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121-665: After the ACS project folded, the engineers were given the choice to rejoin other divisions of IBM. Many declined as it would require them to return to the east coast from California. A number formed MASCOR in 1970 but this was short-lived as they were unable to raise capital. Gene Amdahl took the opportunity to start his own company, building IBM-compatible mainframe computers using the ECL designs worked on for ACS. Amdahl Corporation 's 470V/6 were both faster and less expensive than IBM's own high-end designs. IBM introduced its first supercomputer ,

242-741: A census-designated place within unincorporated Santa Clara County , although some of the university land (such as the Stanford Shopping Center and the Stanford Research Park ) is within the city limits of Palo Alto . The campus also includes much land in unincorporated San Mateo County (including the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and the Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve ), as well as in

363-729: A vector processing task force was started in Poughkeepsie. When the ACS project was cancelled, many of the engineers were not interested in returning to the main IBM research campus in New York and wished to remain in California. Some ended up at IBM's hard drive research facility in San Jose, California , while many others left to form a new company, Multi Access System Corp, or MASCOR. This failed to raise capital and folded after only

484-724: A 360-compatible version of the machine. In January 1967, Ralph L. Palmer asked John Backus , Robert Creasy , and Harwood Kolsky to review the project and Amdahl's concept. Kolsky concluded that the 360-compatible version would be too difficult, and pointed out that the ACS was aimed at the CDC 6600 market, not the 360's, so if the customer was interested in compatibility, 6600 compatibility would seem more useful. The next month, Amdahl once again argued for 360 compatibility for marketing reasons. Amdahl's continued arguments for 360 compatibility placed him increasingly at odds with Bertram. Bertram responded by "quarantining" him and making sure that no one

605-437: A GPA of 3.94 or higher. Admissions officials consider a student's grade point average to be an important academic factor, with emphasis on an applicant's high school class rank and letters of recommendation. In terms of non-academic materials as of 2019, Stanford ranks extracurricular activities, talent/ability and character/personal qualities as 'very important' in making first-time, first-year admission decisions, while ranking

726-443: A November 1967 project review, Herb Schorr outlined a delivery plan that would ship the first machine in 1971. The plan estimated that over 100,000 lines of Fortran and assembly code would be needed for the operating system and nearly 70,000 lines for the compilers, assembler, and library routines. He estimated the cost of development to be $ 15 million ($ 137 million in 2023) for the software alone. Amdahl continued to agitate for

847-588: A common measure of low-income students at a college. In 2022, Stanford started its first dual-enrollment computer science program for high school students from low-income communities, as a pilot project which then inspired the founding of the Qualia Global Scholars Program. Stanford plans to expand the program to include courses in Structured Liberal Education and writing. Stanford follows a quarter system with

968-584: A competing company, Fairchild Semiconductor . The presence of so many high-tech and semiconductor firms helped to establish Stanford and the mid- Peninsula as a hotbed of innovation, eventually named Silicon Valley after the key ingredient in transistors. Shockley and Terman are both often described as the "fathers of Silicon Valley". In the 1950s, Stanford intentionally reduced and restricted Jewish admissions, and for decades, denied and dismissed claims from students, parents, and alumni that they were doing so. Stanford issued its first institutional apology to

1089-526: A fellow PhD student in the Department of Physics, approached Harold A. Peterson with the idea of a digital computer. Amdahl and Davidson gained the support of Peterson and fellow electrical engineering professor Vincent C. Rideout, who encouraged them to build a computer of their unique design. Amdahl completed his doctorate at UW–Madison in 1952 with a thesis titled A Logical Design of an Intermediate Speed Digital Computer and created his first computer,

1210-789: A few months. Amdahl resigned in September 1970 and formed his own company to build 360-compatible machines, introducing the Amdahl 470/6 in 1975. Amdahl Corporation would become a major vendor of IBM-compatible systems into the 1980s, with a 20% or better market share through the 1970s and 80s. Although neither the ACS-1 nor the ACS-360 was ever manufactured, the IBM Advanced Computing Systems group responsible for their design developed architectural innovations and pioneered

1331-531: A form of punishment. This backfired badly, as over the next month Amdahl was able to convince Earle that a 360-compatible version was possible, and Earle went ahead and designed it. The result was the Amdahl-Earle Computer, or AEC/360. Using many of the concepts in ACS-1 they produced a design that was slightly slower than it, but cost perhaps 75% as much to build, with only 90,000 gates instead of 270,000 (a gate requires about five transistors using

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1452-625: A fundamental limitation of parallel computing . Amdahl was born to immigrant parents of Norwegian and Swedish descent in Flandreau, South Dakota . After serving in the Navy during World War II he completed a degree in engineering physics at South Dakota State University in 1948. He went on to study theoretical physics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison under Robert G. Sachs . However, in 1950, Amdahl and Charles H. "Charlie" Davidson,

1573-531: A machine that would run 10 to 20 times as fast as Stretch, while Y was to be 100 times faster. In the spring of 1962, Control Data Corporation (CDC) announced that they had installed two computers at Lawrence Radiation Laboratory and had received a contract for a third, a much more powerful design. That new machine was officially announced in August 1963 as the CDC 6600 , causing IBM CEO Thomas J. Watson Jr. to write

1694-597: A master's degree as a 1-to-2-year extension of their undergraduate program. In 2010, 15% of undergraduates were first-generation students. By 2013, 89% of undergraduate students lived in on-campus university housing. First-year undergraduates are required to live on campus, and all undergraduates are guaranteed housing for all four undergraduate years. Undergraduates live in 80 different houses, including dormitories, co-ops, row houses , and fraternities and sororities . At Manzanita Park, 118 mobile homes were installed as "temporary" housing from 1969 to 1991, but have become

