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70-476: An umpire is an official in the sport of Australian rules football who adjudicates the game according to the " Laws Of The Game ", the official handbook of Australian Rules Football. Umpiring the game of AFL across all leagues (professional, amateur or juniors) has been subject to long history of abuse, which in more recent times the AFL has taken steps to help stamp out. Unlike many other codes of football , where

140-616: A linesman ) is an official who assists the referee in administering the Laws of the Game during a match. Although assistants are not required under the Laws, at most organised levels of football the match officiating crew consists of the referee and at least two assistant referees. The responsibilities of the various assistant referees are listed in Law 6, " The Other Match Officials ". In the current Laws

210-449: A distinctive colour to avoid a jersey clash with any of the competing teams. From 2013, all AFL umpires wore lime green uniforms with grey shorts or trousers to avoid a clash with any of the league's teams. However, where a team playing has jumpers featuring yellow, AFL umpires wear a blue uniform. Additionally, field umpires in the AFL are identifiable by a jersey number. The most common historical pejorative term for an umpire, particularly

280-468: A field umpire, was "white maggot", in reference to their historical white uniforms. Since then, the term is sometimes transferred to the colour the target umpire is wearing; for example, "green maggot" if the umpire is wearing a green shirt. Referee Originally team captains would consult each other in order to resolve any dispute on the pitch. Eventually this role was delegated to an umpire . Each team would bring their own partisan umpire allowing

350-485: A goal respectively, also calling wides and square-balls. An umpire can also advise the referee on off-the-ball incidents, but does not hold as much authority as a linesman. In recent times, technology called 'Hawk-eye' can be used if both the umpires and referee are unsure of whether a point has been scored or not, though this technology is not widely available. In 1892, the International Rugby Board

420-402: A head referee, who oversees the running of the entire game and has final say in any disputes, and who doubles as an inside pack referee, following alongside the main pack of skaters from inside the track and issuing and enforcing penalties for fouls or infringements of the rules; and two jammer referees who follow the two point-scoring players known as jammers. Additional referees fill the roles of

490-434: A linesman. At inter-county senior games and other important matches, an eighth official, the "Sideline Official", receive substitution notes and holds up the number of substituted players and the amount of additional time , similar to a soccer fourth official . In recent times, technology called Hawk-Eye can be used if both the umpires and referee are unsure of whether a point has been scored or not, although this technology

560-399: A member of the officiating team who is unable to continue. At very high-level games there may be further assistant referees. Additional assistant referees are positioned to observe incidents near the two goals. Video assistant referees view footage of the game and can advise the referee to review decisions that may have been incorrect. The referee is the sole arbiter of the Laws during

630-455: A referee and an umpire. A commissaire is an official in competitive cycling. Aside the race control who are responsible for the start, running and timekeeping of the race, each section of the circuit is presided by a team of marshals led by an observer, who also report incidents and technical mishap of the race. In practical shooting competitions within the IPSC , Range Officers enforce

700-438: A second inside pack ref and up to three outside pack refs, who perform similar duties to the inside pack refs, but from the outside of the track, and who rotate active duty in a relay-race style to avoid fatigue caused by the extra speed needed to keep pace with the pack from the outside. Non-skating officials complete the team by recording and communicating points and penalties and ensuring skaters serve their time accordingly. Only

770-424: A serious error such as cautioning the wrong player, or giving two cautions to the same player and forgetting to send off the player. Where the fourth official is a junior member of the officiating team, they are generally expected to replace an assistant referee where they are unable to continue to perform their duties (either due to injury or replacing the main referee). However, in most high-level competitions,

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840-406: A single referee in the center of the mat, or a head referee and an assistant. In professional wrestling , the referee's on-stage purpose is similar to that of referees in combat sports such as boxing or mixed martial arts. However, in reality referees are participants in executing a match in accordance with its pre-determined outcome as well as any other events that are scripted to take place during

