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63-398: The Popeye is designed for precision attack against large targets from stand off ranges. The standard Popeye and smaller Popeye-Lite are powered by a single-stage solid rocket . Rafael offered a Popeye Turbo air launched variant featuring a jet engine and folding wings for a UK competition specifying a cruise missile with range of at least 320 km (200 mi) in 1994; publicly exposing

126-412: A telescopic lift and without missiles, called a target acquisition radar (TAR) 9S36. This vehicle could be used together with two TELs 9A316 to attack up to four targets, missile guidance in forested or hilly regions. The mobile simulator SAM Buk-M2E was shown at MAKS-2013. A self-propelled fire simulator installation JMA 9A317ET SAM "Buk-M2E", based on the mobile, is designed for training and evaluating

189-536: A May 2000 test launch was tracked for 1,500 km (930 mi). The Popeye Turbo SLCM is a reportedly stretched version of the Popeye Turbo developed for use as a submarine-launched cruise missile (SLCM), which was widely reported—in a US Navy-observed 2002 test in the Indian Ocean—to have hit a target 1,500 km (930 mi) away. It is reasonable to assume that the weapon's range has been extended to

252-661: A battery. It is capable of linking with various higher level command posts (HLCPs). As an option, with the use of HLCP, the Buk missile system may be controlled by an upper level command post system 9S52 Polyana-D4 , integrating it with S-300V/ S-300VM into an air defence brigade. Also, it may be controlled by an upper level command post system 73N6ME "Baikal-1ME" together with 1–4 units of PPRU-M1 (PPRU-M1-2), integrating it with SA-19 "Grison" ( 9K22 Tunguska ) (6–24 units total) into an air defence brigade, as well as SA-10/20 and SA-5 Gammon and SA-2 Guideline and SA-3 Goa and Air Force. With

315-507: A combined optical tracking system with a thermal camera and a laser rangefinder for passive tracking of the target. The 9K37 system can also use the same 1S91 Straight Flush 25 kW G / H band continuous wave radar as the 3M9 "Kub" system. The 9S35 radar of the original Buk TELAR uses a mechanical scan of a Cassegrain antenna reflector, where the Buk-M2 TELAR design used a PESA , for tracking and missile guidance. The 9K37 uses

378-435: A command element, missile launchers, and a logistics element – mounted on tracked vehicles. This allows the system to move with other military forces and relocate to make it a more difficult target to find than a fixed SAM system. In general, the system identifies potential targets (radar), selects a particular target (command), fires a missile (launcher) at the target, and resupplies the system (logistics). The missiles require

441-542: A command vehicle, target acquisition radar (TAR) vehicle, six transporter erector launcher and radar (TELAR) vehicles and three transporter erector launcher (TEL) vehicles. A Buk missile battery consists of two TELAR (four missiles apiece) and one TEL vehicle, with six missiles for a full complement of 14 missiles. The Buk missile system is the successor to the NIIP / Vympel 2K12 Kub ( NATO reporting name SA-6 "Gainful"). The first version of Buk adopted into service carried

504-492: A contract for the three Project 1135.6 frigates with "Shtil". Later, when the decision was made to modernise it with a new package of hardware & missiles, the name changed to "Shtil-1". In 2004, the first demonstration module of the new 9M317M (export 9M317ME) missile was presented by Dolgoprudniy Scientific and Production Plant for the upgraded 3S90M / "Shtil-1" naval missile system (jointly with 'Altair' ), designed primary for use on warships. It has 2 styles of launchers,

567-416: A larger target classification. Externally the 9M317 differs from the 9M38M1 by a smaller wing chord. It uses the inertial correction control system with semi-active radar homing, using the proportional navigation (PN) targeting method. The semi-active missile homing radar head (used in 9E420, Russian: 9Э420 ) as well as 9E50M1 for the 9M38M1 missile (9E50 for 9M38) and 1SB4 for Kub missile (Russian: 1СБ4 )

630-418: A lowest possible maximum range for that variant. An inertial guidance system pilots the missile towards the target; for terminal homing the pilot can control the missile directly via an INS and data link , aiming via either a television or imaging infrared seeker depending on the missile model. It is not necessary for the launching aircraft to direct the missile—control can be passed to another platform while

