launch and target points. Fixed-reflector radars with mechanically-scanned beams such as
3658-916: The three BMEWS radars. Pave in this case is a backronym for Perimeter or Precision Acquisition Vehicle Entry. Pave Penny – Lockheed-Martin AN/AAS-35(V) laser spot tracker. Pave Pillar – Generic core avionics architecture system for combat aircraft. Pave Pronto – Lockheed AC-130 Spectre gunship program. Pave Spectre – Lockheed AC-130E gunships. Pave Spike – Westinghouse AN/ASQ-153\AN/AVQ-23 electro-optical laser designator pod. Pave Sword – AN/AVQ-11 Pave Sword laser tracker. Pave Tack – Ford Aerospace AN/AVQ-26 electro-optical targeting pod. Used first on F-4 and then later on F-111 F model aircraft. Paveway – A family of laser-guided bomb conversion kits, to be fitted to standard unguided bombs. Pave COIN /Project Little Brother - A USAF program evaluating counter insurgency aircraft during
3720-619: The under-construction Eglin FPS-85 was "almost totally destroyed by fire on 5 January 1965". FPS-85 IOC was in 1969, 474N interim operations began in July 1970 (474N IOC was 5 May 1972), and in 1972 20% of Eglin FPS-85 "surveillance capability…became dedicated to search for SLBMs," and new SLBM software was installed in 1975. (the FPS-85 was expanded in 1974). The Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex with North Dakota phased arrays (four-face Missile Site Radar and single-face GE Perimeter Acquisition Radar, PAR) became operational in 1975 as part of
3782-455: Was commissioned into service in 2013. The system cost approximately US$ 1.4 billion and Raytheon was the prime contractor. It provides up to six minutes notice of Chinese ballistic missile attack. The system spends most of its time observing satellites and orbital debris; this information is shared with the United States. In 2016 Raytheon Integrated Defense Systems was awarded a $ 26.2 million contract to upgrade Taiwan's radar system. This followed on
SECTION 60
#17327719743393844-781: Was first occupied by a Naval Maritime and Surveillance Command radar surveillance facility, which was relocated to a higher peak in the same region to make way for PAVE PAWS. The Solid State Phased Array Radar System (SSPARS) began replacing PAVE PAWS when the first AN/FPS-115 face was taken off-line for the radar upgrade. New Raytheon AN/FPS-123 Early Warning Radars became operational in 19xx (Beale) and 19xx (Cape Cod) in each base's existing PAVE PAWS "Scanner Building". RAF Fylingdales , UK and Clear Space Force Station , Alaska BMEWS stations became SSPARS radar stations when their respective AN/FPS-126 radar (3 faces) and 2001 Raytheon AN/FPS-120 Solid State Phased Array Radar became operational. In 2007, 100 owners/trustees of amateur radio repeaters in
#338661