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48-425: The small front wheel, 18–23 inches (46–58 cm) in diameter, steered, and the large rear wheel, 42–60 inches (110–150 cm) in diameter, provided the forward driving force and bore most of the rider's weight. The light load on the front wheel was reported to have made it skittish on loose surfaces such as sand and gravel. American Stars incorporated pneumatic tires very soon after they were developed, and braking

96-521: A steel wire or Kevlar fiber bead that interlocks with flanges inside of the rim. A separate airtight inner tube enclosed by the tire supports the tire carcass and maintains the bead lock. An advantage of this system is that the inner tube can be easily accessed for a patch repair or replacement of the tube. The ISO 5775-2 standard defines designations for bicycle rims. It distinguishes between Traditional wired-on rims were straight-sided. Various "hook" (also called "crochet") designs re-emerged in

144-482: A 15 m (48 ft) wingspan, equipped with two four-bladed tractor propellers, each powered by a steam engine of 30 hp (22 kW). Using a circular track at Satory, Ader carried out taxiing trials on 12 October 1897 and two days later attempted a flight. After a short run the machine was caught by a gust of wind, slewed off the track, and came to a stop. After this the French army withdrew its funding, but kept

192-513: A brief increase in torque. A spring attached to the ratchet rewound the strap when the foot was raised. This treadle arrangement also allowed riders of different sizes to ride the same bike comfortably without modification, as the pedals were not constrained to trace a circle about an axle. An undated advertisement lists prices from $ 75 to $ 120, depending on wheel size and finish, which varied from "plainly finished machine; painted and striped" to "all nickled [ sic ] and polished, except

240-500: A distance of 2 miles (3 km) in 1881. In 1903, he devised a V8 engine for the Paris–Madrid race , but although three or four were produced, none was sold. Following his work with V8 engines, Ader turned to the problem of mechanical flight and until the end of his life gave much time and money to this. Using the studies of Louis Pierre Mouillard (1834–1897) on the flight of birds, he constructed his first flying machine in 1886,

288-451: A hole through the tire carcass, not just the inner tube. A disadvantage is that air can escape if the bead lock is compromised from too much lateral force on the tire or deformation of the rim/tire due to hard impact with an object. Tubeless tires require tubeless-compatible rims, which do not allow air to escape where the spokes connect and have a different shape groove for the tire bead to seat. In 2006, Shimano and Hutchinson introduced

336-405: A material that will stretch very little to prevent the tire from expanding off of the rim under internal air pressure. Steel wire beads are used on inexpensive tires. Though they cannot be folded, they can often be twisted into three smaller hoops. Kevlar beads are used on expensive tires, and these are also called "foldable". They should not be used on straight sidewall rims as they may blow off

384-556: A pneumatic tire greatly reduces rolling resistance compared to the use of a rigid wheel or solid tire, the tires are still typically the second largest source, after wind resistance (air drag) , of power consumption on a level road. The modern detachable pneumatic bicycle tire contributed to the popularity and eventual dominance of the safety bicycle . Bicycle tires are also used on unicycles , tricycles , quadracycles , tandem bicycles , hand cycles, bicycle trailers , and trailer bikes . The first bicycle "tires" were iron bands on

432-423: A pneumatic tire, pressurized air is held inside either with a separate, relatively impermeable inner tube, or by the tire and rim, in a tubeless system. Pneumatic tires are superior in providing effective cushioning while keeping rolling resistance very low. A tubed tire has a separate inner tube , made of butyl rubber , latex , or TPU (thermoplastic polyurethane) that provides a relatively airtight barrier inside

480-505: A powered take-off and uncontrolled flight in ground effect of approximately 50 m (160 ft) at a height of approximately 20 centimetres (8 in). Ader also claimed credit for getting off the ground in the Éole. Ader began construction of a second aircraft he called the Avion II , also referred to as the Zephyr or Éole II . Most sources agree that work on this aircraft

528-409: A slick tire will be slippery in wet conditions. Knobby treads are intended for off-road use, where the tread texture can help improve traction on soft surfaces. Many treads are omnidirectional—the tire can be installed in either orientation—but some are unidirectional and designed to be oriented in a specific direction. Some tires, especially for mountain bikes , have a tread which is intended either for

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576-620: A smoother, non-studded tire has been developed to ease the transition between the two types of tires. Some tires have a reflective strip on their sidewalls to improve visibility at night. Others have reflective material embedded in the tread. In addition to the dimple tread pattern mentioned above, at least one tire has an extra "wing" to cover the gap between the tire sidewall and the wheel rim and reduce drag. At least one modern bicycle tire has been designed specifically for indoor use on rollers or trainers . It minimizes excessive wear that traditional tires experience in this environment and

