Misplaced Pages

#985014

78-838: National Research Council may refer to: National Research Council (Canada) , sponsoring research and development National Research Council (Italy) , scientific and technological research, Rome National Research Council (United States) , part of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and U.S. National Academy of Engineering National Scientific and Technical Research Council , Argentine government agency which directs scientific research in universities and institutes See also [ edit ] National Council of Educational Research and Training , India National Council (disambiguation) National Research Centre (disambiguation) National Research Council (disambiguation) National Centre for Research (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

156-613: A Figure of Insensitivity of exactly 80 (RDX defines the reference point). RDX sublimes in vacuum , which restricts or prevents its use in some applications. RDX, when exploded in air, has about 1.5 times the explosive energy of TNT per unit weight and about 2.0 times per unit volume. RDX is insoluble in water, with solubility 0.05975 g/L at temperature of 25 °C. The substance's toxicity has been studied for many years. RDX has caused convulsions (seizures) in military field personnel ingesting it, and in munition workers inhaling its dust during manufacture. At least one fatality

234-487: A semiconductor commonly used in light-emitting diodes . The GaN Electronics Program supports partner research and development activities with a goal of ensuring that GaN technology will create wealth and a greener future for Canadians. The NRC is the only Canadian foundry for GaN electronics, and offers both normally-on and normally-off devices. The GaN500v2 Foundry Design Kit was released on June 28, 2014. The NRC Industrial Research Assistance Program ( NRC-IRAP )

312-529: A 23-month period during which NRC management was aware that the organization was contaminating the water table outside its fire-safety testing facility in Mississippi Mills, Ontario , with perfluorinated chemicals used in firefighting foams and did not inform that community's inhabitants. John McDougall's departure – signalled by a sudden, three-line email to employees in March 2016 announced that he

390-448: A German citizen, rediscovered the explosive properties of RDX and applied for an Austrian patent in 1919, obtaining a British one in 1921 and an American one in 1922. All patents described the synthesis of the compound by nitrating hexamethylenetetramine . The British patent claims included the manufacture of RDX by nitration, its use with or without other explosives, its use as a bursting charge and as an initiator. The US patent claim

468-461: A NRC $ 35,750 grant. NRC's fleet of research and test aircraft The NRC has a fleet of nine aircraft for their research purposes: NRC's past fleet of research and test aircraft Former aircraft include other models of the nine listed above and the following: Research aircraft Several Nobel laureates have been associated with the NRC at various points of their careers, including: Under

546-551: A budget of approximately $ 97 million (2013–2018), the Canadian Wheat Alliance will be conducting research on improving the yield of Canadian wheat crops and on the most efficient use of chemical fertilizers. Working with breeders and scientists at the Crop Development Centre and at AAFC, they will be integrating long-term research with genetic improvement of wheat. Gallium nitride (GaN) is

624-463: A change in research focus away from basic research and towards industry-relevant research. This included the development of multiple programs which shifted the research budget out of existing projects and into a number of focused programs. In October 2012, John McDougall and his appointment, Dr. Ian Potter (VP Business Management), served termination notices to all of the NRC's Business Development Officer's (BDOs) across Canada, which ultimately impacted

702-466: A company involved in lobbying for the development of an algae system to recycle carbon emissions. The NRC was not involved in this area of research prior to the arrival of McDougall. The Canadian Wheat Improvement Program is a "strategic collaboration with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), the University of Saskatchewan ’s Crop Development Centre and the province of Saskatchewan." With

780-471: A cooled mixture of hexamine and nitric acid in the nitrator. The RDX was purified and processed for its intended use; recovery and reuse of some methanol and nitric acid also was carried out. The hexamine-nitration and RDX purification plants were duplicated (i.e. twin-unit) to provide some insurance against loss of production due to fire, explosion, or air attack. The United Kingdom and British Empire were fighting without allies against Nazi Germany until

858-427: A density of 1.80 g/cm is 8750 m/s. It starts to decompose at approximately 170 °C and melts at 204 °C. At room temperature , it is very stable. It burns rather than explodes. It detonates only with a detonator , being unaffected even by small arms fire. This property makes it a useful military explosive. It is less sensitive than pentaerythritol tetranitrate ( PETN ). Under normal conditions, RDX has