693-569: A new DoD designation SA-27 . A naval version of the system, designed by MNIIRE Altair (currently part of GSKB Almaz-Antey ) for the Russian Navy , received the GRAU designation 3S90M and will be identified with the NATO reporting name Gollum and a DoD designation SA-N-7C , according to Jane's Missiles & Rockets . The naval system was scheduled for delivery in 2014. A Buk missile

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756-548: A radar lock to initially steer the missile to the target until the missile's onboard radar system takes over to provide final course corrections. A proximity fuse aboard the missile determines when it will detonate, creating an expanding fragmentation pattern of missile components and warhead to intercept and destroy the target. A proximity fuse improves the "probability of kill" given the missile and target closure rates, which can be more than 3,000 km/h (1,900 mph) (or more than 900 m/s (3,000 ft/s)). Alternatively,

819-538: A range of 32 km for rail launcher 50 km for VLS launcher. The reaction time is 10–19 seconds for single-rail launcher and 5–10 seconds for vertical launch system, and there are various differences in missile characteristics for both launcher styles. The interval between starts is less 2 seconds. To protect against boats, helicopters, aircraft, anti-ship missiles. The first Shtil-1 systems were installed into ships exported to India and China, specifically Talwar -class frigates and Type 052B destroyers . It

882-522: A seven rollers tracked chassis and 6 missiles in launch tubes. A standard Buk battalion consists of a command vehicle, target acquisition radar (TAR) vehicle, six transporter erector launcher and radar (TELAR) vehicles and three transporter erector launcher (TEL) vehicles. A Buk missile battery consists of two TELAR and one TEL vehicle. The Buk-M1-2 TELAR uses the GM-569 chassis designed and produced by JSC MMZ ( Mytishchi ). The TELAR superstructure

945-411: A single-rail launcher and vertical launch system. For single-rail launcher, each launcher consists of 24 missiles and a maximum of 4 launchers can be used together, while for vertical launch system, each launcher consists of 12 missiles and a maximum of 12 launchers can be used together. Old systems Uragan, Ezh and Shtil could be upgraded to Shtil-1 by replacing the launcher module inside the ship. It has

1008-709: Is a family of self-propelled , medium-range surface-to-air missile systems developed by the Soviet Union and its successor state, the Russian Federation , and designed to counter cruise missiles, smart bombs and rotary-wing aircraft , and unmanned aerial vehicles . In the Russian A2AD network, Buk is located between the S-200 / 300 / 400 systems above and the point defense Tor and Pantsir type systems below. A standard Buk battalion consists of

1071-465: Is a turret containing the fire control radar at the front and a launcher with four ready-to-fire missiles on top. Each TELAR is operated by a crew of four and is equipped with chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) protection. It can guide up to three missiles against a single target. While the early Buk had a day radar tracking system 9Sh38 (similar to that used on Kub , Tor and Osa missile system ), its current design can be fitted with

1134-521: Is also in service of the Russian Navy , specifically Admiral Grigorovich -class frigates . The 9M38 uses a single-stage X-winged design without any detachable parts; its exterior design is similar to the American Tartar and Standard surface-to-air missile series. The design had to conform to strict naval dimension limitations, allowing the missile to be adapted for the M-22 SAM system in

1197-667: Is believed that the SLCM version of the Popeye was developed by Israel after the US Clinton administration refused an Israeli request in 2000 to purchase Tomahawk long range SLCM because of international MTCR proliferation rules. While the standard Popeye is 533 mm (21.0 in) the Dolphin class submarines have four 650 mm (26 in) torpedo tubes in addition to the six standard 533 mm (21.0 in) tubes allowing for

1260-399: Is of different nature and purpose when compared to an IFF system. Another modification to the Buk missile system was started in 1992 with work carried out between 1994 and 1997 to produce the 9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2, which entered service in 1998. This modification introduced a new missile, the 9M317, which offered greater kinetic performance over the previous 9M38, which could still be used by

1323-503: Is reported as being up to 50 km (31 mi), maximum altitude around 25 km (82,000 ft) and maximum target speed around Mach  4. The weight of the missile has increased slightly to 720 kg (1587 lb). The missile's Vskhod development program for the Buk-M1-2A was completed in 2011. This missile could increase the survival capability and firing performance of the Buk-M1-2A using its ability to hit targets over

