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44-579: The Ministry of Ayush , a ministry of the Government of India , is responsible for developing education, research and propagation of traditional medicine and alternative medicine systems in India. Ayush is a name devised from the names of the alternative healthcare systems covered by the ministry: ayurveda , yoga and naturopathy , Unani , Siddha , Sowa Rigpa , and homeopathy . The Department of Indian Systems of Medicine and Homeopathy (ISM&H)

88-444: A beneficiary can avail medical treatment at any PM-JAY empanelled hospital outside their state and anywhere in the country; providing access to free COVID-19 testing . In India, rather than focusing on strengthening essential primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare in the public system, a shift toward an insurance-based system has been promoted. Chronic underfunding of India's public health sector compared to private sector, and

132-503: A lack of monitoring for adverse effects from the usage of these drugs and of contraindication trials. The ministry recommended the herb giloy as an "immune booster against" COVID-19 and issued multiple press releases during the COVID-19 pandemic claiming the herb was safe. Later, multiple cases of liver damage was found in those with a history of giloy consumption. However, the ministry backed its statement by pointing out that neither

176-463: A means of preventing grant of "bed" patents on traditional knowledge and thus counter biopiracy . The ministry is also at the aegis of several professional research institutes and academic faculties devoted to various forms of alternative medicine: The ministry also monitors two semi-autonomous regulatory bodies:- As of March 2015, there were nearly 800,000 Ayush practitioners, over 90 per cent of whom practiced homeopathy or ayurveda. A 2018 study by

220-510: A modern national system. While Ayushman Bharat Yojana seeks to provide excellent healthcare, India still has some basic healthcare challenges including relatively few doctors, more cases of infectious disease, and a national budget with a comparatively low central government investment in health care. Some of the problems lay outside the Health Ministry such as urban development or transport. While many government hospitals have joined

264-577: A more complete pharmacopoeia, and outline good manufacturing processes. The acronym AYUSH was devised in 2003. The department of Indian System of Medicine and Homeopathy was renamed the department of AYUSH in November 2003. The National Rural Health Mission was launched in 2005 with the stated aim of integrating Ayush practitioners into national health programs, including in primary health care (Ayush medical officers at community health centers, para-professionals et al.) and to provide support for research in

308-492: A similar way, Kerala , despite having its own health program agreed to begin using Ayushman Bharat Yojana from November 2019. West Bengal initially joined the program but then opted out in favor of establishing their own regional health programme. Telangana did the same. By January 2020, Odisha had not joined the scheme. In March 2020, Delhi announced that it would join the program. In May 2020, Prime Minister Narendra Modi said in his radio show Mann Ki Baat that

352-502: A standing ministry that includes the promotion of yoga practice and the use of Ayurvedic products. The allotted budget for Ayush had more than doubled since 2013–14, and stood at ₹ 1428.7 crore for 2017–18. The ministry runs multiple healthcare programs; primarily aimed at the rural population. Ayush is supposed to form an integral backbone of the Ayushman Bharat Yojana and the ministry had long worked for integrating

396-455: A variety of diseases including dengue, chikungunya, swine flu, asthma, autism, diabetes, malaria, AIDS, cancer, COVID-19 and others despite an absence of rigorous pharmacological studies and meaningful clinical trials. A 2018 systematic review of traditional and AYUSH medicine noted the existing regulations to be inadequate for ensuring the safety, quality, efficacy and standardized rational use of these forms of treatment. Researchers also noted

440-532: Is a national public health insurance scheme of the Government of India that aims to provide free access to health insurance coverage for low income earners in the country. Roughly, the bottom 50% of the country qualifies for this scheme. People using the program access their own primary care services from a family doctor and when anyone needs additional care, PM-JAY provides free secondary health care for those needing specialist treatment and tertiary health care for those requiring hospitalization. The programme

484-676: Is part of the Indian government's National Health Policy and is means-tested . It was launched in September 2018 by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare . That ministry later established the National Health Authority as an organization to administer the program. It is a centrally sponsored scheme and is jointly funded by both the union government and the states. By offering services to 50 crore (500 million) people it

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528-510: Is the world's largest government sponsored healthcare program. The program is a means-tested program, considering its users are people categorized as low income in India . In 2017 an Indian version of the Global Burden of Disease Study reported major diseases and risk factors from 1990 to 2016 for every state in India. This study brought a lot of interest in government health policy because it identified major health challenges which

