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90-433: Pigafetta was one of the 18 men who made the complete trip, returning to Spain in 1522, under the command of Juan Sebastián Elcano , out of the approximately 240 who set out three years earlier. These men completed the first circumnavigation of the world while others mutinied and returned in the first year. Pigafetta's surviving journal is the source for much of what is known about Magellan and Elcano's voyage. Pigafetta

180-414: A Venetian scholar and traveller, asked to be on the voyage, accepting the title of " supernumerary " and a modest salary. He became a strict assistant of Magellan and kept a journal. The only other sailor to keep a running account during the voyage would be Francisco Albo, who kept a formal nautical logbook. Juan de Cartagena , suspected illegitimate son of archbishop Fonseca, was named Inspector General of

270-462: A horoscope reading indicating that the voyage would be fatal for him ) and was removed from the expedition by the king. He was replaced as the fleet's joint commander by Juan de Cartagena and as cosmographer/astrologer by Andrés de San Martín . Juan Sebastián Elcano , a Spanish merchant ship captain living in Seville, embarked seeking the king's pardon for previous misdeeds. Antonio Pigafetta ,

360-574: A break in the coast was spotted. There, the fleet found a natural harbour which they called Port St. Julian . The men remained at St. Julian for five months, before resuming their search for the strait. Within a day of landing at St. Julian, there was another mutiny attempt. Like the one during the Atlantic crossing, it was led by Juan de Cartagena (former captain of the San Antonio ), aided by Gaspar de Quesada and Luis Mendoza , captains of

450-522: A burgher family, took holy orders much later in life (in 1519). Scholars point to a Flemish provenance due to the fact that: In an 1891 letter to Notes and Queries , a scholar (identified only as "L.L.K.") wrote: In 1916, the same scholar wrote in to state: One of the main arguments in favor of Maximilianus' Transylvanian origin: The renowned humanist and Bishop of Pécs (later archbishop of Esztergom , Hungary ) Nicolaus Olahus ' 1534 dated letter mentions " noster Maximilianus Transylvanus", that

540-526: A cartographer at the Casa de Contratación , took part in the development of the maps to be used in the travel. Several problems arose during the preparation of the trip, including lack of money, the king of Portugal trying to stop them, Magellan and other Portuguese incurring suspicion from the Spanish, and the difficult nature of Faleiro. The fleet, consisting of five ships with supplies for two years of travel,

630-718: A map of the Brazilian coastline, the Livro da Marinharia (the "Book of the Sea"), and also had a crew member, the Concepción' s pilot, João Lopes Carvalho, who had previously visited Rio de Janeiro . Carvalho was enlisted to lead the fleet's navigation down the Brazilian coastline to Rio, aboard the Trinidad , and also helped communicate with the locals, as he had some rudimentary knowledge of their Guarani language. On 13 December,

720-542: A matter of dispute among historians. In spite of his surname, Transylvanus is said to have come from Flanders, not Transylvania, and to have been a natural or bastard son of Archbishop Lang von Wellenburg , which is impossible because when he was born in 1490, Mathäus Lang was a poor student in Tübingen , and the father of Transylvanus was then a wealthy goldsmith, living in Brussels. Lang von Wellenberg, born in 1469 to

810-536: A mere supernumerary. The fleet sailed south along the South American coast, hoping to reach el paso , the fabled strait that would allow them passage past South America to the Spice Islands. On 11 January , a headland marked by three hills was sighted, which the crew believed to be "Cape Santa Maria". Around the headland, they found a wide body of water that extended as far as the eye could see in

900-559: A priest, Pedro Sanchez de Reina, were sentenced to be marooned . On 11 August, two weeks before the fleet left St. Julian, the two were taken to a small nearby island and left to die. Days later, the pilot of the ship San Antonio, Esteban Gómez, shot down its captain, Álvaro de Mezquita, Magellan's cousin, abandoning Magellan's expedition to return to Spain. He returned for Juan de Cartagena and Pedro Sánchez de la Reina, but found no trace of them. More than forty other conspirators, including Juan Sebastián Elcano, were put in chains for much of

990-528: A pupil of Peter Martyr Vermigli , interviewed the surviving members of the expedition when they presented themselves to the Spanish court at Valladolid in the fall of 1522. Eager to acquire fame as a writer, he produced his tract De Moluccis Insulis as a letter to Matthäus Lang von Wellenburg , the Cardinal-Archbishop of Salzburg , who had suggested that he perform the interviews in the first place. It may have also been Vermigli who suggested