1815-587: A memorial to their only child. The center's collection of works by Rodin is among the largest in the world. The Thomas Welton Stanford Gallery, which was built in 1917, serves as a teaching resource for the Department of Art & Art History as well as an exhibition venue. In 2014, Stanford opened the Anderson Collection, a new museum focused on postwar American art and founded by the donation of 121 works by food service moguls Mary and Harry Anderson . There are outdoor art installations throughout

1936-464: A national competition as a memorial for two brothers in the class of 1949, William White and John White II, one of whom died before graduating and one shortly after in 1952. Stanford is a private, non-profit university administered as a corporate trust governed by a privately appointed board of trustees with a maximum membership of 38. Trustees serve five-year terms (not more than two consecutive terms) and meet five times annually. A new trustee

2057-654: A new library and gymnasium were demolished, and some original features of Memorial Church and the Quad were never restored. During the early-20th century, the university added four professional graduate schools. Stanford University School of Medicine was established in 1908 when the university acquired Cooper Medical College in San Francisco; it moved to the Stanford campus in 1959. The university's law department, established as an undergraduate curriculum in 1893,

2178-643: A new mascot (Indian). The Indian symbol and name were dropped by President Richard Lyman in 1972, after objections from Native American students and a vote by the student senate. Stanford is a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference in most sports, the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation in several other sports, and the America East Conference in field hockey with the participation in

2299-592: A now-famous memo asking how it was that this small company could produce machines that outperformed those from IBM. At a meeting in September 1963, IBM decided to shore up the high-end of what was then known as the New Product Line, or NPL. Project X was directed to implement the NPL instruction set , becoming a high-end machine in that lineup. When NPL was launched in 1964 as the System/360 , Project X became

2420-451: A number of RISC CPU design techniques that would become fundamental to the design of modern computer architectures and systems: Gene Amdahl Gene Myron Amdahl (November 16, 1922 – November 10, 2015) was an American computer architect and high-tech entrepreneur, chiefly known for his work on mainframe computers at IBM and later his own companies, especially Amdahl Corporation . He formulated Amdahl's law , which states

2541-536: A single-level with hardware caching of 32 or 64 kWords. Another concept developed for the ACS was dynamic instruction scheduling, or DIS. The ALU and indexing units, which calculated addresses, both had six-slot buffers from which it could select two instructions to execute out-of-order. This allowed the system to execute queued instructions while earlier instructions were waiting for data from memory or previous calculations. The outputs from these calculations being executed out of order would then be placed back in memory at

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2662-399: A steering meeting in August 1965, Paley, Bertram, and Schorr gave presentations on the design so far. The machine would use a 48-bit word length, as that was the standard for scientific computing. The machine would have a clock cycle time of 10 nanoseconds, about 10 times faster than the 6600, with six or seven internal cycles per clock. The arithmetic logic units (ALUs) that performed most of

2783-403: A unique pipeline of mega-donors including from alumni-founded companies with Google ( Sergey Brin and Larry Page ), Nike ( Phil Knight ), Hewlett-Packard ( David Packard and Bill Hewlett ), and Sun Microsystems ( Vinod Kohsla ) as examples. Further, the university's global reputation and continued leadership in technology has attracted large donations from prominent figures such as

2904-532: Is a private research university in Stanford, California , United States. It was founded in 1885 by railroad magnate Leland Stanford , the eighth governor of and then-incumbent senator from California , and his wife, Jane , in memory of their only child, Leland Jr . The university admitted its first students in 1891, opening as a coeducational and non-denominational institution. It struggled financially after Leland died in 1893 and again after much of

3025-738: Is a research center based on history of 20th-century. Stanford University Libraries (SUL) held a collection of more than 9.3 million volumes, nearly 300,000 rare or special books, 1.5 million e-books, 2.5 million audiovisual materials, 77,000 serials, nearly 6 million microform holdings, and thousands of other digital resources. The main library in the SU library system is the Green Library , which also contains various meeting and conference rooms, study spaces, and reading rooms. Lathrop Library (previously Meyer Library , demolished in 2015), holds various student-accessible media resources and houses one of

3146-515: Is also consistently been amongst the two most selective law schools in the world and consistently ranked 1st in the list of best law schools year-over-year consecutively for 2024 in U.S. News & World Report . In a 2022 survey by The Princeton Review , Stanford was ranked 1st among the top ten "dream colleges" of America, and was considered to be the ultimate "dream college" of both students and parents. From polls of college applicants done by The Princeton Review , every year from 2013 to 2020

3267-1627: Is also one all-female non-sorority house, Roth House. In most residences, men and women live on the same floor, but some have single-gender floors. Several residences are considered "theme" houses; predating the current classification system are Columbae (Social Change Through Nonviolence, since 1970), and Synergy (Exploring Alternatives, since 1972). The Academic, Language, and Culture Houses include EAST (Education and Society Themed House), Hammarskjöld (International Themed House), Haus Mitteleuropa (Central European Themed House), La Casa Italiana (Italian Language and Culture), La Maison Française (French Language and Culture House), Slavianskii Dom (Slavic/East European Themed House), Storey (Human Biology Themed House), and Yost (Spanish Language and Culture). Cross-Cultural Themed Houses include Casa Zapata (Chicano/Latino Theme in Stern Hall), Muwekma-tah-ruk (American Indian/Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian Themed House), Okada (Asian-American Themed House in Wilbur Hall), and Ujamaa (Black/African-American Themed House in Lagunita Court). Focus Houses include Freshman-Sophomore College (Academic Focus), Branner Hall (Community Service), Kimball (Arts & Performing Arts), Crothers (Global Citizenship), and Toyon (Sophomore Priority). Co-ops or "Self-Ops" are another housing option. These houses feature cooperative living, where residents and eating associates each contribute work to keep

3388-553: Is chosen by the current trustees by ballot. The Stanford trustees also oversee the Stanford Research Park , the Stanford Shopping Center , the Cantor Center for Visual Arts , Stanford University Medical Center , and many associated medical facilities (including the Lucile Packard Children's Hospital ). The board appoints a president to serve as the chief executive officer of the university, to prescribe