624-403: A tubeless system for road bicycles. Tubeless tires have not yet gained popular acceptance in road racing due to lack of sponsorship, the tradition of using tubular tires and the fact that, even without the inner tube, the combined weight of tubeless rims and tires is more than top-of-the-line tubular tire wheelsets. Road tubeless is gaining popularity among riders for whom the benefits are worth

672-477: A wide 119 mm for the Surly Big Fat Larry. Lightweight tires range in size from 3 ⁄ 4 to 1 + 1 ⁄ 8 inches (19 to 29 mm) wide. Middleweight or Demi-balloon tires range in size from 1 + 1 ⁄ 8 to 1 + 3 ⁄ 4 inches (29 to 44 mm) wide. A balloon tire is a type of wide, large-volume, low-pressure tire that first appeared on cruiser bicycles in

720-401: Is a tire that fits on the wheel of a bicycle or similar vehicle. These tires may also be used on tricycles, wheelchairs , and handcycles , frequently for racing . Bicycle tires provide an important source of suspension , generate the lateral forces necessary for balancing and turning , and generate the longitudinal forces necessary for propulsion and braking . Although the use of

768-553: Is not suitable for use on pavement. Besides the different tread patterns available on some mountain bike tires mentioned above, front and rear tire sets are available for road bikes with different tread patterns, tread compounds, and sizes for the front and rear wheels. Other scenarios involve replacing a damaged tire, and leaving the other one unchanged. Bicycle tires have been developed that pump themselves up as they roll forward. Bicycle tires have been developed so that different treads can be zipped on and off. This allows having

816-444: Is selected based on characteristics such as wear, traction (wet and dry), rolling resistance, and cost. Oils and lubricants may be added as softeners. Sulphur and zinc oxide facilitate vulcanization . Some tires have a dual-compound tread that is tougher in the middle and grippier on the edges. Many modern tires are available with treads in a variety or combination of colors. Road racing tires with different tread compounds for

864-495: The Ader Éole . It was a bat-like design run by a lightweight steam engine of his own invention, with 4 cylinders with a power rating of 20 hp (15 kW), driving a four-blade propeller . The engine weighed 51 kg (112 lb). The wings had a span of 14 m (46 ft). All-up weight was 300 kg (660 lb). On 9 October 1890 Ader attempted to fly the Éole . Aviation historians give credit to this effort as

912-562: The beads and the shape of the bead interlocked with a flange on the rim, relying on air pressure to hold the tire bead in place. However, this type of tire is no longer in general use and the term clincher has transferred to the modern wired-on tire. For the remainder of this article, the modern use of the word clincher will be assumed. In an attempt to provide the best attributes of both wired and tubular methods, tubular clinchers have also been offered. Most bicycle tires are clincher types for use with "clincher" rims. These tires have

960-456: The telephone invented by Alexander Graham Bell . After this he established the telephone network in Paris in 1880. In 1881, he invented the théâtrophone , a system of telephonic transmission where listeners received a separate channel for each ear, enabling stereophonic perception of the actors on a set; it was this invention which gave the first stereo transmission of opera performances, over

1008-411: The 1970s to seat the tire bead on the wheel rim and hold the tire in place, resulting in the modern clincher design. This allows higher (80–150 psi or 6–10 bar) air pressures than was possible older wired-on tires. In these designs, it is the interlocking of the bead with the rim flanges, not the tight fit or resistance to stretching of the bead, that keeps the tire on the rim and retains

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1056-465: The 1980s and the Maxxis in the 2010s, but often found to provide undesirable handling characteristics. The tread is the part of the tire that contacts the ground to provide grip and protect the casing from wear. The tread is made of natural and synthetic rubber that often includes fillers such as carbon black , which gives it its characteristic color, and silica . The type and amount of filler

1104-726: The Trusty Spacemaster. Cl%C3%A9ment Ader Clément Ader (2 April 1841 – 3 May 1925) was a French inventor and engineer who was born near Toulouse in Muret , Haute-Garonne , and died in Toulouse. He is remembered primarily for his pioneering work in aviation . In 1870 he was also one of the pioneers in the sport of cycling in France. Ader was an innovator in electrical and mechanical engineering . He originally studied electrical engineering , and in 1878 improved on

1152-621: The US in the 1930s. They are typically 2 to 2.5 inches (51 to 64 mm) wide. In the 1960s Raleigh made its small-wheeled RSW 16 with balloon tires so it would have a soft ride like the fully suspended Moulton Bicycle . Other manufacturers then used the same idea for their own small wheelers. Examples include the Stanningley (UK)-made Bootie Folding Bicycle , the Co-operative Wholesale Society (CWS) Commuter, and