572-896: The Ministry of Communications has two departments - the Department of Telecommunications and Department of Posts . There are 54 Union ministries and 93 departments in India. These are independent departments working under the direct supervision of the Prime Minister's Office. The following ministries once functioned, but have since become defunct, generally because of a merger with another ministry or division into new ministries. 2016 Ayushman Bharat Yojana Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana ( PM-JAY ; lit.   ' Prime Minister's People's Health Scheme ' , Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY lit.   ' Live Long India Prime Minister's People's Health Scheme ' ), also colloquially known as Modicare ,

616-753: The Planning Commission of India and later the NITI Aayog ) allotted considerable focus to alternative, especially indigenous , forms of medicine within the healthcare sector. The Government of India set up a number of committees for healthcare sector development, including Bhore (1946), Mudaliar (1961), and Srivastava (1975), that emphasized the need for improvement of traditional systems of Indian medicine. The National Health Policy (1983), National Education Policy in Health Sciences (1989), and National Health Policy (2002) further elaborated on

660-537: The Ayushman Bharat scheme had recently benefited more than one crore people. By May 2020, the scheme had provided more than 1 crore treatments with a value of ₹13,412 crore. The number of public and private hospitals empanelled nationwide stands at 24,432. The Ayushman Bharat Yojana programme announced a special collaboration with the Employees' State Insurance programme in November 2019. From June 2020,

704-570: The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) estimated the market share of Ayush medicines at around US$ 3 billion and that India exported Ayush products of a net worth US$ 401.68 million in the fiscal year 2016–17. The Department of Pharmaceuticals had allocated a budget of ₹1.44 billion to the ministry for 2018-2020 for manufacture of alternative medicines. The average expenditure for drugs on Ayush and scientifically based medicine has been found to not vary widely. A strong consensus prevails among

748-964: The aggressive integration of ayurveda into healthcare services with the Hindu nationalist ideology of the ruling party. There have been allegations coming out of right-to-information requests that it is the Ayush ministries official policy to not hire Muslims as trainers. Some researchers have argued that the provision of Ayush services is an example of "forced pluralism" which often leads to disbursal of incompetent healthcare services by unqualified practitioners. Ayushman Bharat has been noted to increase privatization of state healthcare facilities and compel rural populace into preferentially choosing alternative medicine, raising concerns about ethics. The proposal of integrating Ayush with western medicine has been criticized. The Indian Medical Association (IMA) has expressed strong opposition to integrated medicine , often by using

792-543: The bedroom and to nurture spiritual and 'pure' thoughts among other advice. In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the ministry recommended Arsenicum album 30 as a preventive drug; the claim was without any scientific basis or evidence, and was widely criticized. The ministry rejected the NHMRC 's 2016 study on homeopathy which was regarded as the most rigorous and reliable investigation into homeopathy to date. In 2017,

836-495: The birthday of Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya . In June 2018 the applications opened for hospitals through an "empanelment process". In July 2018, the Ayushman Bharat Yojana recommended that people access benefits through Aadhaar , but also said that there was a process for people to access without that identity card. AB PM-JAY was first launched on 23 September 2018 at Ranchi , Jharkhand . By 26 December 2020

880-420: The content of the herb usage nor the authenticity of the plant, which could be identified with similar-looking plants, was analyzed. The Washington Post noted the efforts behind the revival of ayurveda as a part of the ruling party's rhetoric of restoring India's past glory to achieve prosperity in the future. It also noted of the ayurveda-industry being largely non-standardized and that its critics associated

924-722: The different systems of Ayush with modern medicine, in what has been described as 'a type of "cross-pathy"'. More than 50,000 children have been enrolled in 'Homeopathy for Healthy Child'. It observes different days to raise general awareness about Ayush and promote each of the systems. The ministry had collaborated with the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) to set up the Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) in 2001, on codified traditional knowledge on Indian systems of medicines such as ayurveda , Unani , Siddha and yoga as

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968-548: The extra expenses. The revenue of government hospitals has increased due to the Ayushman scheme, patients are receiving better facilities. Previously patients hesitant to visit government hospitals due to the lack of healthcare amenities, people now flock to these hospitals as they trust them for treatment under the Ayushman scheme. India's 28 states and 8 union territories each make their own choice about whether to participate in Ayushman Bharat Yojana. In February 2018, when