3509-499: Is headed by a dean with the assistance of a senior associate dean and an associate dean. Stanford Memorial Church , in the center of campus, has a Sunday University Public Worship service (UPW) usually in the "Protestant Ecumenical Christian" tradition where the Memorial Church Choir sings and a sermon is preached usually by one of the Stanford deans for Religious Life. UPW sometimes has multifaith services. In addition,

3630-850: Is home to the Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute, which grew out of and still contains the Martin Luther King Jr. Papers Project, a collaboration with the King Center to publish the King papers held by the King Center. It also runs the John S. Knight Fellowship for Professional Journalists and the Center for Ocean Solutions, which brings together marine science and policy to address challenges facing

3751-630: Is one of the most successful universities worldwide in creating companies and licensing its inventions to existing companies, and it is often considered the model for technology transfer . Stanford's Office of Technology Licensing is responsible for commercializing university research, intellectual property, and university-developed projects. The university is described as having a strong venture culture in which students are encouraged, and often funded , to launch their own companies. Companies founded by Stanford alumni generate more than $ 2.7 trillion in annual revenue and have created some 5.4 million jobs since

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3872-528: Is organized around seven schools of study on an 8,180-acre (3,310-hectare) campus, one of the largest in the nation. It houses the Hoover Institution , a public policy think tank , and is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". Students compete in 36 varsity sports, and the university is one of eight private institutions in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). Stanford has won 131 NCAA team championships, and

3993-461: Is the Stanford Band 's mascot and the unofficial mascot of Stanford University. Stanford's team name is the " Cardinal ", referring to the vivid Stanford Cardinal Red color (not the common songbird as at several other schools); the university does not have an official mascot. The Tree has been called one of America's most bizarre and controversial college mascots; it regularly appears at

4114-760: Is the student government for Stanford and all registered students are members. Its elected leadership consists of the Undergraduate Senate elected by the undergraduate students, the Graduate Student Council elected by the graduate students, and the President and Vice President elected as a ticket by the entire student body. Stanford is the beneficiary of a special clause in the California Constitution , which explicitly exempts Stanford property from taxation so long as

4235-821: Is widely considered one of the most prestigious universities in the world by leading sources including U.S. News & World Report , Times Higher Education , and QS World University Rankings . As noted in The Wall Street Journal 's 2024 rankings, "the usual players are almost always going to come out on top: The Princetons, the Stanfords, the Yales, the Harvards. They will jockey for those first few spots on whatever ranking you happen to be looking." In 2022, Washington Monthly ranked Stanford at 1st position in their annual list of top universities in

4356-428: Is within 100 of Stanford's total. Stanford have won 25 consecutive NACDA Directors' Cups, from 1994–1995 through to 2018–19, awarded annually to the most successful overall college sports program in the nation. 177 Stanford-affiliated athletes have won a total of 296 Summer Olympic medals (150 gold, 79 silver, 67 bronze), including 26 medals at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics and 27 medals at the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics. In

4477-644: The IBM 7030 Stretch , in May 1961. They had to withdraw it from the market when tests at the launch customer, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory , demonstrated it had very poor real-world performance. Almost immediately, IBM organized two development projects, Project X at the IBM Poughkeepsie Laboratory and Project Y at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center . Project X was tasked with designing

4598-499: The IBM 7090 , CDC 6600 and S/360 Model 91 . In comparison to the 7090, IBM's older scientific offering, ACS-1 would perform the Lagrangian Hydrodynamics Calculation (LHC) 2,500 times faster. On the more complex Neutron Diffusion (ND) code, it outperformed the 7090 by almost 1,300 times, and was about 60 times as fast as the 6600. Allen, Cocke, and Jim Beatty led the development of the compilers for

4719-748: The SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (originally the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center), the Stanford Research Institute (an independent institution which originated at the university), the Hoover Institution (a conservative think tank ), and the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design (a multidisciplinary design school in cooperation with the Hasso Plattner Institute of University of Potsdam that integrates product design, engineering, and business management education). Stanford

4840-531: The United States Congress . Stanford University was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford , dedicated to the memory of Leland Stanford Jr. , their only child. The institution opened in 1891 on Stanford's previous Palo Alto farm. The Stanfords modeled their university after the great Eastern universities, specifically Cornell University in Ithaca, New York . Stanford was referred to as

4961-662: The Wisconsin Integrally Synchronized Computer (WISC). He then went straight from Wisconsin to a position at IBM in June 1952. At IBM, Amdahl worked on the IBM 704 , the IBM 709 , and then the Stretch project, the basis for the IBM 7030 . He left IBM in December 1955, but returned in September 1960 (after working at Ramo-Wooldridge and at Aeronutronic ). He quit out of frustration with

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5082-500: The " Indian " name along with what they had come to perceive as an offensive and demeaning mascot. Stanford's teams reverted unofficially to the name "Cardinal", the color that had represented the school before 1930. From 1972 until 1981, Stanford’s official nickname was the Cardinal, but, during this time, there was debate among students and administrators concerning what the mascot and team name should be. A 1972 student referendum on

5203-590: The "Cornell of the West" in 1891 due to a majority of its faculty being former Cornell affiliates, including its first president, David Starr Jordan , and second president, John Casper Branner . Both Cornell and Stanford were among the first to make higher education accessible, non-sectarian, and open to women as well as men. Cornell is credited as one of the first American universities to adopt that radical departure from traditional education, and Stanford became an early adopter as well. From an architectural point of view,

5324-418: The "Faculty Ghetto", within walking or biking distance of campus. The Faculty Ghetto is composed of land owned by Stanford. Similar to a condominium , the houses can be bought and sold to other Stanford faculty but the land under the houses is leased for 51 years with the possibility of extensions. Houses in the "Ghetto" appreciate and depreciate, but not as rapidly as overall Silicon Valley values. Some of

