Anacletus II (died January 25, 1138), born Pietro Pierleoni , was an antipope who ruled in opposition to Pope Innocent II from 1130 until his death in 1138. After the death of Pope Honorius II , the college of cardinals was divided over his successor. Unusually, the election was entrusted to eight cardinals, who elected Papareschi (Innocent II). A larger body of cardinals then elected Pierleoni, which led to a major schism in the Roman Catholic Church . Anacletus had the support of most Romans, including the Frangipani family , and Innocent was forced to flee to France . North of the Alps , Innocent gained the crucial support of the major religious orders, in particular Bernard of Clairvaux 's Cistercians , the Abbot of Cluny Peter the Venerable ; and Norbert of Xanten , the Archbishop of Magdeburg who established the Premonstratensians and held a high rank in the court of the German Emperor Lothar III .
25-573: The lack of support from these key figures left Anacletus with few patrons outside of Rome. Anacletus, with little remaining support, lived for several years and died with the crisis unresolved. In 1139 the second Lateran Council ended the schism, although opinion remained divided. Pietro was born to the powerful Roman family of the Pierleoni , the son of the consul Pier Leoni . One of his great-great grandparents, Benedictus, maybe Baruch in Hebrew,
50-608: A council at Pisa , which confirmed his authority and condemned Anacletus. Anacletus's death in 1138 helped largely to solve the tension between rival factions. Nevertheless, Innocent decided to call the Tenth Ecumenical Council. The council assembled at the Lateran Palace and nearly a thousand prelates attended. In his opening statement Innocent deposed those who had been ordained and instituted by Anacletus or any of his adherents. King Roger II of Sicily
75-468: A Roman whose family were the enemy of Haimeric's supporters, the Frangipani . Anacletus' mixed group of supporters were powerful enough to take control of Rome while Innocent was forced to flee north. Anacletus had control of Rome, so Innocent II took ship for Pisa , and thence sailed by way of Genoa to France, where the influence of Bernard of Clairvaux readily secured his cordial recognition by
100-454: A restating of the decrees of the Council of Reims and the Council of Clermont . The most important results of the council included: Another decision confirmed the right of religious houses of a diocese to participate in the election of the diocese's bishop. Pope Innocent II Pope Innocent II ( Latin : Innocentius II ; died 24 September 1143), born Gregorio Papareschi ,
125-449: Is a disgrace for Christ that a Jew sits on the throne of St. Peter's." Among his supporters were duke William X of Aquitaine , who decided for him against the will of his own bishops, and the powerful Roger II of Sicily , whose title of "King of Sicily" Anacletus had approved by papal bull after his accession. By 1135 Anacletus' position was weak despite their aid, but the schism only ended with his death in 1138, after which Gregorio Conti
150-725: The Commune of Rome , actively opposed these successors in the following decade. Second Council of the Lateran The Second Council of the Lateran was the tenth ecumenical council recognized by the Catholic Church . It was convened by Pope Innocent II in April 1139 and attended by close to a thousand clerics. Its immediate task was to neutralise the after-effects of the schism which had arisen after
175-587: The Second Council of the Lateran . Gregorio Papareschi came from a Roman family, probably of the rione Trastevere . Formerly a Cluniac monk, he was made cardinal deacon of Sant'Angelo in 1116 by Pope Paschal II . Gregorio was selected by Pope Callixtus II for various important and difficult missions, such as the one to Worms for the conclusion of the Concordat of Worms , the peace accord made with Holy Roman Emperor Henry V in 1122, and also
200-767: The Treaty of Mignano . In his papal bull Omne Datum Optimum from March 1139, Innocent II had declared that the Knights Templar —a religious and military organization then twenty-one years old—should in the future be answerable only to the papacy. That same year he sent Alberic of Ostia to examine the conduct of the Latin Patriarch of Antioch establish ties with the Armenian Catholicos . The consequent Latin synod in Antioch, attended also by
225-544: The Armenian Catholicos Gregory III marked the symbolic beginning of Armenian-Latin high-level clerical contacts and according to Armenian sources Innocent sent Gregory a letter of greeting with a staff and pallium . On 25 September 1141 he wrote Catholicos Gregory III another long letter in which he asked him to cooperate with the Church of Rome and end the schism which was achieved at the end of
250-752: The Cardinals, clergy, nobility and People of Rome. Anacletus' supporters included the entire Roman aristocracy, with the exception of the Frangipani, and the majority of the Cardinals. With the support of the People, and in opposition to the French Haimeric, the Pierleoni were powerful enough to take control of Rome, while Innocent was forced to flee north of the Alps. North of the Alps, Innocent gained
275-407: The century. Innocent II died on 24 September 1143 and was succeeded by Pope Celestine II . In 1134, Innocent elevated as cardinal-nephew his nephew, Gregorio Papareschi . He did the same for his brother Pietro Papareschi , whom he made cardinal in 1142. Another nephew, Cinthio Capellus (died 1182), was also a cardinal, raised to the cardinalate in 1158, after Innocent's death. Aside from
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#1732772164847300-451: The clergy and the court. In October of 1130, he was duly acknowledged by King Lothair III of Germany and his bishops at the synod of Würzburg . In January 1131, he also had a favourable interview with Henry I of England at Chartres. In August 1132, Lothar III undertook an expedition to Italy to set aside Anacletus as antipope and be crowned by Innocent. Anacletus and his supporters being in secure control of St. Peter's Basilica ,