1012-482: The field. The National Rural Health Mission listed the mainstreaming of Ayush as one of its priorities. Observers noted an increased focus on Ayush healthcare after the 2014 Indian general elections , which brought the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) to power. On 9 November 2014 the previous government department for traditional Indian medicine was elevated by the administration of Narendra Modi into

1056-517: The government could address. A large percentage of the population is left underserved by the Indian health system, which relies on out-of-pocket payments from patients to fund care. These payments hinder a lot of patients from being able to receive healthcare services. In 2018 the Indian government described that every year, more than six crores Indians were pushed into poverty because of out of pocket medical expenses. Despite various available regional and national programs for healthcare in India , there

1100-469: The hospital or doctor's office; using criteria from the Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 to determine eligibility for benefits; no restriction on family size, age or gender; all pre-existing medical conditions are covered under the scheme; it covers 3 days of pre-hospitalisation and 15 days of post-hospitalisation, including diagnostic care and expenses on medicines; the scheme is portable and

1144-429: The liberalization of the market for private health insurance by the Indian government in the late 1990s resulted in increased health disparities, as private health insurance is only affordable for higher class, richer communities. In the mid 2000s, government-funded health insurance emerged as a new type of healthcare financing, helping individuals prevent catastrophic out-of-pocket health expenditures. Through this model,

1188-544: The mainstreaming of Ayush. The Department of Indian System of Medicine and Homeopathy was launched in March 1995, under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare . The ninth five-year plan (1998–2002) ensured for its integration with western medicine. It was the first to tackle different aspects of the Ayush system in a standalone manner which focused on overall development including investment in human resource development, preservation and cultivation of medicinal plants, establish

1232-607: The ministry set up a committee at the Central Council for Research in Homeopathy (CCRH) to counter claimed western propaganda against homeopathy; the committee was ill-received. A NSSO survey in 2014 found that only 6.9% of the population favored Ayush (3.5% ISM and 3.0% homeopathy) over conventional mainstream medicine and that the urban population was slightly more conducive to seeking Ayush forms of treatment than their rural counterparts; another survey in 2016 reiterated

1276-706: The other by the Australian government's National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) in 2015, found no evidence that homeopathy was more effective than a placebo. In a comprehensive review of alternative medicine (including ayurveda and homeopathy) conducted in 2000, the UK House of Lords Committee on Science and Technology was unable to find evidence to support the value of these treatments. Randomized control trials or RCTs for ayurveda and homeopathy have been extremely limited as of 2017. Multiple systemic reviews have highlighted several methodological problems with

1320-422: The program had entered a pilot to cover 120,000 workers with that insurance at 15 hospitals. When Ayushman Bharat Yojana (Ayushman Card) began there were questions of how to reconcile its plans with other existing health development recommendations, such as from NITI Aayog . A major challenge of implementing a national health care scheme would be starting with infrastructure in need of development to be part of

1364-540: The program was announced 20 states committed to join. In September 2018, shortly after launch some states and territories declined to participate in the program. Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu initially declined to join because they each had their own state healthcare programmes. Those programs, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Jan Arogya Yojana and the programme for Tamil Nadu, were already functioning well. These states later both joined Ayushman Bharat Yojana with special exceptions to make it part of their existing infrastructure. In

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1408-848: The program, many private corporate hospitals have not. The private hospitals report that they would be unable to offer their special services at the government low price, even with a government subsidy. There has been misuse of the Ayushman Bharat scheme by private hospitals through submission of fake medical bills. Under the Scheme, surgeries have been claimed to be performed on persons who had been discharged long ago and dialysis has been shown as performed at hospitals not having kidney transplant facility. There are at least 697 fake cases in Uttarakhand State alone, where fine of ₹ 1 crore (equivalent to ₹ 1.1 crore or US$ 130,000 in 2023) has been imposed on hospitals for frauds under

1452-431: The research on postural yoga has taken the form of preliminary studies or clinical trials of low methodological quality; there is no conclusive therapeutic effect except in back pain. Unani lacks biological plausibility and is considered to be pseudoscientific quackery, as well. There is no credible efficacy or scientific basis for any of these forms of treatment. Two systematic reviews, one by The Lancet in 2005 and