5445-409: The 1930s. When combined, these companies would form the tenth-largest economy in the world. Some notable companies closely associated with Stanford and their connections include: Stanford enrolled 6,996 undergraduate and 10,253 graduate students in the 2019–2020 school year. Women made up 50.4% of undergraduates and 41.5% of graduate students. In the same academic year, the freshman retention rate

5566-480: The 1950s, he established Stanford Industrial Park , a high-tech commercial campus on university land. Also in the 1950s, William Shockley , co-inventor of the silicon transistor, recipient of the 1956 Nobel Prize for Physics , and later professor of physics at Stanford, moved to the Palo Alto area and founded a company, Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory . The next year, eight of his employees resigned and formed

5687-781: The 1967 Spring Joint Computer Conference , Amdahl, along with three other computer architects, most notably ILLIAC IV architect Daniel Slotnick , engaged in a discussion on future architectural trends. Amdahl articulated his arguments, both orally and in three written pages, on the fundamental physical limitations that he theorized would govern the performance of any special feature or mode introduced to new machines. This set of arguments resulted in two, major and lesser, "laws" of computer performance regarding sequential versus parallel processing . These arguments continue to this day. Amdahl left his eponymous company in August 1979 to set up Trilogy Systems , together with his son Carl, and Clifford Madden. With over US$ 200 million in funds, Trilogy

5808-531: The 2020 Tokyo Summer Olympics, Stanford-affiliated athletes won 26 medals, more than any other university. Students and staff at Stanford are of many different religions. The Stanford Office for Religious Life's mission is "to guide, nurture and enhance spiritual, religious and ethical life within the Stanford University community" by promoting enriching dialogue, meaningful ritual, and enduring friendships among people of all religious backgrounds. It

5929-411: The 360 instruction set. While calculating the cost of the machine, Amdahl concluded that there was no way its sales could turn a profit. This was a serious risk to the company, as introducing a high-end machine that was guaranteed to lose money could be seen as anti-competitive behaviour, an attempt to take the market away from companies like CDC. IBM faced a similar problem with Stretch, but over time it

6050-515: The AEC if desired. But a key point made by Conti was that if the ACS system was so reliant on the compilers for its performance, moving that code to some other machine could result in far different outcomes and that could be considered a disadvantage. He also concluded that while the AEC would be closer to 108,000 gates, it was still half as complex as the ACS. A final review was performed in April, but this

6171-463: The AEC. But perhaps the most serious blow to the ACS was the continued success of the 360. In January 1968, NASA had taken delivery of a 360 Model 95, which IBM described as "the fastest, most powerful computer now in user operation." Although the ACS would have outperformed the Model 95 by a wide margin, by this time Watson Jr. was considering withdrawing from the supercomputer market entirely. Many of

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6292-467: The Cornell campus, to design the Stanford campus. When Leland Stanford died in 1893, the continued existence of the university was put in jeopardy due to a federal lawsuit against his estate, but Jane Stanford insisted the university remain in operation throughout the financial crisis. The university suffered major damage from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake ; most of the damage was repaired, but

6413-665: The Dish . Frank Lloyd Wright 's 1937 Hanna–Honeycomb House and the 1919 Lou Henry Hoover House are both listed on the National Register of Historic Places . White Memorial Fountain (also known as "The Claw") between the Stanford Bookstore and the Old Union is a popular place to meet and to engage in the Stanford custom of "fountain hopping"; it was installed in 1964 and designed by Aristides Demetrios after

6534-459: The ECL logic of the era). Much of the reduction was due to the fewer and smaller registers, which accounted for half of the gates in the ACS-1. The loss of performance due to fewer registers was to be made up by a faster 8 nanosecond clock, possible due to a streamlined internal design. In December 1967, Kolsky was sent to meet with Amdahl to get a more detailed description of the proposed design. Around

6655-502: The Jewish community in 2022 after an internal task force confirmed that the university deliberately discriminated against Jewish applicants, while also misleading those who expressed concerns, including students, parents, alumni, and the ADL . Stanford was once considered a school for "the wealthy", but controversies in later decades damaged its reputation. The 1971 Stanford prison experiment

6776-552: The Model 92, later renamed Model 91. Eventually, about a dozen machines in the Model 90 series would be sold. Project Y was never directed to use NPL, as it was a longer-term project aimed purely at the scientific market. Development was assigned to Jack Bertram and his Experimental Computers and Programming Group and started in earnest in late 1963. Bertram brought in John Cocke , Frances Allen , Brian Randell , Herb Schorr, and Edward H. Sussenguth , among others. Schorr developed

6897-919: The Stanford Improvisors, the Stanford Shakespeare Company, and the Stanford Savoyards, a group dedicated to performing the works of Gilbert and Sullivan . Stanford is also host to ten a cappella groups , including the Mendicants (Stanford's first), Counterpoint (the first all-female group on the West Coast ), the Harmonics , the Stanford Fleet Street Singers , Talisman , Everyday People , and Raagapella . Stanford

7018-489: The Stanfords wanted their university to look different and sought to emulate the style of English university buildings. They specified in the founding grant that the buildings should "be like the old adobe houses of the early Spanish days; they will be one-storied; they will have deep window seats and open fireplaces, and the roofs will be covered with the familiar dark red tiles." The Stanfords also hired renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted , who previously designed

7139-566: The Stretch project, while Amdahl had left IBM after being passed over to lead Stretch development but returned to IBM Research in 1960 and joined the Project X effort. In late 1964, Amdahl took a teaching position at Stanford University , wanting to return to the west coast. In January 1965 he was named an IBM Fellow for his work on the Model 92. As a Fellow, Amdahl was entitled to work at any IBM facility of his choosing and decided to join ACS at

7260-504: The United States. In 2019, Stanford University took 1st place on Reuters' list of the World's Most Innovative Universities for the fifth consecutive year. Stanford Graduate School of Business has consistently been both the most selective business school in the world and consistently ranked 1st in the list of best business schools year-over-year consecutively by various reputed studies including Bloomberg Businessweek and U.S. News & World Report for 2024. Stanford Law School