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1080-865: A short version or a draft. It was in response to a request, in January 1523, of the Marquis of Mantua that Pigafetta wrote his detailed account of the voyage. An exhibition on Pigafetta opened in 2019 in Madrid at the library of the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (AECID). The Italian destroyer Antonio Pigafetta , of the Navigatori class , was named after him in 1931. Antonio Pigafetta wrote at least two books, both of which have survived: Magellan%27s circumnavigation#Survivors The Magellan expedition , sometimes termed

1170-424: A smaller number of Flemish, German, Greek, Irish, English, Asian, and black sailors. Counted among the Spanish crew members were at least 29 Basques (including Juan Sebastián Elcano), some of whom did not speak Spanish fluently. Ruy Faleiro , who had initially been named co-captain with Magellan, developed mental health problems prior to departure (or, as other sources state, chose to remain behind after performing

1260-422: A strait (or the southern terminus of the continent) within a short distance. In fact, the fleet would sail south for another eight weeks without finding passage, before stopping to overwinter at St. Julian . Not wanting to miss the strait, the fleet sailed as close to the coast as feasible, heightening the danger of running aground on shoals . The ships sailed only during the day, with lookouts carefully watching

1350-595: A token increase to his pay, and that in late 1515 or early 1516, Manuel granted Magellan's request to be allowed to serve another master. Around this time, Magellan met the cosmographer Rui Faleiro , another Portuguese subject nursing resentment towards Manuel. The two men acted as partners in planning a voyage to the Moluccas which they would propose to the king of Spain. Magellan relocated to Seville, Spain in 1517, with Faleiro following two months later. On arrival in Seville, Magellan contacted Juan de Aranda, factor of

1440-429: A week exploring Santa Cruz, Serrano set out to return to St. Julian on 22 May, but was caught in a sudden storm while leaving the harbour. The Santiago was tossed about by strong winds and currents before running aground on a sandbar. All (or nearly all ) of the crew were able to clamber ashore before the ship capsized . Two men volunteered to set off on foot for St. Julian to get help. After 11 days of hard trekking,

1530-540: A west-by-southwest direction. Magellan believed he had found el paso , though in fact he had reached the Río de la Plata . Magellan directed the Santiago , commanded by Juan Serrano , to probe the 'strait', and led the other ships south hoping to find Terra Australis , the southern continent which was then widely supposed to exist south of South America. They failed to find the southern continent, and when they regrouped with

1620-766: A work in Latin that describes the reception that nominated Charles I, King of Spain , as Holy Roman Emperor in 1519 at Molins de Rei , in Spain. This is the Legatio ad sacratissimum ac invictum Caesarem divum Carolum .... ab reverendissimis et illustrissimis principibus ... qua functus est ...Federicus comes palatinus in Molendino regio vlt. Novembris Anno MDXIX ( Augsburg : Sigismund Grimm und Marx Wirsung, 1520). At this point, Maximilianus seems to have already been serving as personal secretary to Charles V, as well as accompanying

1710-851: Is " our Transylvanian Maximilianus", with whom he became a close friend in Brussels bonded by the shared heritage: "Based on our common fatherland we are in great intimacy with one another, as he says, and I believe (pro ea, quae inter nos ob patriam communem intercedit familiaritas ut ipse dicit, ergo qouque ita credo, non vulgaris)" . It is also well known that Nicolaus Olahus was born in Hermannstadt (in Hungarian: Nagyszeben; today in Rumanian: Sibiu ) in Transylvania. In 1520, Transylvanus had published, at Augsburg ,

1800-553: Is a tradition that as a youth Pigafetta sailed the Mediterranean with the Knights of Rhodes but there is no record of such activity, only the observation that he later became a member of the order. At some point he entered into the service of papal ambassador Francesco Chiericati , an apostolic protonotary and a close associate of Pope Leo X . Like Pigafetta, Chiericati was also from Vicenza. In 1518, Leo X sent Chiericati to

1890-434: Is also given in some sources as Antonio Salamón , Antonio Salamone, and Antonio Salomón, with his job being alternatively listed as boatswain and quartermaster. António Varesa's name is also given as Antonio Ginovés, with his job also being listed as cabin boy, "ship's boy", or "grummet". Varesa's death is also sometimes described as a suicide from being ridiculed or that he too was outright sentenced to death during

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1980-488: Is through Transylvanus' account that Europe was informed of the first circumnavigation of the globe. Transylvanus recorded gossip on board about the mutiny that occurred during Magellan's voyage, calling it a "shameful and foul conspiracy" among the Spanish officers and men. Pigafetta and Transylvanus differ on who was responsible for the massacre that occurred at Cebu in the Philippines . Transylvanus states that it