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1386-545: The GRAU designation 9K37 Buk and was identified in the west with the NATO reporting name " Gadfly " as well as the US Department of Defense (DoD) designation SA-11 . With the integration of a new missile, the Buk-M1-2 and Buk-M2 systems also received a new NATO reporting name Grizzly and a new DoD designation SA-17 . Since 2013, the latest incarnation "Buk-M3" is currently in production and active service with

1449-521: The Israeli Air Force , it has been in service since 1985. The United States Air Force first bought a batch of 154 missiles in 1989 followed by a second batch of 54 missiles in 1996. The Royal Australian Air Force purchased a number of Popeye missiles in the late 1990s for use by the RAAF's F-111 bombers. The F-111 was taken out of Australian service in 2010. It proved difficult to integrate

1512-466: The Soviet Navy . Each missile is 5,550 mm (219 in) long, weighs 690 kg (1,520 lb) and carries a relatively large 70 kg (150 lb) warhead which is triggered by a radar proximity fuze . In the forward compartment of the missile, a semi-active homing radar head (9E50, Russian: 9Э50, 9Э50М1 ), autopilot equipment, power source and warhead are located. The homing method chosen

1575-404: The combustion chamber is reinforced by metal. For the purpose of reducing the centring dispersion while in flight, the combustion chamber is located close to the centre of the missile and includes a longer gas pipe. The 9M38 is capable of readiness without inspection for at least 10 years of service. The missile is delivered to the army in the 9Ya266 (9Я266) transport container. The 9M317 missile

1638-560: The "performance and engagement envelope" (zone of danger for potential attack) for more traditional targets like aircraft and helicopters. The 9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2 also received a new NATO reporting name distinguishing it from previous generations of the Buk system; this new reporting name was the SA-17 Grizzly. The export version of the 9K37M1-2 system is called "Ural" (Russian: "Урал" ); this name has also been applied to M2, at least to early, towed, export versions. The introduction of

1701-411: The 9K317 "Buk-M2" – featured new missiles and a new third-generation phased array fire control radar allowing targeting of up to four targets while tracking an additional 24. A new radar system with a fire control radar on a 24 m extending boom reputedly enabled more accurate targeting of low-altitude planes. This generation of Buk missile systems was stalled due to poor economic conditions after

1764-600: The 9K37 "Buk" entered service than the Central Committee of the CPSU authorised the development of a modernised 9K37 which would become the 9K37M1 Buk-M1, adopted into service in 1983. The modernisation improved the performance of the system radars, its "probability of kill" and its resistance to electronic countermeasures (ECM). Additionally a digital target classification system was installed, relying on spectral analysis of returned radar signals. This targeting system

1827-433: The 9K37M1-2 system for the land forces also marked the introduction of a new naval variant: the "Ezh", which carries the NATO reporting name SA-N-7B 'Grizzly' (9M317 missile). was exported under the name "Shtil" and carries a NATO reporting name of SA-N-7C 'Gollum' (9M317E missile), according to Jane's catalogue. The 9K317 incorporates the 9M317 missile to replace the 9M38 used by the previous system. A further development of

1890-575: The 9S18 "Tube Arm" or 9S18M1 (which carries the NATO reporting name "Snow Drift") (Russian: СОЦ 9C18 "Купол" ; dome ) target acquisition radar in combination with the 9S35 or 9S35M1 "Fire Dome" H / I band tracking and engagement radar which is mounted on each TELAR. The Snow Drift target acquisition radar has a maximum detection range of 85 km (53 mi) and can detect an aircraft flying at 100 m (330 ft) from 35 km (22 mi) away and even lower flying targets at ranges of around 10–20 km (6–12 mi). The TEL reload vehicle for

1953-552: The Baget series of processors by NIIP. The system is estimated to have a 70% to 93% probability of destroying a targeted aircraft per missile launched (over 85% of Tomahawks in Syria). In 1992, the system was demonstrated to be capable of intercepting Scud missiles and large rocket artillery . The Buk is a mobile, radar-guided surface-to-air missile (SAM) missile system with all four main components – acquisition and targeting radars,

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2016-548: The Buk battery resembles the TELAR, but instead of a radar they have a crane for the loading of missiles. They are capable of launching missiles directly but require the cooperation of a Fire Dome-equipped TELAR for missile guidance. A reload vehicle can transfer its missiles to a TELAR in around 13 minutes and can reload itself from stores in around 15 minutes. Also, the Buk-M2 featured a new vehicle like TELAR but with radar atop of