7381-455: The annual " Big Game " between the Cal and Cardinal football teams gains custody of the Stanford Axe . As of May 23, 2024, Stanford has won 136 NCAA team championships, more than any other school. Stanford has won at least one NCAA team championship each academic year for 48 consecutive years, from 1976–77 through to 2023–24. As of January 1, 2022, Stanford athletes have also won 529 NCAA individual championships. No other Division I school

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7502-481: The autumn quarter usually beginning in late September and the spring quarter ending in mid-June. The full-time, four-year undergraduate program has arts and sciences focus with high graduate student coexistence. Stanford is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges with the latest review in 2023. Stanford is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity." The university's research expenditure in fiscal years of 2021/22

7623-496: The bureaucratic structure of the organization. In an interview conducted in 1989 for the Charles Babbage Institute , he addressed this: Well, what I felt was that with that kind of an organization I'm not going to be in control of what I want to do any time in the future. It's going to be a much more bureaucratic structure. I'll work in one area of it, and that's all I'll get experience in. And I decided that I didn't want to have that kind of life, basically. It wasn't just Dunwell. It

7744-492: The campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . Following World War II , university provost Frederick Terman inspired an entrepreneurial culture to build a self-sufficient local industry (later Silicon Valley ). In 1951, the Stanford Research Park was established in Palo Alto and is the world's first university research park. By 2021, the university had 2,288 tenure-line faculty, senior fellows, center fellows, and medical faculty on staff. The university

7865-408: The campus, primarily sculptures, but some murals as well. The Papua New Guinea Sculpture Garden near Roble Hall features wood carvings and " totem poles ." The Stanford music department sponsors many ensembles, including five choirs, the Stanford Symphony Orchestra, Stanford Taiko , and the Stanford Wind Ensemble. Extracurricular activities include theater groups such as Ram's Head Theatrical Society,

7986-534: The city limits of Menlo Park (Stanford Hills neighborhood), Woodside , and Portola Valley . The central campus includes a seasonal lake ( Lake Lagunita , an irrigation reservoir), home to the vulnerable California tiger salamander . As of 2012, Lake Lagunita was often dry and the university had no plans to artificially fill it. Heavy rains in January 2023 refilled Lake Lagunita to up to 8 feet of depth. Two other reservoirs, Searsville Lake on San Francisquito Creek and Felt Lake, are on more remote sections of

8107-513: The co-founder of Netscape ( Jim Clark ), founder of SAP SE ( Hasso Plattner ), co-founder of Andreessen Horowitz ( Marc Andreessen and Laura Arillaga-Andreessen ), chairman of Kleiner Perkins ( John Doerr and his wife Ann). Stanford is considered by US News to be 'most selective' with an acceptance rate of 4%, one of the lowest among US universities. Half of the applicants accepted to Stanford have an SAT score between 1440 and 1570 or an ACT score between 32 and 35, typically with

8228-416: The correct time, giving the illusion that everything had been executed in the order it was found in the machine code . Lynn Conway, who had been hired to develop a software simulation of the ACS, developed a system that used a bit-matrix to track which instructions were ready to be executed and which were waiting. Using the simulator, Conway benchmarked a number of high-performance computing workloads against

8349-404: The duties of professors and course of study, to manage financial and business affairs, and to appoint nine vice presidents. Richard Saller became the interim president in September 2023. On April 4, 2024, the board of trustees announced that Jonathan Levin would become the thirteenth president on August 1, 2024. The provost is the chief academic and budget officer, to whom the deans of each of

8470-456: The endowment covered approximately 22% of university expenses in the 2023 fiscal year. Since inception, the university has been the beneficiary of large donations. The endowment began in 1885, six years before the opening of the university, when Leland Stanford and his wife Jane conveyed approximately $ 20 million to the university. The university's pioneering of technology intellectual property transfer created both direct investments and enabled

8591-421: The faculty are vested in the Academic Council, which is made up of tenure and non-tenure line faculty, research faculty, senior fellows in some policy centers and institutes, the president of the university, and some other academic administrators. But most matters are handled by the Faculty Senate, made up of 54 elected representatives of the faculty for 2021. The Associated Students of Stanford University (ASSU)

8712-435: The fastest machine in IBM's lineup. This proposal was rejected. In May 1969, IBM upper management instead decided to cancel the entire project, apparently at Amdahl's suggestion. What had initially been intended to be a project to compete with the fast-moving CDC had now stretched on for the better part of a decade and showed little evidence that it would release a machine in the short term. Amdahl later claimed its cancellation

8833-422: The founding grant. The central campus is adjacent to Palo Alto, bounded by El Camino Real , Stanford Avenue, Junipero Serra Blvd, and Sand Hill Road , off State Route 82 . The United States Postal Service has assigned it two ZIP Codes : 94305 for campus mail and 94309 for P.O. box mail. It lies within area code 650 . On the founding grant: Off the founding grant: Many Stanford faculty members live in

8954-939: The golf course can also be used by the general public. Contemporary campus landmarks include the Main Quad and Memorial Church , the Cantor Center for Visual Arts and the Bing Concert Hall , the Stanford Mausoleum with the nearby Angel of Grief , Hoover Tower , the Rodin Sculpture Garden, the Papua New Guinea Sculpture Garden , the Arizona Cactus Garden , the Stanford University Arboretum , Green Library and

9075-409: The house running, such as cooking meals or cleaning shared spaces. These houses have unique themes around which their community is centered. Many co-ops are hubs of music, art and philosophy. The co-ops on campus are 576 Alvarado Row (formerly Chi Theta Chi), Columbae, Enchanted Broccoli Forest (EBF), Hammarskjöld, Kairos, Terra (the unofficial LGBT house), and Synergy. Phi Sigma, at 1018 Campus Drive