SECTION 10

#1732764841986

936-619: A human child hospitalized in status epilepticus following the ingestion of 84.82 mg/kg dose of RDX (or 1.23 g for the patient's body weight of 14.5 kg) in the "plastic explosive" form. The substance has low to moderate toxicity with a possible human carcinogen classification. Further research is ongoing, however, and this classification may be revised by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Remediating RDX-contaminated water supplies has proven to be successful. It

1014-602: A mixture of RDX, TNT, and aluminium, which had up to 50 percent more destructive power than TNT-filled depth charges. Considerable quantities of the RDX–TNT mixture were produced at the Holston Ordnance Works, with Tennessee Eastman developing an automated mixing and cooling process based around the use of stainless steel conveyor belts . A Semtex bomb was used in the Pan Am Flight 103 (known also as

1092-802: Is also used in controlled demolition to raze structures. The demolition of the Jamestown Bridge in the U.S. state of Rhode Island was one instance where RDX shaped charges were used to remove the span. RDX is classified by chemists as a hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine derivative. In laboratory settings (industrial routes are described below separately) it is obtained by treating hexamine with white fuming nitric acid . This nitrolysis reaction also produces methylene dinitrate, ammonium nitrate , and water as by-products. The overall reaction is: The conventional cheap nitration agent, called "mixed acid", cannot be used for RDX synthesis because concentrated sulfuric acid conventionally used to stimulate

1170-507: Is an organic compound with the formula (CH 2 N 2 O 2 ) 3 . It is white, odorless, and tasteless, widely used as an explosive . Chemically, it is classified as a nitroamine alongside HMX , which is a more energetic explosive than TNT . It was used widely in World War II and remains common in military applications . RDX is often used in mixtures with other explosives and plasticizers or phlegmatizers (desensitizers); it

1248-410: Is believed to be the explosive used in the 2010 Moscow Metro bombings . Traces of RDX were found on pieces of wreckage from 1999 Russian apartment bombings and 2004 Russian aircraft bombings . FSB reports on the bombs used in the 1999 apartment bombings indicated that while RDX was not a part of the main charge, each bomb contained plastic explosive used as a booster charge . Ahmed Ressam ,

1326-551: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages National Research Council (Canada) The Minister of Innovation, Science, and Economic Development (currently, François-Philippe Champagne ) is responsible for the NRC. NRC is an agency of the Government of Canada , and its mandate is set out in the National Research Council Act . Under

1404-408: Is known to be a kidney toxin in humans and highly toxic to earthworms and plants, thus army testing ranges where RDX was used heavily may need to undergo environmental remediation. Concerns have been raised by research published in late 2017 indicating that the issue has not been addressed correctly by U.S. officials. RDX has been used as a rodenticide because of its toxicity. RDX is degraded by

1482-593: Is the explosive agent in C-4 plastic explosive and a key ingredient in Semtex . It is stable in storage and is considered one of the most energetic and brisant of the military high explosives , with a relative effectiveness factor of 1.60. RDX is also less commonly known as cyclonite , hexogen (particularly in Russian, French and German-influenced languages), T4 , and, chemically, as cyclotrimethylene trinitramine . In

1560-442: Is to provide a completely isolated environment that, according to Barton, registers a noise level that is less than 0dB. (0dB is a statistical average of the lowest level of human hearing.) Wedges made from fibreglass are inside the chamber, and they help create the reflection-free environment. No sound gets in, none gets out, and what occurs within gets completely absorbed with nary a bounce. From 2002 to 2006, John R. McDougall , who

1638-690: The Bureau of Mines , Bruceton, Pennsylvania , using Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) funding. In 1941, the UK's Tizard Mission visited the US Army and Navy departments and part of the information handed over included details of the "Woolwich" method of manufacture of RDX and its stabilisation by mixing it with beeswax . The UK was asking that the US and Canada, combined, supply 220 short tons (200 t) (440,000 lb) of RDX per day. A decision

SECTION 20

#1732764841986

1716-639: The Kenyan Police , the Iranians planned to use the RDX for "attacks on Israeli, US, UK and Saudi Arabian targets". RDX was used in the assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic Hariri on February 14, 2005. In the 2019 Pulwama attack in India, 250 kg of high-grade RDX was used by Jaish-e-Mohammed . The attack resulted in the deaths of 44 Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) personnel as well as