910-539: A succession of leaders ( judges ). The same word is also used in modern Hebrew for referees in any kind of contest and in particular in sport. To distinguish them from judicial judges and from each other, the kind of the contest is added after the word "shofet" in the Construct state (e.g. "shofet kaduregel" שופט כדורגל, literally "judge of soccer"). Assistant referee (association football) In association football , an assistant referee (previously known as

980-442: A tapout and to pull fighters off an unconscious opponent. The referee is advised by a doctor and assistant referee who sit ringside. The primary concern and job of an MMA referee is the safety of the fighters. The game of roller derby is governed by a team of up to seven skating referees. (Only three are required due to the grass-roots nature of the sport, though the full seven are used whenever possible). The required referees are

1050-473: A typical game of Australian rules football: Originally, only one field umpire controlled each game. In the VFL/AFL , this was increased to two in 1976, then to three in 1994, and then to four in 2023. Amateur, suburban, junior and semi-professional matches can be overseen by one to three field umpires. There are generally two goal umpires in each game at all levels, one at each end of the ground; occasionally,

1120-409: Is Jeff Gieschen , responsible for setting precedents for other affiliated leagues around the world. Traditionally, Australian rules football umpires of all disciplines wore all-white uniforms. Goal umpires wore a more formal attire of white jacket (usually an overcoat ), white hat, tie, and black slacks, as they were not required to actively run. More recently, umpires have begun wearing uniforms of

1190-452: Is a matter for the organising competition. All officials wear uniforms that match that of the referee , though the fourth official will often wear a tracksuit over the kit in colder weather. Law 6 of the Laws of the Game specifies that "two assistant referees may be appointed". The assistant referees move along the touchlines, each covering their own half of the field of play. In general, assistant referees are responsible for assisting

1260-403: Is assisted by two linesmen, who make decisions on who gains possession when the ball goes out of the field of play, and can also advise the referee on off-the-ball events such as a fight or an illegal tackle. As well as the referee and two linesmen, there are two umpires at each end of the field of play who stand on either side of the goal post and raise a white flag for a point, or a green flag for

1330-407: Is not defined by the Laws of the Game. In general, fourth officials are responsible for assisting the referee with: In practice, the fourth official becomes a key member of the officiating team, who can watch the field and players and advise the referee on situations that are going on out of their sight. The fourth official keeps an extra set of records, and helps make sure the referee does not make

1400-473: Is not widely available. Ice hockey games are presided over by on-ice referees, who are generally assisted by on-ice linesmen. The combination of referees and linesmen varies from league to league. Some leagues use the title "assistant referee", giving those officials greater powers to call certain penalties. In addition, off-ice officials administer to specific functions such as goal judge, penalty timekeeper, game timekeeper, statistician, official scorer and, at

1470-435: Is oftentimes assisted by two assistant referees , and sometimes by a fourth official . An American football (or Canadian football ) referee is responsible for the general supervision of the game and has the final authority on all rulings. The referee is assisted by up to six other officials on the field. These officials are commonly referred to as "referees" but each has a title based on position and responsibilities during

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1540-430: Is presided over by a crew of either two, three, or in some cases four on-field officials. In two-man crew, a Referee and an Umpire are utilized. In a three-man crew, a Referee, Umpire, and Field Judge are utilized. The Referee shall always have the final ruling on any and all matters. For games of significance a four-man crew can be used which includes a three-man crew plus a Chief Bench Official who has jurisdiction over

1610-403: Is presided over by a first referee, who observes action from a stand, providing a clear view of action above the net and looking down into the court. The second referee, is at floor level on the opposite side of the net—and in front of the scorers' table. They are often referred to informally as the "up referee" and "down referee," respectively. While the first referee watches over actions involving

1680-523: The International Football Association Board (IFAB) did not officially create the position until 1991, and listed only areas of responsibility. The fourth official is simply instructed to assist the referee at all times, and their duties are largely at the discretion of the referee. The fourth official typically has a short distance from the touchline between the two teams' technical areas , however their positioning