2070-560: The Casa de Contratación . Following the arrival of his partner Rui Faleiro, and with the support of Aranda, they presented their project to the king Charles I of Spain (future Holy Roman Emperor Charles V). Magellan's project, if successful, would realise Columbus' plan of a spice route by sailing west without damaging relations with the Portuguese. The idea was in tune with the times and had already been discussed after Balboa's discovery of

2160-510: The Concepción and Victoria , respectively. As before, the Castilian captains questioned Magellan's leadership and accused him of recklessly endangering the fleet's crew and ships. The mutiny at St. Julian was more calculated than the fracas that had followed the sodomy trial during the Atlantic crossing. Around midnight of Easter Sunday, 1 April, Cartagena and Quesada covertly led thirty armed men, their faces covered with charcoal , aboard

2250-634: The Indian Ocean after Magellan's death in the Philippines . Totaling 60,440 km , or 37,560 mi , the nearly three-year voyage achieved the first circumnavigation of Earth in history. It also revealed the vast scale of the Pacific Ocean and proved that ships could sail around the world on a western sea route. The expedition accomplished its primary goal—to find a western route to the Spice Islands. The five-ship fleet left Spain on 20 September 1519 with about 270 men. After sailing across

2340-612: The Indies and establishing direct commercial relations between Spain and the Asian kingdoms. The Spanish soon realized that the lands of the Americas were not a part of Asia, but another continent. The 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas reserved for Portugal the eastern routes that went around Africa, and Vasco da Gama and the Portuguese arrived in India in 1498. Given the economic importance of

2430-729: The Magellan–Elcano expedition , was a 16th-century Spanish expedition planned and led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan . One of the most important voyages in the Age of Discovery —and in the history of exploration —its purpose was to cross the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans to open a trade route with the Moluccas , or Spice Islands, in present-day Indonesia . The expedition departed Spain in 1519 and returned there in 1522 led by Spanish navigator Juan Sebastián Elcano , who crossed

2520-432: The San Antonio , where they ambushed Álvaro de Mezquita, the recently named captain of the ship. Mezquita was Magellan's cousin and sympathetic to the captain general. Juan de Elorriaga, the ship's master, resisted the mutineers and attempted to alert the other ships. For this reason, Quesada stabbed him repeatedly (he would die from his wounds months later). With the San Antonio subdued, the mutineers controlled three of

2610-408: The Santiago a few days later, Serrano reported that the hoped-for strait was in fact the mouth of a river. Incredulous, Magellan led the fleet through the western waters again, taking frequent soundings . Serrano's claim was confirmed when the men eventually found themselves in fresh water . On 3 February, the fleet continued south along the South American coast. Magellan believed they would find

2700-571: The Treaty of Tordesillas . Though the expedition did find a route, it was much longer and more arduous than expected and was therefore not commercially useful. Nevertheless, the expedition is regarded as one of the greatest achievements in seamanship and had a significant impact on the European understanding of the world. Christopher Columbus 's voyages to the West (1492–1504) had the goal of reaching

2790-517: The Trinidad and found Antón guilty, sentencing him to death by strangulation. Antón was later executed on 20 December 1519, after the fleet's landfall in Brazil at Santa Lucia (present-day Rio de Janeiro ), his strangled body being burnt. Varesa drowned after going overboard on 27 April 1520, having been thrown off by his shipmates. In a meeting following the trial, Magellan's captains challenged his leadership. Cartagena accused Magellan of risking

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2880-457: The Victoria in a skiff and announced that he had a message for the captain, Luis Mendoza. Espinosa was allowed aboard, and into the captain's chambers, based on his claim that he had a confidential letter. There, Espinosa stabbed Mendoza in the throat with his poignard , killing him instantly. At the same time, the disguised marines came aboard the Victoria to support the alguacil . With

2970-458: The Victoria lost and Mendoza dead, the remaining mutineers realised they were outmanoeuvred. Quesada attempted to flee but was prevented from doing so – sailors loyal to Magellan had cut the Concepción' s cables, causing it to drift toward the Trinidad , and Quesada was captured. Cartagena conceded and begged Magellan for mercy. The trial of the mutineers was headed by Magellan's cousin Álvaro de Mezquita and lasted five days. On 7 April, Quesada