1200-502: The additional traction of studded tires only when necessary and avoiding the additional rolling resistance otherwise. The modern tire-size designations (e.g. "37-622", also known as ETRTO) are defined by international standard ISO 5775 , along with corresponding rim size designations (e.g., "622×19C"). Older English (inch, e.g. "28 × 1 + 5 ⁄ 8 × 1 + 3 ⁄ 8 ") and French (metric, e.g. "700×35C") designations are also still used, but can be ambiguous. The diameter of

1248-402: The air pressure. Some clincher tires can be used without tubes in a system which is referred to as tubeless . Typical tubeless tires have airtight sidewalls and beads which are designed to maximize the seal between the tyre and the wheel rim. Some tires are torus -shaped and attached to tubular rims with adhesive. Tubular rims are designed with shallow circular cross-section beds in which

1296-419: The bead of the tire is specifically designed to interlock into a corresponding tubeless rim, but without an inner tube. Air is inflated directly into the tire, and once "locked" into the rim, the system is airtight. Liquid sealants are often injected into tubeless tires to improve sealing and to stop leaks caused by punctures. An advantage is that pinch flats are less common in a tubeless setup because they require

1344-488: The cloth affects the weight and performance of the tire, and high thread counts improve ride quality and reduce rolling resistance at the expense of durability and puncture resistance. The fibers of the cloth in most bicycle tires are not woven together, but kept in separate plies so that they can move more freely to reduce wear and rolling resistance. They are also usually oriented diagonally, forming bias plies. Radial ply has been attempted, and examples include Panasonic in

1392-530: The cost of reducing damage protection. Some tires include an extra layer between the tread and the casing (as shown in the cross section pictured above) to help prevent punctures either by being tough or simply by being thick. These extra layers are usually associated with higher rolling resistance. Metal studs may be embedded in the tread of knobby tires to improve traction on ice. Inexpensive studded tires use steel studs, while pricier tires use more durable carbide studs. A studded, knobby tread that zips onto

1440-514: The costs. Road tubeless tires tend to be a much tighter fit than traditional clincher tires, which makes mounting and removing the tire more difficult. Airless were used before pneumatic tires were developed, appearing on velocipedes by 1869. They continue to be developed in an effort to solve the problem of losing air pressure, either from a puncture or from permeability. Modern examples of airless tires for bicycles include BriTek's Energy Return Wheel, an airless bicycle tire from Bridgestone ,

1488-574: The form of the modern aircraft carrier , with a flat flight deck, an island superstructure, deck elevators and a hangar bay. His idea for an aircraft carrier was relayed by the US naval attaché in Paris and was followed by the first trials in the United States in November 1910. An airplane-carrying vessel is indispensable. These vessels will be constructed on a plan very different from what

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1536-418: The front and rear have been developed, thereby attempting to provide more traction in front and less rolling resistance in the rear. Treads fall somewhere along the spectrum from smooth or slick to knobby. Smooth treads are intended for on-road use, where a tread pattern offers little to no improvement in traction. However, many otherwise slick tires have a light tread pattern, due to the common misbelief that

1584-503: The front wheel or the rear wheel. A special tread pattern, with small dimples , has been developed to reduce air drag. The profile of the tread is usually circular, matching the shape of the casing inside it and allowing the tire to roll to the side as the bicycle leans for turning or balancing. More-squared profiles are sometimes used on mountain bike tires and novelty tires designed to look like automotive racing slicks, as on wheelie bikes . The bead of clincher tires must be made of

1632-419: The increase in speed and ride quality it enabled. Finally, the detachable tire was introduced in 1891 by Édouard Michelin . It was held on the rim with clamps, instead of glue, and could be removed to replace or patch the separate inner tube. Three main techniques for attaching a bicycle tire to a bicycle rim have been developed: clincher , wired and tubular . Clinchers originally did not have wire in

1680-408: The pneumatic tire is lost, however, and ride quality suffers. Many bicycle-sharing systems use these tires to reduce maintenance, and examples of solid tires include those available from Greentyre, Puncture Proof Tyres Ltd, KIK-Reifen, Tannus, Hutchinson , and Specialized . Bicycle tires consist of a rubber-impregnated cloth casing, also called the carcass, with additional rubber, called

1728-504: The results secret. The commission released in November 1910 the official reports on Ader's attempted flights, stating that they were unsuccessful. Clément Ader remained an active proponent of the development of aviation. In 1909 he published L'Aviation Militaire , a very popular book which went through 10 editions in the five years before the First World War . It is notable for its vision of aerial warfare and for its foreseeing