1750-557: The International Sumo Federation , the roles of referee and judges remain the same as professional sumo, though the religious and traditional elements and tasks for referees have been removed. Referees in amateur sumo wear an all white uniform with black bowtie akin to the appearance of western boxing referees . An umpire is an official in several sports such as baseball and cricket . A few sports such as American and Canadian football (see above) have both

1820-461: The officials or referees . In boxing a referee is the person who enforces the rules during the fight. He gives instructions to the fighters, starts and stops the count when a competitor is down, and makes the determination to stop a fight when a competitor cannot continue without endangering his health. In cue sports, such as billiards and snooker , matches are presided over by a referee. The referee will determine all matters of fact relating to

1890-726: The AFC President's Cup and competitions in Brazil, France, Italy, Morocco and Qatar, the use of additional assistant referees was approved by the IFAB in July 2012. Additional assistant referees were used in the 2013 Scottish Cup Final , the first time they had been utilised in a domestic match in Scottish football. The video assistant referee ( VAR ) is an official, who will also have assistants themselves, that reviews decisions made with

1960-532: The Judges as with ordinary competition and operates a touch screen computer, inputting deductions and marking the skaters. The other, known as the Assistant Referee ;— Ice, stands by the barrier where the teams enter the ice. The ARI monitors ice conditions, communicates with the event Referee and supervises teams. A professional sumo match is overseen by a referee ( 行司 , gyōji ) in

2030-660: The Range Master, the athlete may lodge a formal protest to the Arbitration Committee. However, some referee calls may not be challenged by the athlete, particularly those regarding safe firearms handling. A gamemaster acts as an organizer, officiant for regarding rules, arbitrator, and moderator for a multiplayer role-playing game . They are more common in co-operative games in which players work together than in competitive games in which players oppose each other. The Biblical Book of Judges revolves around

2100-534: The Range Officer, and has primary authority over the particular course. The overall authority for all officials in the entire match is held by the Range Master (RM). If an athlete disagree with a call made by a Range Officer, he may consult the Chief Range Officer to challenge the call. If the call is still upheld, the matter may be brought to the Range Master. Finally, if the call is upheld by

2170-416: The ball (and thus the attacking team), the second referee usually judges errors committed by the defending team, like touching the net. The first referee assumes a supervisory control over the match at all times while creating a cooperative environment with the second referee, line judges, and scorers. The second referee's duties are multi-faceted and include on-court responsibilities during play, working with

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2240-472: The ball goes out of the field of play, and can also advise the referee on off-the-ball events such as a fight or an illegal tackle. As well as the referee and two linesmen, there are two umpires at each end of the field of play who stand on either side of the goal post and raise a white flag for a point, or a green flag for a goal respectively, also calling wides. Any umpire can also advise the referee on off-the-ball incidents, but does not hold as much authority as

2310-625: The bench area including the timekeeper. The professional outdoor league in the United States utilizes four on-field officials in order to be able to better keep up with the increased pace of play. Rules in mixed martial arts (MMA) bouts are enforced by a referee who can give warnings and disqualifications should the rules be broken. The referee is also in charge of stopping fights when a fighter "cannot intelligently defend himself" in order to prevent him from incurring further damage, as well as making sure that submissions are released following

2380-451: The fact that assistant referees and referees perform different tasks. The fifth official had access to television coverage of the match, but was not permitted to advise the on-field referees of any incidents they had missed. Speaking after the 2006 FIFA World Cup Final , Italy coach Marcello Lippi claimed that the referee had sent off France player Zinedine Zidane after receiving advice from "the fourth and fifth officials looking at

2450-406: The fifth official was to assist the fourth official in a variety of tasks, and potentially be called upon to replace another match official if necessary, for example in the case of injury. If an assistant referee could not carry on their duties, the fifth official was to be the primary replacement, whereas the fourth official was the referee's primary replacement. This distinction was made to reflect