1794-730: The Montreal Laboratory , and later the Chalk River Laboratories in Ontario. Post-WWII, the NRC reverted to its pre-war civilian role, and a number of wartime activities were spun off to newly formed organizations. Military research continued under a new organization, the Defence Research Board , while inventions with commercial potential were transferred to the newly formed Canadian Patents and Development Limited ; and atomic research went to

1872-741: The Neilson Report , which recommended across-the-board financial cuts to all federal government organizations, including the NRC. This led to staff and program cutbacks. By 1985, however, two entities emerged from the National Research Council: the Social Science and Humanities Research Council (see SSHRC Act) and the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council (See NSERC Act). The emergence of these Councils, for all material reasons, took over funding from

1950-598: The al-Qaeda Millennium Bomber , used a small quantity of RDX as one of the components in the bomb that he prepared to detonate in Los Angeles International Airport on New Year's Eve 1999–2000; the bomb could have produced a blast forty times greater than that of a devastating car bomb . In July 2012, the Kenyan government arrested two Iranian nationals and charged them with illegal possession of 15 kilograms (33 pounds) of RDX. According to

2028-502: The nitronium ion formation decomposes hexamine into formaldehyde and ammonia. Modern syntheses employ hexahydro triacyl triazine as it avoids formation of HMX. RDX was used by both sides in World War II . The US produced about 15,000 long tons (15,000 t) per month during WWII and Germany about 7,100 tonnes (7,000 long tons) per month. RDX had the major advantages of possessing greater explosive force than TNT and required no additional raw materials for its manufacture. Thus, it

2106-607: The "combination process" by combining the Ross and Schiessler process used in Canada (aka the German E-method) with direct nitration. The combination process required large quantities of acetic anhydride instead of nitric acid in the old British "Woolwich process". Ideally, the combination process could produce two moles of RDX from each mole of hexamethylenetetramine. The expanded production of RDX could not continue to rely on

2184-599: The 1930s, the Royal Arsenal , Woolwich , started investigating cyclonite to use against German U-boats that were being built with thicker hulls. The goal was to develop an explosive more energetic than TNT . For security reasons, Britain termed cyclonite "Research Department Explosive" (R.D.X.). The term RDX appeared in the United States in 1946. The first public reference in the United Kingdom to

2262-554: The Act, the NRC is responsible for: Over 5,000 people across Canada are employed by the NRC. In addition, the NRC also employs guest workers from universities, companies, and public and private-sector organizations. The National Research Council was established in 1916, under the pressure of World War I , to advise the government on matters of science and industrial research. In 1932, laboratories were built on Sussex Drive in Ottawa and

2340-488: The Canadian press have dropped 80 per cent. The union that represents federal scientists and other professionals has, for the first time in its history, abandoned neutrality to campaign against Mr. Harper. The appointment by Harper's Minister of State (Science and Technology) Gary Goodyear of John McDougall as President of the NRC was followed by several controversies: In 2011, President John McDougall began to oversee

2418-530: The Cesium Beam atomic clock in the 1960s. Since 1974, Paul Barton of PSB Speakers used the NRC's world-class measurement facilities, their anechoic chamber. By the 1980s, more companies began to use this resource, develop it further, and tested their loudspeakers at the NRC. Electrical engineer, Floyd E. Toole, who worked at the NRC was at the centre of this research. By the year 2000, most companies had their own sound chambers, but Barton continued to use

National Research Council - Misplaced Pages Continue

2496-667: The Federal Government and is responsible for relaying that to Academic Institutions, Academic hospitals and Research Institutions under the Agreement on the Administration of Agency Grants and Awards by Research Institutions, administered by a Secretariat (on the Responsible Conduct of Research). In 2000, there were about 1000 NRC researchers with PhDs conducting research in many areas. Recovery

2574-519: The Lockerbie) bombing in 1988. A belt laden with 700 g (1.5 lb) of RDX explosives tucked under the dress of the assassin was used in the assassination of former Indian prime minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1991. The 1993 Bombay bombings used RDX placed into several vehicles as bombs. RDX was the main component used for the 2006 Mumbai train bombings and the Jaipur bombings in 2008. It also