1776-506: The rim, which is painted and striped in gold." Smith also offered tricycles in 1887 and 1888 and patented a steam tricycle in 1889. At the first Maricopa County Fair in 1884, Lucius Copeland demonstrated his steam bicycle , one of the first motorcycles , a steam-powered Star high-wheeler. It was claimed to have traveled 1 mile (1.6 km) in 4 minutes, at a steam pressure of 80 pounds per square inch (5.5 bar), and carried enough water and fuel to run for an hour. "American Star"

1824-487: The rim. The sidewall of the casing, the part not intended to contact the ground, may receive one of several treatments. Tires with sidewalls made of natural rubber are called "gum wall". The tan colored, natural rubber lacks carbon black to decrease rolling resistance, as its added wear resistance isn't needed in the sidewall. Tires with very little rubber, if any, covering the sidewall are called "skin wall". This reduces rolling resistance by reducing sidewall stiffness at

1872-406: The tire must match the diameter of the rim, but the width of the tire only has to be in the range of widths appropriate for the width of the rim, while also not exceeding the clearances allowed by the frame, brakes, and any accessories such as fenders. Diameters vary from a large 910 mm, for touring unicycles , to a small 125 mm, for roller skiing . Widths vary from a narrow 18 mm to

1920-434: The tire pictured to the right on a Mobike, and solid tires discussed below. Although modern airless tires are better than early ones, most give a rough ride and may damage the wheel or bicycle. The most common form of airless tire is simply the solid tire . Besides solid rubber, solid tires made of polyurethane or microcellular foam are also offered for 100% flat prevention. Much of the desirable suspension quality of

1968-641: The tire. A vast majority of the tire systems in use are clinchers, due to the relative simplicity of repairs and wide availability of replacement inner tubes. Most of bicycle inner tubes are torus -shaped balloons while some are not. For example, inner tubes in bicycles of the Moscow bike-sharing service are simply rubber tubes long enough to be coiled and inserted into a tire. Tubeless tires are primarily used on mountain bikes due to their ability to use low air pressure for better traction without getting pinch flats. Tubeless tires work similarly to clinchers in that

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2016-502: The tires seat instead of being attached to rim flanges by tire beads as in clincher types. Adequate tire casing stiffness is necessary to support the rider, while softness and flexibility in the casing is desirable for cushioning. Most bicycle tires are pneumatic, the stiffness of the tires is easily controlled by controlling the air pressure inside of the tire. Airless tires utilize a semi solid sponge type elastomer material which eliminates air loss through punctures and air seepage. In

2064-422: The tread, on the surface that contacts the road. In the case of clinchers, the casing wraps around two beads, one on each edge. Bicycle tire casing is made of cloth, usually nylon , though cotton and silk have also been used. The casing provides the resistance against stretching necessary to contain the internal air pressure while remaining flexible enough to conform to the ground surface. The thread count of

2112-465: The wooden wheels of velocipedes . These were followed by solid rubber tires on penny-farthings . The first patent for "rubberized wheels" was granted to Clément Ader in 1868. In an attempt to soften the ride, rubber tires with a hollow core were also tried. The first practical pneumatic tire was made by John Boyd Dunlop in 1887 for his son's bicycle , in an effort to prevent the headaches his son had while riding on rough roads. (Dunlop's patent

2160-621: Was also a brand name used by a Japanese bicycle manufacturer in the 1960s and 1970s. The Smith Machine Co. commissioned several musical compositions to promote the American Star Bicycle. In 1882, Chas. W. Nathan composed the Star Bicycle Gallop for piano, and in 1883, John Ford composed The Star Rider. Song & Chorus for piano and voice, which was provided on the back cover of advertisements for American Star Bicycles. Bicycle tire A bicycle tire

2208-412: Was later declared invalid because of prior art by fellow Scot Robert William Thomson .) Dunlop is credited with "realizing rubber could withstand the wear and tear of being a tire while retaining its resilience". This led to the founding of Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co. Ltd in 1889. By 1890, it began adding a tough canvas layer to the rubber to reduce punctures. Racers quickly adopted the pneumatic tire for

2256-808: Was never completed, and it was abandoned in favour of the Avion III . Ader's later claim that he flew the Avion II in August 1892 for a distance of 100 m (330 ft) in Satory near Paris, was never widely accepted. Ader's progress attracted the interest of the minister of war, Charles de Freycinet . With the backing of the French War Office, Ader developed and constructed the Avion III . It resembled an enormous bat made of linen and wood, with

2304-494: Was provided by a spoon brake acting on the rear wheel and actuated by a lever on the right handlebar . A pair of independent treadle mechanisms collected power from the rider's legs instead of a crank . Power from each treadle was transferred to the rear wheel by a leather strap over a ratchet mechanism . (See image in gallery below.) The attachment point of the leather strap could be moved to provide multiple gear ratios , and both treadles could be pressed simultaneously for

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