2520-506: The fourth official is a designated referee (as opposed to assistant) and therefore replaces the referee in cases where they are unable to continue. The additional assistant referee ( AAR ) is an official that assists the referee behind the goal line to assist the referee in observing any incident that may occur near the penalty area . Recent trials, for example at the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League group stage , have been started to make place for an additional two assistant referees to be added to

2590-399: The game in the vicinity of the teams' technical areas . Competition rules will mandate procedures for replacing officials who are unable to continue. Often, the fourth official will replace the referee or one of the assistant referees if they are unable to continue. The Laws also allow for designated reserve assistant referees who have no other responsibilities unless called upon to replace

2660-405: The game, positioned behind the goal lines, to "ensure that the Laws of the Game are upheld, informing the referee of incidents of any kind that they may otherwise have missed, particularly in key areas of the field like the penalty area and its surroundings," but only informing the referee of their observations through a wireless communication system. Their positioning also gives a good view to assist

2730-588: The game: referee, head linesman ("down judge" in the NFL ), line judge, umpire, back judge, side judge, and field judge. In the modern XFL , an additional "ball judge", who wears a red hat, is on the field, but does not have the power to call penalties. There are usually 7 officials in Gaelic football . A main referee follows the play around the field and has the final authority on decisions such as fouls, throws and card-issuing, un-disputable by players. The main play referee

2800-405: The ground. At lower levels, there are typically only two or three boundary umpires. At the professional level, and at other high levels of the game, all umpires and officials are provided by the league's umpiring department. At lower levels, it is common for the competing clubs to each provide one goal umpire and one boundary umpire to the match, but field umpires are still almost always provided by

2870-416: The highest professional levels, instant replay official. In korfball , it is the referee's responsibility to control the game and its environment, to enforce the rules and to take action against misbehaviour. He is assisted by an assistant referee, who alerts the referee to out balls and fouls and may have other tasks determined by the referee, and where possible by a timekeeper and scorer. A lacrosse match

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2940-453: The league. The game of Australian rules contains some " grey areas " where application of the laws is subject to interpretation, of degree or timing, making the job of field umpires difficult. Regular changes to laws or interpretations of rules by the AFL also contributes to the amount of work needed for umpires to maintain their skills and knowledge of the game. The umpires' director for the AFL

3010-421: The match. Assistants' calls and judgements are considered to be advisory and can be overruled by the referee. As outlined in Law 6 of the Laws of the Game, the officiating team works together to enforce the Laws during a game, though the referee remains the final decision maker in all matters. The assistant referees (including additional assistant referees if present) and the fourth official are expected to advise

3080-592: The match. They also function as a conduit for communication between the wrestlers and backstage officials during matches. The first regularized fencing competition was held at the inaugural Grand Military Tournament and Assault at Arms in 1880, held at the Royal Agricultural Hall , in Islington in June. The Tournament featured a series of competitions between army officers and soldiers. Each bout

3150-505: The middle of the judges panel and manages and has full control over the entire event. The referee represents the International Skating Union at international events. Referees for international events are trained by the International Skating Union. There are two levels of referee, International Referee and ISU Referee, with ISU Referees ranking higher. In Synchronized Ice Skating, there are two Referees. One, sits with

3220-465: The modern role of these officials, and secondarily to become non-gender specific, though the term is still in widespread unofficial use. They are also sometimes incorrectly referred to as "referee's assistants". The fourth official assists the referee in a variety of tasks, and may be called upon to replace another match official. The practice of having a named replacement referee was introduced in 1966 by English referee and administrator Ken Aston , but

3290-459: The neutral referee appointed by the governing football association if one or both assistant referees are not provided. In this case, the role of the linesmen is limited to indicating out of play and cannot decide off side. An association football (soccer) match is presided over by a referee, whom the Laws of the Game give "full authority to enforce the Laws of the Game in connection with the match to which he has been appointed" (Law 5). The referee