2652-565: The Medical Research Committee was formed with Dr. Frederick Banting as the inaugural Chair. With the impetus of World War II , the NRC grew rapidly and for all practical purposes, became a military science and weapons research organization. It undertook a number of important projects, which included participation with the United States and United Kingdom , in the development of chemical and germ warfare agents,

2730-567: The NRC had over 30 approved programs, including the following. The following are the NRC's various research centres and their areas of R&D: Former facilities: The goal of the Algal Carbon Conversion Pilot Program was to develop of an algae system to recycle carbon emissions from the oil sands . It contained plans for a $ 19-million facility to be constructed in Alberta, in partnership between

2808-664: The NRC intended to shorten the gap between early stage research and development and commercialization. During his tenure as president, there was a drop in research publications and new patents from the NRC as the scientific staff was cut significantly. An article published in April 2016 and based on information from the office of the Minister of Science gave the following figures for the period 2011–2015: RDX RDX (abbreviation of " Research Department eXplosive " or Royal Demolition eXplosive ) or hexogen , among other names,

2886-424: The NRC to hire a young graphics design graduate to work on their "CUROS" people management software. Oasys Healthcare, a company that provides "innovative audio and video solutions for the medical marketplace" received a $ 13,000 NRC grant for its new technology for operating rooms. Jeffrey Ross Jewellery's product called Dimples, imprints fingerprints in silver using an innovative process and material, developed through

2964-704: The NRC were handed over to the newly formed Medical Research Council of Canada . By 1960, the Medical Research Committee had separated from the National Research Council, forming the Medical Research Council of Canada (which dissolved upon the creation of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research [ and the initial withdrawal from the National Reserve in 1997 (see Budget Implementation Act 1997), which

3042-513: The NRC's facilities. In about 1990, PSB and other Canadian companies worked with the NRC on Athena to evaluate digital signal processing (DSP) for loudspeaker design. The metal walls of the NRC’s anechoic chamber are located about a foot and a half from the internal walls that surround it. The whole chamber is suspended on springs. This makes it a building within the M-37 building. The purpose of all this

3120-430: The NRC, Canadian Natural Resources , and Pond Biofuels. In 2008, researchers from five I-CAN organizations were developing a Carbon Algae Recycling System (CARS) to "feed waste heat and flue gas containing CO 2 from industrial exhaust stacks to micro-algae growing in artificial ponds." The "Algal Carbon Conversion", is related to prior interests of NRC President John McDougall , as he previously headed Innoventures,

3198-695: The Ross and Schiessler process described below. The KA-method, also developed by Knöffler, turned out to be identical to the Bachmann process described below. The explosive shells fired by the MK 108 cannon and the warhead of the R4M rocket , both used in Luftwaffe fighter aircraft as offensive armament, both used hexogen as their explosive base. In the United Kingdom (UK), RDX was manufactured from 1933 by

National Research Council - Misplaced Pages Continue

3276-629: The US). A different method of production to the Woolwich process was found and used in Canada, possibly at the McGill University department of chemistry. This was based on reacting paraformaldehyde and ammonium nitrate in acetic anhydride . A UK patent application was made by Robert Walter Schiessler (Pennsylvania State University) and James Hamilton Ross (McGill, Canada) in May 1942; the UK patent

3354-562: The Western Cartridge Company, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, and Tennessee Eastman Company , part of Eastman Kodak. At the Eastman Chemical Company (TEC), a leading manufacturer of acetic anhydride, Werner Emmanuel Bachmann developed a continuous-flow process for RDX utilizing an ammonium nitrate/nitric acid mixture as a nitrating agent in a medium of acetic acid and acetic anhydride. RDX

3432-479: The Woolwich process, were producing 25,000 short tons (23,000 t) (50 million pounds) of Composition B per month. The Bachmann process yields both RDX and HMX , with the major product determined by the specific reaction conditions. The United Kingdom's intention in World War II was to use "desensitised" RDX. In the original Woolwich process, RDX was phlegmatized with beeswax, but later paraffin wax

3510-529: The attacker. Two letter bombs sent to journalists in Ecuador were disguised as USB flash drives which contained RDX that would detonate when plugged in. RDX has a high nitrogen content and a high oxygen to carbon ratio, (O:C ratio), both of which indicate its explosive potential for formation of N 2 and CO 2 . RDX undergoes a deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) in confinement and certain circumstances. The velocity of detonation of RDX at