9196-448: The initial instruction set and recruited his former student, Lynn Conway , to work on a system simulator. The System/360 was an immediate runaway success, but production line problems plagued deliveries and much of the company was dedicated to fixing them. Meanwhile, CDC announced they would be introducing a new machine that was 10 times the performance of the 6600. Watson was convinced that the 360 instruction set would not be suitable for

9317-598: The inter-collegiate NCAA's Division I FBS . The two official colors of the university are Stanford Cardinal Red and Palo Alto Green . From 1930 until 1972, Stanford's sports teams had been known as the Indians and during the period from 1951 to 1972, Prince Lightfoot (portrayed by Timm Williams, a member of the Yurok tribe ) was the official mascot. But in 1972, Native American students and staff members successfully lobbied University President Richard Lyman to abolish

9438-511: The interview, whether the applicant is a first-generation university applicant, legacy preferences , volunteer work and work experience as 'considered'. Of those students accepted to Stanford's Class of 2026, 1,736 chose to attend, of which 21% were first-generation college students. Stanford's admission process is need-blind for U.S. citizens and permanent residents; while it is not need-blind for international students, 64% are on need-based aid, with an average aid package of $ 31,411. In 2012,

9559-440: The invitation of Bob Evans. Even at this early meeting, Amdahl made the argument that it would make much more sense to make the ACS compatible with the 360, as had been the case with Project X. While it might run marginally slower than the ACS, due largely to it using a 32-bit word and having 16 registers instead of 32 48-bit ones, it would offer customers of the Model 92 an upgrade path to much higher performance and leverage all of

9680-850: The issue was in favor of restoring the Indian, while a second 1975 referendum was against. The 1975 vote included new suggestions, many alluding to the industry of the school's founder, tycoon Leland Stanford : the Robber Barons , the Sequoias, the Trees, the Cardinals, the Railroaders, the Spikes, and the Huns. Its traditional sports rival is the University of California, Berkeley . The winner of

9801-654: The land is managed to provide revenue for the university such as the Stanford Shopping Center and the Stanford Research Park . Stanford land is also leased for a token rent by the Palo Alto Unified School District for several schools including Palo Alto High School and Gunn High School . El Camino Park, the oldest Palo Alto city park, is also on Stanford land. Stanford also has the Stanford Golf Course, and Stanford Red Barn Equestrian Center, used by Stanford athletics though

9922-408: The largest East Asia collections with 540,000 volumes. Stanford University Press , founded in 1892, published about 130 books per year has printed more than 3,000 books. It also has fifteen subject areas. Stanford is home to the Cantor Center for Visual Arts , a museum with twenty-four galleries, sculpture gardens, terraces, and a courtyard first established in 1891 by Jane and Leland Stanford as

10043-733: The largest in the United States. It is on the San Francisco Peninsula , in the northwest part of the Santa Clara Valley ( Silicon Valley ) approximately 37 miles (60 km) southeast of San Francisco and approximately 20 miles (30 km) northwest of San Jose . Stanford received $ 4.5 billion in 2006 and spent more than $ 2.1 billion in Santa Clara and San Mateo counties. In 2008, 60% of this land remained undeveloped. Stanford's main campus includes

10164-411: The machine. This represented a significant effort as the system was to be highly advanced and aggressively optimize code. Among its features was the ability to unwind loops, schedule instructions around the basic block concept, and separate those optimizations that were code-based vs. platform-based. The compiler would be used by both a PL/1 front-end as well as an expanded version of Fortran IV . In

10285-619: The mainframe market, the company manufactured " plug-compatible " mainframes, shipping its first machine in 1975 – the Amdahl 470V/6, a less expensive, more reliable and faster replacement for the System 370/168. By purchasing an Amdahl 470 and plug-compatible peripheral devices from third-party manufacturers, customers could now run S/360 and S/370 applications without buying actual IBM hardware. Amdahl's software team developed VM/PE (Virtual Machine/Performance Enhancement), software designed to optimize

10406-447: The mathematics would be pipelined , as in the 6600, and it would dispatch multiple instructions per cycle. Branching performance would be improved with a buffer that would begin executing both sides of the branch. Harwood Kolsky gave a presentation on the various competing designs, while Gene Amdahl and Chen Tze-chiang talked about their work on the high-end 360 Model 92. Kolsky had worked at Los Alamos for seven years before joining

10527-562: The mid-sized mainframe market, using improved manufacturing techniques developed by one of the company's employees, Robert F. Brown , to make smaller, more efficient machines. Production problems and strong competition led the company into bankruptcy by 1995. Amdahl co-founded Commercial Data Servers in 1996, again in Sunnyvale, and again developing mainframe-like machines but this time with new super-cooled processor designs and aimed at physically smaller systems. One such machine, from 1997,

10648-499: The most commonly named "dream college" for students was Stanford; separately, parents, too, most frequently named Stanford their ultimate "dream college." The Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) ranked Stanford second in the world (after Harvard) most years from 2003 to 2020. Times Higher Education recognizes Stanford as one of the world's "six super brands" on its World Reputation Rankings , along with Berkeley , Cambridge , Harvard , MIT , and Oxford . Stanford

10769-464: The new design and was worried that development would be slowed by the turmoil at the labs due to the 360 problems. In the spring of 1965, he approved the creation of a new division in California that would be closer to their customers at the weapons labs. A building in Sunnyvale, California was purchased in 1965 and set up as the IBM Advanced Computing Systems. Max Paley would be the lab director. At

10890-636: The ocean. It focuses on five points: climate change, overfishing, coastal development, pollution, and plastics. Together with UC Berkeley and UC San Francisco , Stanford is part of the Biohub , a new medical science research center founded in 2016 by a $ 600 million commitment from Facebook CEO and founder Mark Zuckerberg and pediatrician Priscilla Chan . This medical research center is working for designing advanced-level health care units. By 2014, Stanford University Libraries (SUL) had twenty-four libraries in total. The Hoover Institution Library and Archives