1496-612: The role of the Indian System of Medicine (ISM) and Homeopathy (H) as a means to facilitate healthcare access in rural areas where many Indians lack adequate health services. A diploma course in ayurveda was launched in the third (1961–1966) five-year plan. The Central Council of Indian Medicine was established in 1971. followed by Central Council of Homeopathy in 1973. The sixth (1980–1985) and seventh (1985–1990) five-year plans aimed at developing novel ISM&H drugs. The eighth (1992–1997) five-year plan lent considerable emphasis on

1540-487: The same findings, approximately. A 2014 study did not report any significant difference between the usage of Ayush services by rural and urban populace, after adjusting for socioeconomic and demographic variables. Low-income households exhibited the highest tendency for Ayush followed by high-income households and on an overall, Ayush lines of treatment were majorly used to treat chronic diseases. The treatments were more used among females in rural India but no gender-differential

1584-555: The scheme was extended to the Union Territories of Jammu Kashmir and Ladakh. The program has been called "ambitious". Features of PM-JAY include the following— providing health coverage to 10 crores households or 50 crores Indians; providing a cover of ₹ 5 lakh (equivalent to ₹ 5.6 lakh or US$ 6,700 in 2023) per family per year for medical treatment in empaneled hospitals, both public and private; offering cashless payment and paperless recordkeeping through

1628-401: The scientific community that homeopathy is a pseudo-scientific, unethical and implausible line of treatment. Ayurveda is deemed to be pseudoscientific but is occasionally considered a protoscience , or trans-science system instead. Naturopathy is considered to be a form of pseudoscientific quackery , ineffective and possibly harmful, with numerous ethical concerns about the practice. Much of

1672-585: The state would pay premiums to private insurers that would allow eligible individuals to receive free treatment at any public or private institution that has joined the PMJAY scheme. The Indian government recognized that individual out-of-pocket expenditures were pushing people into poverty and treatment in government hospitals could not protect people against catastrophic health expenditures. The alternative of government-funded health insurance allows poorer individuals to still be able to access private health care without

1716-621: The studies and trials conducted by Ayush and its associates in relation to developing an ayurvedic drug for diabetes. A tendency to publish in dubious predatory journals and non-reproducibility by independent studies has also been noted. The Hindu reported in 2015 that India had yet to conduct a systematic review of any of the systems of medicine under the purview of Ayush. The ministry (in conjunction with other national laboratories) has been subject to heavy criticism for developing, advocating and commercializing multiple sham-drugs ( BGR-34 , IME9, Dalzbone, Ayush-64 et al.) and treatment-regimes for

1760-572: The term "mixopathy". In 2020 and 2021, the IMA held nationwide protests to demonstrate against federal changes issued by the Ministry of Ayush that permit ayurvedic practitioners to perform minor surgical procedures. The ministry had attracted widespread criticism after publishing a pamphlet titled Mother and Child Care through Yoga and Naturopathy which asked pregnant women to abstain from eating meat and eggs, shun desire and lust, hang beautiful photos in

1804-802: Was first established in 1995 under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare . ISM&H was renamed as the Department of AYUSH. The department was made into an official ministry by the Modi government in 2014. The ministry of Ayush has faced significant criticism for funding systems that lack biological plausibility and are either untested or conclusively proven as ineffective. Quality of research has been poor, and drugs have been launched without rigorous pharmacological studies and meaningful clinical trials on ayurveda or other alternative healthcare systems. The ministry has been accused of promoting pseudoscience . Successive Five-Year Plans of India (produced by

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1848-481: Was highly popular in Bengal and Odisha. It further noted that the preference among the general population for usage of Ayush revolved around a perceived "distrust or frustration with modern medicine, cost effectiveness, accessibility, non-availability of other options and less side effects of Ayush medicines". Union Government ministries of India Some ministries have subdivisions called departments. For example,

1892-475: Was much more to be done. The Indian government first announced the Ayushman Bharat Yojana as a universal health care plan in February 2018 in the 2018 Union budget of India . The Union Council of Ministers approved it in March. In his 2018 Independence Day speech Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that India would have a major national health program later that year on 25 September, also commemorating

1936-533: Was observed in the urban populations. Chhattisgarh (15.4%), Kerala (13.7%), and West Bengal (11.6%) displayed the highest Ayush utilization levels. A 2018 review article noted that the states exhibited differential preference for particular Ayush systems. Ayurveda and Siddha respectively show greater popularities in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Unani was well received in Hyderabad region and among Muslims whilst homeopathy

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