3588-543: The compound more closely and in June 1916 filed two patent applications, one for its use in smokeless propellants and another for its use as an explosive, noting its excellent characteristics. The German military hadn't considered its adoption during the war due to the expense of production but started investigating its use in 1920, referring to it as hexogen. Research and development findings were not published further until Edmund von Herz, described as an Austrian and later

3666-695: The explosive RDX , the proximity fuse, radar , and submarine detection techniques. A special branch, known as the Examination Unit, was involved with cryptology and the interception of enemy radio communications. According to the Canadian Security Intelligence Service website, the NRC headquarters in Ottawa "was a prime espionage target" during the Cold War . The NRC was also engaged in atomic fission research at

3744-721: The facility was started as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and Canada's inability to produce COVID-19 Vaccines. The facility is expected to open in July 2021, and will have a vaccine manufacturing capacity of 2 million does per month. In February 2021, the Canadian government has signed a memorandum of understanding with Novavax to pursue manufacturing its NVX-CoV2373 vaccine at the Biologics Manufacturing Centre. In September 2020, President Iain Stewart

3822-420: The first plastic explosives . The bouncing bomb depth charges used in the " Dambusters Raid " each contained 6,600 pounds (3,000 kg) of Torpex; The Tallboy and Grand Slam bombs designed by Barnes Wallis also used Torpex. RDX is believed to have been used in many bomb plots, including terrorist plots. RDX is the base for a number of common military explosives: Outside military applications, RDX

3900-546: The fumes, or due to ingestion, made possible by many small particles adhering to the knife having been deposited into the cooked food. The symptom complex involved nausea, vomiting, generalized seizures, and prolonged postictal confusion and amnesia; which indicated toxic encephalopathy . Oral toxicity of RDX depends on its physical form; in rats, the LD50 was found to be 100 mg/kg for finely powdered RDX, and 300 mg/kg for coarse, granular RDX. A case has been reported of

3978-680: The majority of the NRC's intellectual property management, patenting, and business development activities conducted at the various NRC's research centres in Canada. The transformation of the NRC into a research and technology organization that focuses on "business-led research" was part of the Harper government's Economic Action Plan . On 7 May 2013, the NRC launched its new "business approach" in which it offered four business lines: strategic research and development, technical services, management of science and technology infrastructure and NRC-Industrial Research Assistance Program (IRAP). With these services,

SECTION 50

#1732764841986

4056-441: The methanol was converted to formaldehyde and some of the ammonia converted to nitric acid, which was concentrated for RDX production. The rest of the ammonia was reacted with formaldehyde to produce hexamine. The hexamine plant was supplied by Imperial Chemical Industries . It incorporated some features based on data obtained from the United States (US). RDX was produced by continually adding hexamine and concentrated nitric acid to

4134-625: The middle of 1941 and had to be self-sufficient . At that time (1941), the UK had the capacity to produce 70 long tons (71 t) (160,000 lb) of RDX per week; both Canada , an allied country and self-governing dominion within the British Empire, and the US were looked upon to supply ammunition and explosives, including RDX. By 1942 the Royal Air Force 's annual requirement was forecast to be 52,000 long tons (53,000 t) of RDX, much of which came from North America (Canada and

4212-412: The name RDX , or R.D.X. , to use the official title, appeared in 1948; its authors were the managing chemist, ROF Bridgwater , the chemical research and development department, Woolwich, and the director of Royal Ordnance Factories , Explosives. RDX was widely used during World War II , often in explosive mixtures with TNT such as Torpex , Composition B , Cyclotols, and H6. RDX was used in one of

4290-701: The newly created Atomic Energy of Canada Limited . Foreign signals intelligence gathering officially remained with the agency when, by Order in Council, the Examination Unit became the Communications Branch of the NRC in 1946. The CBNRC was transferred to the Department of National Defence in 1975, and renamed the Communications Security Establishment . During the 1950s, the medical research funding activities of

4368-539: The previous federal Minister of State (Science and Technology) , Gary Goodyear , the NRC became in the words of one wag a "toolbox for industry" and dented basic-research infrastructure. In August 2020 under Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry Navdeep Bains and President Iain Stewart, the NRC announced it was building the Biologics Manufacturing Centre , a facility that can produce vaccines and other biologics. The construction of