2079-410: The Buk-M1-2. Such sharing of the missile type caused a transition to a different GRAU designation, 9K317, which has been used independently for all later systems. The previous 9K37 series name was also preserved for the complex, as was the "Buk" name. The new missile, as well as a variety of other modifications, allowed the system to shoot down ballistic missiles and surface targets, as well as enlarging

2142-520: The MR-750 Top Steer D / E band as a target acquisition radar (naval analogue of the 9S18 or 9S18M1) which has a maximum detection range of 300 km (190 mi) depending on the variant. The radar performing the role of the 9S35 the 3R90 Front Dome H / I band tracking and engagement radar with a maximum range of 30 km (19 mi).The 'E' version = extended has a range of 50 to 70 km. The Uragan underwent trials from 1974 aboard

2205-480: The Project 61 destroyer Provorny, prior to being introduced aboard the Project 956 Sovremenny class, with the first of class commissioned in 1980. The Uragan was officially adopted for service in 1983. The modernised version of the 3S90 is the 9K37M1-2 (or 9K317E) "Ezh", which carries the NATO reporting name "Grizzly" or SA-N-12 and the export designation "Shtil". It uses the new 9M317 missile. In 1997, India signed

2268-637: The Soviet Research Institute of Computer Engineering (NICEVT, currently NII Argon ). It is produced at a Chișinău plant originally named "50 Years of the USSR". The vehicles of Buk-M2 (Buk-M2E) missile system use a slightly upgraded version of Argon-A15K. This processor is also used in such military systems as anti-submarine defence Korshun and Sova , airborne radars for MiG-31 and MiG-33 , mobile tactical missile systems Tochka , Oka and Volga . Currently, Argons are upgraded with

2331-638: The afternoon of 7 December 2014, two formations composed by two Israeli Air Force F-15Is each, fired Popeye missiles against two separate target sites in Syria . Syrian air defense Buk-M2 missile batteries fired two missiles at the incoming attack planes, both were jammed and two Pechora 2M missiles were hastily launched at the four incoming Popeye missiles, shooting one down. In the early hours of 30 November 2016, Israeli planes launched air-to-surface Popeye missiles from Lebanese airspace at targets at Sabboura, north-east of Damascus. First developed for use by

2394-717: The co-production of Popeye I and Popeye II missiles in Turkey. There have been reports that Israel has exported Popeye and its variants to various countries: Standoff (missile) Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 224135576 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 07:54:42 GMT Buk missile system The Buk (Russian: "Бук" ; " beech " (tree), / b ʊ k / )

2457-558: The combat crew in the war environment to detect, capture, lock on to ("maintain") and defeat targets. A computer information system fully records all actions of the crew to a "black box" to allow objective assessment of the consistency of the crew's actions and results. All vehicles of the Buk-M1 (Buk-M1-2) missile system use an Argon-15A computer, as does the Zaslon radar (the first Soviet-made airborne digital computer, designed in 1972 by

2520-484: The command component may be able to remotely detonate the missile, or the onboard contact fuse will cause the warhead to detonate. The most capable radar, assuming it has a line of sight (no terrain between the radar and the target), can track targets (depending on size) as low as 30 m (98 ft) and as far as 140 km (87 mi). The most capable missile can hit targets as far as 50 km (31 mi) and more than 24,000 m (79,000 ft) in altitude. Since

2583-427: The designation M-22. The export version of this system is known as "Shtil" (Russian: Штиль ; still ). The 9М38 missiles from the 9K37 "Buk" are also used on the 3S90 "Uragan". The launch system is different with missiles being loaded vertically onto a single arm trainable launcher, this launcher is replenished from an under-deck magazine with a 24-round capacity, loading takes 12 seconds to accomplish. The Uragan uses

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2646-611: The fall of the Soviet Union. The system was presented as a static display at the 2007 MAKS Airshow . In October 2007, Russian General Nikolai Frolov , commander of the Russian Ground Forces air defense, declared that the army would receive the brand-new Buk-M3 to replace the Buk-M1. He stipulated that the M3 would feature advanced electronic components and enter into service in 2009. The upgraded Buk-M3 TELAR will have