3360-541: The official is called a referee , in Australian rules football the officials are called umpires. Tom Wills , one of the founders of the Australian game, was the earliest known umpire of a football match in Australia. At first the captains of both teams shared the duty of officiating games, but as the game became more professional in the 1880s, umpires became an important aspect of the game. Banter and questioning

3430-451: The referee if they have a clearer view of any particular incident. At the highest levels of play, particularly in matches held in large stadiums, the entire officiating crew may be equipped with wireless microphones and earpieces to facilitate vocal communication across long distances or through loud stadium noise. A team of assistants allows for the replacement of officials if one or more are unable to continue. The system of who replaces who

3500-549: The referee in " ghost goal "-type incidents. The trial was evaluated by International Football Association Board (IFAB) technical experts. This trial was later extended to the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League and qualifying games and the final tournament for the UEFA Euro 2012 . Their reception has been mixed. Following a two-year experiment in the UEFA Champions League, Europa League and Euro 2012, as well as

3570-494: The referee is the lead official in a game, and is assisted by either one or two umpires. In the National Basketball Association , the lead official is referred to by the term crew chief and the two other officials are the referee and umpire . All of the officials in a basketball game are generally accepted to have the same authority as the lead official and therefore they are collectively known as

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3640-441: The referee when an infringement of the Laws has occurred out of his or her view. These two officials are typically positioned on opposite touchlines, and each stay beside different halves of the pitch. At higher levels of play the referee is also assisted by a fourth official . The fourth official's duties are usually administrative in nature, such as supervising the substitution procedures. The fourth official will generally spend

3710-407: The referee with preparatory and administrative functions. Assistant referees carry brightly coloured flags (usually red, yellow, or some pattern involving those colours) which are used to indicate their decisions to the referee, players, and spectators. During the game each assistant referee oversees one touch-line and one end of the field utilising the diagonal system of control . The more senior of

3780-512: The referee with: All decisions by the assistant referees are only advisory to the referee; their decisions are not binding and the referee is allowed to overrule an assistant. An assistant referee may also be called upon by the referee to provide an opinion regarding matters which the referee requires clarification on. Occasionally the assistant referee will assist in player management during free kicks, as well as provide visual assistance during penalty kicks. The assistant referees also usually assist

3850-470: The referees by overseeing that rules are followed and the behaviour in the technical area. (Source: International Handball Association, Rules of the Game, 1 August 2005). There are usually 7 officials in hurling. A main referee follows the play around the field and has the final authority on decisions such as fouls, throws and card-issuing, un-disputable by players. The main play referee is assisted by two linesmen, who make decisions on who gains possession when

3920-422: The ring and five judges ( 勝負審判 , shōbu shimpan ) seated around the ring. All dress in traditional Japanese clothing, with higher-ranked referees wearing elaborate silk outfits inspired by clothes worn in ancient Japan and judges wearing traditional men's kimono . The referee oversees the pre-match rituals and the bout itself, including ruling on the winner of the bout and the winning technique used. If one of

3990-542: The rules, maintain fair playing conditions, call fouls, and take other action as required by these rules. A floorball game is controlled by two referees with equal power. According to the International Handball Association, team handball games are officiated by two referees with equal authority who are in charge of each match. They are assisted by a timekeeper and a scorekeeper. In professional competitions, one or more delegates assist

4060-456: The rules. The International Range Officers Association is the part of IPSC with the responsibility to train and certify range officials in order to ensure that matches are run safely, fair and according to the rules. The Range Officer (RO) is the lowest ranking referee, and the one issuing range commands and following the competitor during the Course of Fire. The Chief Range Officer (CRO) oversees

4130-415: The scorers, interacting with coaches and bench personnel, and in some collegiate volleyball competitions, handling challenge reviews. The international styles of amateur wrestling use a three-official system in which a referee conducts the action in the center of the mat while a judge and a mat chairman remain seated and evaluate the action from their stationary vantage points. Collegiate wrestling uses