4446-575: The progress in development was at the cost of the environment. In 2012, the federal government moved "to defund government research centres in the High Arctic." In the same year National Research Council environmental scientists "were barred from discussing their work on snowfall with the media. "Scientists for the governmental agency Environment Canada, under threat of losing their jobs, were banned from discussing their research without political approval. Mentions of federal climate change research in

4524-656: The research department in a pilot plant at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich, London , a larger pilot plant being built at the RGPF Waltham Abbey just outside London in 1939. In 1939 a twin-unit industrial-scale plant was designed to be installed at a new 700-acre (280 ha) site, ROF Bridgwater , away from London and production of RDX started at Bridgwater on one unit in August 1941. The ROF Bridgwater plant brought in ammonia and methanol as raw materials:

4602-447: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title National Research Council . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Research_Council&oldid=1214438417 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

4680-627: The same viewpoint and wanted to continue using TNT. RDX had been tested by Picatinny Arsenal in 1929, and it was regarded as too expensive and too sensitive. The Navy proposed to continue using ammonium picrate . In contrast, the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), who had visited The Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, thought new explosives were necessary. James B. Conant , chairman of Division B, wished to involve academic research into this area. Conant therefore set up an experimental explosives research laboratory at

4758-439: The tenure of Prime Minister Stephen Harper , Canadian Government research organizations began to restrict the ability of government scientists to communicate with the public. This includes restricting scientists within the NRC to communicate with the public through non-scientist communications personnel. Harper's focus as an economist was on his action plan: creating jobs and building the economy. There were widespread concerns that

SECTION 60

#1732764841986

4836-564: The use of natural beeswax to desensitize the explosive as in the original British composition (RDX/BWK-91/9). A substitute stabilizer based on petroleum was developed at the Bruceton Explosives Research Laboratory in Pennsylvania, with the resulting explosive designated Composition A-3. The National Defence Research Committee (NDRC) instructed three companies to develop pilot plants. They were

4914-453: The various chemical routes to RDX. The W-method was developed by Wolfram in 1934 and gave RDX the code name "W-Salz". It used sulfamic acid , formaldehyde, and nitric acid. SH-Salz (SH salt) was from Schnurr, who developed a batch-process in 1937–38 based on nitrolysis of hexamine. The K-method, from Knöffler, involved addition of ammonium nitrate to the hexamine/nitric acid process. The E-method, developed by Ebele, proved to be identical to

4992-717: The world. The Woolwich process was expensive: it needed 11 pounds (5.0 kg) of strong nitric acid for every pound of RDX. By early 1941, the NDRC was researching new processes. The Woolwich or direct nitration process has at least two serious disadvantages: (1) it used large amounts of nitric acid and (2) at least one-half of the formaldehyde is lost. One mole of hexamethylenetetramine could produce at most one mole of RDX. At least three laboratories with no previous explosive experience were instructed to develop better production methods for RDX; they were based at Cornell , Michigan , and Pennsylvania State universities. Werner Emmanuel Bachmann , from Michigan, successfully developed

5070-566: Was also extensively used in World War I RDX was reported in 1898 by Georg Friedrich Henning (1863-1945), who obtained a German patent for its manufacture by nitrolysis of hexamine ( hexamethylenetetramine ) with concentrated nitric acid. In this patent, only the medical properties of RDX were mentioned. During WWI , Heinrich Brunswig (1865-1946) at the private military-industrial laboratory Zentralstelle für wissenschaftlich-technische Untersuchungen  [ de ] (Center for Scientific-Technical Research) in Neubabelsberg studied

5148-400: Was appointed President of the NRC by the Stephen Harper Government Around June 2014, the NRC was reportedly penetrated by Chinese state-sponsored hackers. The tenure of John McDougall as President of the NRC (2010–2016) was marked by a number of controversies. His presidency was characterized by a dramatic drop in publications and patents, by significant cuts in scientific staff, and by

5226-408: Was appointed President of the NRC in 2010, was a member of the NRC-IRAP Advisory Board. In 2011, Bev Oda , the Minister of International Cooperation , and Gary Goodyear , Minister of State (Science and Technology) , announced the grant recipients. These included small to medium-sized businesses, such as, Nortek Solutions a privately owned Canadian software company. They received a $ 30,000 grant from