2709-516: The firing aircraft escapes the area. There are two choices of warhead for the export versions, a 340 kg (750 lb) blast/fragmentation or 360 kg (790 lb) penetrator. The alleged Israeli submarine-launched cruise missile variant is reported to be jet powered and nuclear armed with a greatly increased range, though according to the Federation of American Scientists "open literature provides little information on this system" but in

2772-558: The first precision guided munition to be carried by the B-52H. The London Sunday Times newspaper reported that on 5 July 2013, Israeli Dolphin submarines fired long-range cruise missiles at stores of Russian-made P-800 Oniks anti-ship missiles kept at the Syrian port of Latakia , contradicting an earlier CNN report it had been an air strike. Israel also deploys sub-Harpoon missiles capable of land attack on its Dolphin class submarines. In

2835-405: The full realisation of all functions, a Senezh-control system need various other monitoring systems for air defence and air force. Otherwise a Senezh system will work as a command centre, but not within a free association. The 3S90 "Uragan" (Russian: Ураган ; hurricane ) is the naval variant of the 9K37 "Buk" and has the NATO reporting name "Gadfly" and US DoD designation SA-N-7, it also carries

2898-471: The horizon. In 2011, Dolgoprudny NPP completed preliminary trials of the new autonomous target missile system OKR Pensne ( pince-nez in English) developed from earlier missiles. The weight of the missile is 581 kg, including the 62 kg blast fragmentation warhead initiated by a dual-mode radar proximity fuze. Dimensions of the hull are 5.18 m length; 0.36 m maximum diameter. Range

2961-641: The inertial guidance unit, an upgraded processor, and an improved imaging infrared seeker. Israel is thought to be using the airframe and avionics to produce a long-range submarine-launched cruise missile with a liquid-fueled jet engine similar to the Popeye Turbo rather than a rocket. In US use, the Popeye designated as the AGM-142 Have Nap is intended primarily to equip the B-52H , allowing it to attack fixed targets of high value at sufficient range to provide protection from defences. The missile represented

3024-405: The introduction of the Buk in the 1970s, the capabilities of its system components have evolved, which has led to different nomenclature and nicknames for the components' variants. The Buk has also been adapted for use on naval vessels. The basic command post of the Buk missile system is 9С510 (9K317 Buk-M2), 9S470M1-2 (9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2) and 9S470 (Buk-M1) vehicles, organising the Buk system into

3087-583: The lead designer and the Novator design bureau, which was responsible for the development of the missile armament. Agat  [ ru ] were employed to develop radar-homing capacities In addition to the land-based system, a marine system was to be produced for the Navy: the 3S90 "Uragan" (Russian: "Ураган" ; hurricane ) which also carries the SA-N-7 and "Gadfly" designations. The Buk missile system

3150-660: The missiles onto the F-111s and costs were much higher than expected. Currently, the Turkish Air Force 's F-4 2020 Terminator aircraft (which were extensively upgraded by IAI ) and the TuAF F-16 CCIP are armed with a Turkish License production version of the Popeye. In May 1997, Israel and Turkey signed an agreement valued in excess of US$ 500 million for the establishment of a joint-venture between Israel's Rafael and Turkey's Turkish Aerospace Industries for

3213-404: The number of fire control channels and available missiles for each system, as well as faster entry of Buk system components into service. The Buk-1 was adopted into service in 1978 following completion of state trials, while the complete Buk missile system was accepted into service in 1980 after state trials took place between 1977 and 1979. The naval variant of the 9K37 "Buk", the 3S90 "Uragan",

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3276-473: The point where it can launch against Tehran and even more Iranian cities from a relatively safe location. It can allegedly carry a 200  kiloton nuclear warhead . It is believed that the stretched Popeye Turbo is the primary strategic second strike nuclear deterrent weapon that can be fired from the 650 mm (26 in) secondary torpedo tubes of the Israeli Dolphin -class submarines . It

3339-443: The possibility that a SLCM Popeye derivative may be a larger diameter. The Popeye is compatible with a variety of aircraft from tactical fighters to heavy bombers. Since their inception, the missiles have gone through a variety of improvement programs designed to increase reliability and reduce costs. These efforts have included changes in the materials and manufacturing processes of the wings, fins and rocket motor, new components in