11011-408: The performance of IBM's MVS operating system when running under IBM's VM operating system . By 1979, Amdahl Corporation had sold over US$ 1 billion of V6 and V7 mainframes and had over 6,000 employees worldwide. The corporation went on to distribute an IBM-plug-compatible front-end processor (the 4705) as well as high-performance disk drives , both jointly developed with Fujitsu engineers. At

11132-484: The project moved there late in the year. A significant change to the design occurred during this period. Originally, the compiler was responsible for moving instructions out of a large core memory or thin film memory store into a smaller cache of static RAM (although that term was not in use at the time) inside the CPU. Reviewing the system, Schorr and Dick Arnold concluded it would not work, and decided to reimplement it as

11253-499: The property is used for educational purposes. Stanford's endowment includes real estate and other investments valued at $ 36.5 billion as of August 2023, and is one of the four largest academic endowments in the United States. The endowment consists of $ 29.9 billion in a merged pool of assets and $ 6.6 billion of real estate near the main campus. Stanford is the largest landowner in the Silicon Valley Payouts from

11374-473: The retrospective articles on the ACS project note that the original machine would have been a world leader. Conway notes that "In hindsight, it is now recognized that had the ACS-1 been successfully built, it would have been the premier supercomputer of the era." The decision to cancel the original design rested mostly on the cycle counts which had not been tested as the simulator she had developed had not been ported. Likewise, Amdahl's claim of an 8 nanosecond cycle

11495-502: The same time, Amdahl began calling people within IBM to tell them about the new design. As word of the concept spread around the System Development Division in New York, the division's vice president Erich Bloch began to organize an internal review. The ACS team responded with a "frantic" redesign that reduced the number of gates from 270,000 to 200,000 with little effect on performance, which strongly suggested it

11616-584: The seven schools report. Jenny Martinez became the fourteenth provost in October 2023. The university is organized into seven academic schools. The schools of Humanities and Sciences (twenty-seven departments), Engineering (nine departments), and Sustainability (nine departments) have both graduate and undergraduate programs while the Schools of Law , Medicine , Education , and Business have graduate programs only. The powers and authority of

11737-507: The site of newer dorms Castano, Kimball, Lantana, and the Humanities House, completed in 2015. Most student residences are just outside the campus core, within ten minutes (on foot or bike) of most classrooms and libraries. Some are reserved for freshmen, sophomores, or upper-class students and some are open to all four classes. Most residences are co-ed; seven are all-male fraternities , three are all-female sororities , and there

11858-542: The software and especially their compiler technology developed for that machine. In early 1966 the Project Y design was finalized as ACS-1, with the only major change being the removal of the 192-bit extended floating-point format. In 1966, a new building with 38,000 square feet (3,500 m) was built at 2800 Sand Hill Road in Menlo Park, California , near the Stanford Linear Accelerator and

11979-589: The technology could be used in other projects and the R&;D cost written off on taxes. Shortly after the announcement of the project's cancellation, in August 1969, IBM announced the IBM System/360 Model 195 , a re-implementation of the Model 91 using integrated circuits that made it twice as fast as the Model 85 , which at that time was the fastest machine in the lineup. To address the high-end market,

12100-508: The time as related directly to the university's defense contracts..." Wallace Sterling was the President from 1949 to 1968 and he oversaw the growth of Stanford from a financially troubled regional university to a financially sound, internationally recognized academic powerhouse, "the Harvard of the West". Achievements during Sterling's tenure included: Most of Stanford is on an 8,180-acre (12.8 sq mi; 33.1 km ) campus, one of

12221-592: The top of Internet "worst mascot" lists, but has also appeared on at least one list of top mascots. The Tree is a member of the Leland Stanford Junior University Marching Band (LSJUMB) and appears at football games, basketball games, and other events where the band performs. In 1930, following a unanimous vote by the executive committee for the Associated Students, the athletic department adopted

12342-559: The university awarded $ 126 million in need-based financial aid to 3,485 students, with an average aid package of $ 40,460. Eighty percent of students receive some form of financial aid. Stanford has a no-loan policy. For undergraduates admitted starting in 2015, Stanford waives tuition, room, and board for most families with incomes below $ 65,000, and most families with incomes below $ 125,000 are not required to pay tuition; those with incomes up to $ 150,000 may have tuition significantly reduced. Seventeen percent of students receive Pell Grants ,

12463-624: Was $ 1.82 billion and the total number of sponsored projects was 7,900. By 2016, the Office of the Vice Provost and Dean of Research oversaw eighteen independent laboratories, centers, and institutes . Kathryn Ann Moler is the key person for leading those research centers for choosing problems, faculty members, and students. Funding is also provided for undergraduate and graduate students by those labs, centers, and institutes for collaborative research. Other Stanford-affiliated institutions include

12584-415: Was 99%. Stanford awarded 1,819 undergraduate degrees, 2,393 master's degrees, 770 doctoral degrees, and 3270 professional degrees in the 2018–2019 school year. The four-year graduation rate for the class of 2017 cohort was 72.9%, and the six-year rate was 94.4%. The relatively low four-year graduation rate is a function of the university's coterminal degree (or "coterm") program, which allows students to earn

12705-458: Was accepted by the Conti review although Mark Smotherman suggests it is not realistic. Most of the ACS upper management team left, and Amdahl was placed in command. The AEC/360 continued development along the proposed lines, with the only major change being the introduction of generalized register renaming as part of the out-of-order system and changes to the branch prediction system to work with

12826-499: Was aimed at designing a wafer-scale microprocessor for even cheaper mainframes, but the chip development failed within months of the company's $ 60 million public offering; thereafter, the company focused on developing its VLSI technology and, when that project failed, in 1985, Trilogy merged into Elxsi , a computer maker with its own CPU design. Elxsi also did poorly and Amdahl left in 1989, having already founded his next venture, Andor International , in 1987. Andor hoped to compete in