5304-468: Was attributed to RDX toxicity in a European munitions manufacturing plant. During the Vietnam War , at least 40 American soldiers were hospitalized with composition C-4 (which is 91% RDX) intoxication from December 1968 to December 1969. C-4 was frequently used by soldiers as a fuel to heat food, and the food was generally mixed by the same knife that was used to cut C-4 into small pieces prior to burning. Soldiers were exposed to C-4 either due to inhaling

5382-428: Was crucial to the war effort and the current batch-production process was too slow. In February 1942, TEC began producing small amounts of RDX at its Wexler Bend pilot plant, which led to the US government authorizing TEC to design and build Holston Ordnance Works (H.O.W.) in June 1942. By April 1943, RDX was being manufactured there. At the end of 1944, the Holston plant and the Wabash River Ordnance Works , which used

5460-402: Was for the use of a hollow explosive device containing RDX and a detonator cap containing it. Herz was also the first to identify the cyclic nature of the molecule. In the 1930s, Germany developed improved production methods. During World War II, Germany used the code names W Salt, SH Salt, K-method, the E-method, and the KA-method. These names represented the identities of the developers of

5538-501: Was going on personal leave. During this time Maria Aubrey, Vice President of the NRC, filled the role as Acting President. Effective August 24, 2016, Iain Stewart became the new President of the NRC. The details regarding McDougall's personal leave were not publicly disclosed. Under Minister of Science Kirsty Duncan , the Trudeau government changed the focus of the NRC, to develop partnerships with private and public-sector technology companies, both nationally and internationally. Under

5616-479: Was introduced in the 1950s to support product developments in small to medium-sized businesses. The NRC provides grants and financial support to business' looking to bring new and innovative technologies to the market. Some of the many innovations by NRC personnel included the artificial pacemaker , development of canola (rapeseed) in the 1940s, the Crash Position Indicator in the 1950s, and

5694-556: Was invested for three years and became life, along with CIHR in 2000 (see CIHR Act). On 1 May 1978, with the rapid post-war growth of Canadian universities, the NRC's role in university research funding in the natural sciences was passed under the GOSA Act to the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada . Under financial pressure in the 1980s, the federal government produced what popularly became known as

5772-760: Was issued in December 1947. Gilman states that the same method of production had been independently discovered by Ebele in Germany prior to Schiessler and Ross, but that this was not known by the Allies. Urbański provides details of five methods of production, and he refers to this method as the (German) E-method. At the beginning of the 1940s, the major US explosive manufacturers, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company and Hercules , had several decades of experience of manufacturing trinitrotoluene (TNT) and had no wish to experiment with new explosives. US Army Ordnance held

5850-548: Was shuffled to the troubled Public Health Agency of Canada , and in December 2020 Bains named Mitch Davies to fill the vacancy. In October 2021, Iain Stewart returned to his position as President of the National Research Council. In January 2024, Mitch Davies was appointed as President of the National Research Council following the retirement of Iain Stewart. Divisions of the NRC include: Areas of research and development at NRC include: At one point in January 2018

5928-606: Was slow, but the NRC has managed to regain its status as Canada's single most important scientific and engineering research institution among many other Canadian government scientific research organizations . As President of the National Research Council Canada, chemist Arthur Carty revitalized the organization. In 2004, he left the NRC when then prime minister Paul Martin appointed him as independent, non-partisan advisor on science and technology. In April 2010 Mr. John McDougal of Edmonton, Alberta

6006-572: Was taken by William H. P. Blandy , chief of the Bureau of Ordnance , to adopt RDX for use in mines and torpedoes . Given the immediate need for RDX, the US Army Ordnance, at Blandy's request, built a plant that copied the equipment and process used at Woolwich. The result was the Wabash River Ordnance Works run by E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company. At that time, this works had the largest nitric acid plant in

6084-443: Was used, based on the work carried out at Bruceton. In the event the UK was unable to obtain sufficient RDX to meet its needs, some of the shortfall was met by substituting amatol , a mixture of ammonium nitrate and TNT. Karl Dönitz was reputed to have claimed that "an aircraft can no more kill a U-boat than a crow can kill a mole ". Nonetheless, by May 1942 Wellington bombers began to deploy depth charges containing Torpex ,

#985014