3402-475: The system was unveiled as a concept at EURONAVAL 2004, a vertical launch variant of the 9M317, the 9M317ME, which is expected to be exported under the name "Shtil-1". Jane's also reported that in the Russian forces it would have a name of 3S90M ("Smerch") (Russian: "Смерч" , English translation: ' tornado '). The Buk-M1-2 modernisation – based on a previous more advanced developmental system referred to as

3465-538: The use of the mobile command center Ranzhir or Ranzhir-M ( GRAU designations 9S737, 9S737М) the Buk missile system allows creation of mixed groups of air defense forces, including Tor , Tunguska , Strela-10 , and Igla . "Senezh" is another optional command post for a free mixing of any systems. In addition to mixing their potential, each of the air defense system with the aid of Senezh can become part of another air defence system (missile's / radar's / targeting information). The system works automatically. But for

3528-541: The whole system as in Kub. The result of this move from TEL to transporter erector launcher and radar (TELAR) was a system able to shoot at multiple targets in multiple directions at the same time. In 1974 the developers determined that although the Buk missile system is the successor to the Kub missile system, both systems could share some interoperability. The result of this decision was the 9K37-1 Buk-1 system. Interoperability between Buk TELAR and Kub TEL meant an increase in

3591-457: Was proportional navigation . Some elements of the missile were compatible with the Kub's 3M9; for example, its forward compartment diameter 330 millimetres (13 in), which was less than the rear compartment diameter. 9M38M1 contains about 8000 shrapnel elements in the warhead, of which every fourth is in the shape of a butterfly. The 9M38 surface-to-air missile uses a two-mode solid-fuel rocket engine with total burn time of about 15 seconds;

3654-448: Was designed by MNII Agat ( Zhukovskiy ) and manufactured by MMZ at Ioshkar-Ola . The 9M317 missile uses active homing when approaching the target. Currently, several modernised versions are ordered, including the 9M317M / 9M317ME, and active radar homing (ARH) missile 9M317A / 9M317MAE. The lead developer, NIIP , reported the testing of the 9M317A missile within Buk-M1-2A "OKR Vskhod" ( Sprout in English) in 2005. The range

3717-488: Was designed by OJSC Dolgoprudny Scientific Production Plant (DNPP). The maximum engageable target speed was Mach 3.49 and it can tolerate an acceleration overload of 24G. It was first used with Buk-M1-2 system of the land forces and the Shtil-1 system of the naval forces. In comparison with 9M38M1, the 9M317 has a larger defeat area, which is up to 45 km of range and 25 km of altitude and of lateral parameter, and

3780-458: Was designed to surpass the 2K12 Kub in all parameters, and its designers, including its chief designer Ardalion Rastov , visited Egypt in 1971 to see Kub in operation. Both the Kub and Buk used self-propelled launchers developed by Ardalion Rastov. As a result of this visit, the developers came to the conclusion that each Buk transporter erector launcher (TEL) should have its own fire control radar, rather than being reliant on one central radar for

3843-730: Was developed as a common missile for the Russian Ground Force's Air Defence Forces (PVO) (using Buk-M1-2 ) as well as for ship-based PVO of the Russian Navy ( Ezh ). Its exterior design bears a resemblance to the Vympel R-37 air-to-air missile. The unified multi-functional 9M317 (export designation 9M317E) can be used to engage aerodynamic, ballistic, above-water and radio contrast targets from both land and sea. Examples of targets include tactical ballistic missiles , strategic cruise missiles , anti-ship missiles , tactical, strategic and army aircraft and helicopters. It

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3906-546: Was developed by the Altair design bureau under the direction of chief designer G.N. Volgin. The 3S90 used the same 9M38 missile as the 9K37, though the launcher and associated guidance radars were exchanged for naval variants. After the 9S90 system was tested, between 1974 and 1976 on the Kashin-class destroyer Provorny , it was accepted into service in 1983 on the Project 956 Sovremenny-class destroyers . No sooner had

3969-585: Was used to shoot down Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 over Ukraine in 2014. Development of the 9K37 "Buk" started on 17 January 1972 at the request of the Central Committee of the CPSU . The development team included many of the same institutions that had developed the previous 2K12 "Kub" (NATO reporting name "Gainful", SA-6), including the Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design (NIIP) as

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