12947-520: Was allowed to talk to him. Whenever someone would visit, within minutes someone else would arrive and call the first visitor into a meeting. Around the same time, another ACS team member, circuit designer John Earle, was being removed from the main team due to his working style which was causing friction in the team. Earle had been beaten up in a fight in Philadelphia, and when he returned from the hospital Bertram assigned Earle to Amdahl, apparently as

13068-804: Was appointed to the board of advisors of Massively Parallel Technologies . He died on November 10, 2015, in Palo Alto, California , from pneumonia, six days shy of his 93rd birthday. He also had Alzheimer's disease in the last years of his life. Amdahl was named an IBM Fellow in 1965, became a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1967 and was recognized as the Centennial Alumnus of South Dakota State University in 1986. He has numerous awards and patents to his credit and has received Honorary Doctorates from his two alma maters and two other institutions as well. Amdahl

13189-632: Was awarded the NACDA Directors' Cup for 25 consecutive years, beginning in 1994. Students and alumni have won 302 Olympic medals (including 153 gold) . The university is associated with 74 living billionaires , 58 Nobel laureates , 33 MacArthur Fellows , 29 Turing Award winners, as well as 7 Wolf Foundation Prize recipients, 2 Supreme Court Justices of the United States, and 4 Pulitzer Prize winners. Additionally, its alumni include many Fulbright Scholars , Marshall Scholars , Gates Cambridge Scholars , Rhodes Scholars , and members of

13310-477: Was brief and seemingly already decided. In May, IBM announced the ACS-1 would be cancelled and the AEC/360, to be known as the ACS-360 from that point, would move forward. Although Amdahl's competing design had much to do with this, it was not the only reason. Amdahl had also argued that the $ 15 million would better be spent on improving the operating systems on the 360, which would improve the entire lineup, not just

13431-487: Was criticized as unethical, and the misuse of government funds from 1981 resulted in severe penalties for the school's research funding, and the resignation of President Donald Kennedy in 1992. In the 1960s, Stanford rose from a regional university to one of the most prestigious in the United States, "when it appeared on lists of the "top ten" universities in America... This swift rise to performance [was] understood at

13552-505: Was due primarily to it upsetting IBM's carefully planned pricing structure. The company as a whole had an understanding that machines above a certain performance level would always lose money and that introducing a machine that was as fast as the ACS/360 would require it to be priced in a way that would force their other machines to be reduced in price. He has also claimed to have heard rumors that it had been deliberately set up to fail so that

13673-782: Was elected Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society (DFBCS) in 1979, and in 1983 he was awarded the Harry H. Goode Memorial Award by the IEEE Computer Society "in recognition of his outstanding contributions to the design, applications and manufacture of large-scale high-performance computers." In 1998, he was made a Fellow of the Computer History Museum "for his fundamental work in computer architecture and design, project management, and leadership." In November 2007, Amdahl

13794-580: Was formerly Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity, but in 1973 became a Self-Op. By 2015, 55 percent of the graduate student population lived on campus. Stanford also subsidizes off-campus apartments in nearby Palo Alto , Menlo Park , and Mountain View for graduate students who are guaranteed on-campus housing but are unable to live on campus due to a lack of space. In 2016, Stanford had sixteen male varsity sports and twenty female varsity sports, nineteen club sports, and about 27 intramural sports. The Stanford Tree

13915-513: Was founded in 1925 at the urging of then-trustee Herbert Hoover . In 1919, The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace was started by Herbert Hoover to preserve artifacts related to World War I . The SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , established in 1962, performs research in particle physics. In the 1940s and 1950s, Frederick Terman , an engineering professor who later became provost, encouraged Stanford engineering graduates to start their own companies and invent products. During

14036-523: Was overdesigned. Bloch selected Carl Conti from IBM Poughkeepsie to handle the review, which occurred in March 1968. Amdahl presented performance estimates based on hand-calculated cycle counts. Conti accepted Amdahl's arguments that on integer benchmarks, the AEC/360 would be up to five times as fast as the ACS-1, it would be up to 2.5 times slower on floating-point, and the complex branching system of ACS seemed to offer 10 to 20% at best and could be adapted to

14157-706: Was recognized with the SIGDA Pioneering Achievement Award. A banquet dinner in his honor featured a short talk by Amdahl on his career, and a panel debate on the future of parallel processing. Panelists included John Gustafson (known for Gustafson's law ). The talk and debate were both videotaped, and are available through the SIGDA Web page, and the ACM Digital Library. Stanford University Stanford University (officially Leland Stanford Junior University )

14278-401: Was shown that the R&D in that project had been widely used in the company and if it was billed out then it was slightly positive. To allow ACS/360 to more clearly turn a profit, Amdahl suggested producing three models of the same basic system, the original ACS/360, a smaller model with 1 ⁄ 3 the performance, and an even smaller version with 1 ⁄ 9 , which would still make it

14399-670: Was the ESP/490 (Enterprise Server Platform/490), an enhancement of IBM's P/390 of the System/390 family. Since then, CDS has changed its name and narrowed its focus. As Xbridge Systems , the company now builds software to scan mainframe datasets and database tables for sensitive information such as credit card numbers, social security and other government identification numbers, sensitive medical diagnosis information that can be linked to an individual, and other information such as that needed for electronic discovery. In November 2004, Amdahl

14520-578: Was the way the structure was set up; I was going to be a peg-in-a-hole. On his return, he became the chief architect of IBM System/360 and was named an IBM Fellow in 1965, and head of the Advanced Computing Systems Laboratory (ACS) in Menlo Park, California . He left IBM again in September 1970, after his ideas for computer development were rejected, and set up Amdahl Corporation in Sunnyvale, California with major financing from Fujitsu . Competing with IBM in

14641-539: Was transitioned into a professional law school starting in 1908 and received accreditation from the American Bar Association in 1923. The Stanford University Graduate School of Education grew out of the Department of the History and Art of Education, one of the original twenty-one departments at Stanford, and became a professional graduate school in 1917. The Stanford Graduate School of Business

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