325-533: The complete rebuilding of the ancient church of Santa Maria in Trastevere , which boldly features Ionic capitals from former colonnades in the Baths of Caracalla and other richly detailed spolia from Roman monuments, the remaining years of Innocent's life were almost as barren of permanent political results as the first had been. In the Lateran palace, he had a portrait painted depicting Lothar's oath to preserve
350-480: The coronation ultimately took place in the Lateran Basilica (4 June 1133), but otherwise the expedition proved abortive. Innocent II invested Lothair as emperor and the territories belonging to Matilda of Tuscany in return for an annuity of 100 pounds of silver paid to the pope. After Lothar's hasty departure from Rome, Innocent fled to Pisa. In May 1135, Innocent convened the council of Pisa , which
375-554: The crucial support of St. Bernard of Clairvaux , Peter the Venerable , and other prominent reformers who helped him gain recognition from European rulers such as Emperor Lothair III , leaving Anacletus with few patrons. Anacletus had been a relatively acceptable candidate for the Papacy, being well-respected, so rumors centering on his descent from a Jewish convert were spread to blacken his reputation. Bernard of Clairvaux wrote: "It
400-399: The death of Pope Honorius II in 1130 and the papal election that year that established Pietro Pierleoni as the antipope Anacletus II . After the death of Honorius II, Petrus Leonis, under the name of Anacletus II , was elected as Pope by a majority of the cardinals and with the support of the people of Rome on the same day as a minority elected Innocent II . In 1135, Innocent II held
425-465: The one that made peace with King Louis VI of France in 1123. In 1124, he became a close advisor to Pope Honorius II . On the evening of 13 February 1130, Pope Honorius II died, and Gregorio was hastily elected as Pope Innocent II by a commission of six cardinals led by papal chancellor Haimeric. He was consecrated on 14 February, the following day. The other cardinals announced that Innocent had not been canonically elected and chose Anacletus II ,
450-485: The privileges of the city of Rome. Innocent's efforts to undo the mischief wrought in Rome by the long schism were almost entirely neutralized by a quarrel with his erstwhile supporter, Louis VII of France over the candidate for archbishop of Bourges , in the course of which that kingdom was laid under an interdict to press for the papal candidate, and by a struggle with the town of Tivoli in which he became involved. As
475-486: Was excommunicated . Can. 29 of the Second Lateran Council under Pope Innocent II in 1139 banned the use of crossbows, as well as slings and bows, against Christians. On 22 July 1139, at Galluccio , Roger II's son Roger III of Apulia ambushed the papal troops with a thousand knights and captured Innocent. On 25 July 1139, Innocent was forced to acknowledge the kingship and possessions of Roger with
500-633: Was a Jew who converted into Christianity. As a second son with ambitions, Pietro was destined for an ecclesiastical career. He studied in Paris and entered the Benedictine Abbey of Cluny . Later he went to Rome and occupied several important positions. In 1130, Pope Honorius II lay dying and the cardinals decided that they would entrust the election to a commission of eight men, led by papal chancellor Haimeric, who had his candidate Cardinal Gregory Papareschi hastily elected as Pope Innocent II. He
525-532: Was attended by over one hundred clerics and abbots. Innocent II had the council declare antipope Anacletus II and his supporters excommunicated. The second expedition by Lothar III in 1136 was no more decisive in its results, and the protracted struggle between the rival pontiffs was terminated only by the death of Anacletus II on 25 January 1138. At the Second Lateran council of April 1139, King Roger II of Sicily , Innocent II's most uncompromising foe,
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#1732772164847550-467: Was consecrated on February 14, the day after Honorius' death. On the same day, the other cardinals, led by the senior Cardinal Bishop, Pietro of Porto, met with the leaders of Rome in the Basilica of S. Marco, and announced that Innocent had not been canonically elected. He nominated Cardinal Pietro Pierleoni, a Roman whose family were the enemy of Haimeric's supporters the Frangipani, who was elected by
575-408: Was elected as Victor IV but submitted to Innocent within a month. Innocent returned to Rome and ruled without opposition, quickly convening the Second Lateran Council in 1139 and reinforcing the Church's teachings against Usury , clerical marriage, and other practices. Though the Pierleoni family mostly submitted to Innocent and his successors, Anacletus' brother Giordano , who was then leader of
600-551: Was excommunicated for maintaining what was thought to be a schismatic attitude. The council also condemned the teachings of the Petrobrusians and the Henricians, the followers of Peter of Bruys and Henry of Lausanne . Finally, the council drew up measures for the amendment of ecclesiastical morals and discipline which the council fathers considered had grown lax. Many of the canons relating to these matters were mostly
625-515: Was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 14 February 1130 to his death in 1143. His election as Pope was controversial, and the first eight years of his reign were marked by a struggle for recognition against the supporters of Anacletus II . He reached an understanding with King Lothair III of Germany , who supported him against Anacletus, and whom he crowned as Holy Roman Emperor . Innocent went on to preside over
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