4200-642: The team captains may engage in discussions with the referees by way of the head referee, over calls made. Referees are also responsible for ensuring the skaters are correctly wearing all regulation safety equipment. An Octopush or underwater hockey match is presided over by two or three water referees in the pool, a chief referee on deck, and at least one timekeeper and one scorekeeper. Additional timekeepers can be used to track penalty times in highly contested matches. A tournament referee will arbitrate for chief referees, whilst protests will be adjudicated by at least three independent referees. A volleyball match

4270-461: The team captains to concentrate on the game. Later, the referee, a third "neutral" official was added; this referee would be "referred to" if the umpires could not resolve a dispute. The referee did not take his place on the pitch until 1891, when the umpires became linesmen (now assistant referees ). Today, in many amateur football matches, each side will still supply their own partisan assistant referees (still commonly called club linesmen) to assist

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4340-407: The term "assistant referee" technically refers only to the two officials who generally patrol the touchlines, with the wider range of assistants to the referee given other titles. The assistant referees' duties generally consist of judging when the ball has left the field of play – including which team is entitled to return the ball to play, judging when an offside offence has occurred, and advising

4410-439: The two assistants will normally occupy the side of the field containing the technical areas, to help oversee substitutions. At higher levels of play, the assistant referees' flags may be equipped with buttons that the assistant referee may press to send an audible signal to the referee in order to get the referee's attention. Assistant referees were formerly called linesmen. In 1996, the name was changed, primarily to better reflect

4480-509: The umpires decisions has been a feature of Australian rules football since the sport began. That questioning has at times become extreme, to the point where umpires have refused to umpire at some grounds. In 1920 the VFL requested that police escort umpires off the field after games. Comments in the press about abuse of umpires and their competency has remained a feature of the game. There are four different types of umpires and one type of steward in

4550-687: The umpires disagrees, then all the judges confer to determine the winner of the bout. Tradition holds that if one of the two top ranked gyōji has his decision overturned, he is expected to tender his resignation, although the Chairman of the Japan Sumo Association usually rejects the resignation. Additionally, as professional sumo has several religious and traditional elements apart from the sport itself, gyōji have additional tasks in presiding over various ceremonies and functions. In an amateur sumo competition, such as those sanctioned by

4620-419: The use of video footage and a headset for communication with the on-field referee. Their use by competitions is optional. The fifth official was an official meant to serve as a replacement for either of the assistant referees in the unlikely event of an injury or incident that would prevent the assistant from continuing the game. For matches in the 2006 World Cup , FIFA assigned five officials. The role of

4690-478: The use of two goal umpires at each end of the ground has been trialled. Goal umpires traditionally wore a white jacket, black trousers and a broad-brimmed hat; however, in more recent times caps and shirts have replaced the hats and jackets. They are the only umpires to wear headgear, their caps usually lime green or grey. In the professional level Australian Football League , there are four boundary umpires in each match with two umpires sharing control of each side of

4760-502: The video at the edge of the pitch". These claims were subsequently denied by FIFA. In the current Laws of the Game the role of the fifth official has been reduced to that of the reserve assistant referee ( RAR , also known as the reserve official ). They have no duties other than to replace an assistant referee or fourth official who is unable to continue. From July 2023 the RAR was able to replace an additional assistant referee and assist

4830-485: Was created as a result of a disputed try that the captains could not agree on whether it had been scored. The rugby laws were changed to require one referee and two touch judges at each game to make the arbitration easier and more consistent. A game of bandy is officiated by a referee, the authority and enforcer of the rules , whose decisions are final. The referee may be assisted by one or two assistant referees. In international basketball and in college basketball ,

4900-429: Was fought for five hits and the foils were pointed with black to aid the judges. A fencing match is presided over by a referee. The referee must award a point to the fencer with right of way during the final action in the event of a double touch in foil and saber. A typical bout has one head referee and a video referee and at the request of a fencer can also have two visual referees. A referee in figure skating sits in

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