3060-473: The Victoria , a longboat of sailors drifted off course into the vicinity of the Trinidad . The men were brought aboard and persuaded to divulge the details of the mutineers' plans to Magellan. Magellan subsequently launched a counteroffensive against the mutineers aboard the Victoria . He had some marines from the Trinidad switch clothing with the stray sailors and approach the Victoria in their longboat. His alguacil , Gonzalo de Espinosa, also approached

3150-589: The spice trade , Castile ( Spain ) urgently needed to find a new commercial route to Asia. After the Junta de Toro conference of 1505, the Spanish Crown commissioned expeditions to discover a route to the west. Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa reached the Pacific Ocean in 1513 after crossing the Isthmus of Panama , and Juan Díaz de Solís died in Río de la Plata in 1516 while exploring South America in

3240-692: The "Report on the First Voyage Around the World" ( Italian : Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo ), which was composed in Italian and was distributed to European monarchs in handwritten form before it was eventually published by Italian historian Giovanni Battista Ramusio in 1550–59. The account centers on the events in the Mariana Islands and the Philippines , although it included several maps of other areas as well, including

3330-662: The Atlantic Ocean, the fleet continued south along the eastern coast of South America , and eventually discovered the Strait of Magellan , allowing the ships to pass through to the Pacific Ocean, which Magellan himself named Mar Pacifico . The fleet completed the first Pacific crossing , stopped in the Philippines, and eventually reached the Moluccas after two years. A much-depleted crew led by Elcano finally returned to Spain on 6 September 1522, having sailed west across

3420-496: The French versions of Pigafetta's book, J. Dénucé extensively studied them and published a critical edition. At the end of his book, Pigafetta stated that he had given a copy to Charles V . Pigafetta's close friend, Francesco Chiericati, also stated that he had received a copy and it is thought that the regent of France may have received a copy of the latter. It has been argued that the copy Pigafetta had provided may have been merely

3510-585: The Indian Ocean, around the Cape of Good Hope through waters controlled by the Portuguese, and north along the west African coast to finally arrive in Spain. The expedition endured many hardships, including sabotage and mutinies by the mostly Spanish crew (and Elcano himself), starvation, scurvy , storms, and hostile encounters with indigenous people. Only about 40 men and one ship (the Victoria ) completed

3600-575: The King's ships by his choice of route, sailing South along the African coast. When Cartagena declared that he would no longer follow Magellan's command, Magellan gave the signal for a number of armed loyalists to enter the room and take hold of Cartagena. Magellan called Cartagena a "rebel" and branded his behaviour as mutinous. Cartagena called on the other two Castilian captains (Quesada and Mendoza) to stab Magellan, but they held back. Immediately following

3690-581: The Pacific. On 22 March 1518, the king named Magellan and Faleiro captains general. He also raised them to the rank of Commander of the Order of Santiago . They reached an agreement with King Charles which granted them, among other things: The expedition was funded largely by the Spanish Crown, which provided ships carrying supplies for two years of travel. Though King Charles I was supposed to pay for

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3780-704: The Romans , married Jeanne Meerte, born around 1466, daughter of the goldsmith Guillaume Meerte, from the Seven Noble Houses of Brussels , and Gertrude Schuelens. Lucas van Sevenbergen and Jeanne Meerte had three children: III) Maximilian van Sevenbergen according to Maximilianus Transylvanus married in 1521 Françoise de Haro, daughter of Diego, Antwerp merchant and friend of Magellan , and Jeanne Pynapel, deceased in 1530. In 1531 he married Catherine de Mol, daughter of Roland, squire, lord of Loupoigne and of Grambais, alderman and burgermeister of Brussels, member of

3870-679: The Serroelofs lineage. With her he had two daughters: He had two recognized natural children: Maximilianus Transylvanus had built a sumptuous Italian-style palace in Brussels opposite the Sablon church, which was celebrated in Latin verses by the poet Janus Secundus . He acquired in 1537 the Bouchout Castle in Meise , near Brussels. Maximilianus Transylvanus' origins and paternity are

3960-462: The appearance of St. Elmo's fire during some of these storms, which was regarded as a good omen by the crew: During these storms the body of St. Anselme appeared to us several times; amongst others, one night that it was very dark on account of the bad weather, the said saint appeared in the form of a fire lighted at the summit of the mainmast, and remained there near two hours and a half, which comforted us greatly, for we were in tears, only expecting

4050-466: The approval of the papal ambassador and King Charles, Pigafetta was provided with letters of introduction before he set out for Seville in May 1519. Magellan accepted his application to join the expedition and hired him for a modest monthly salary of 1,000 maravedís . He was enrolled under the name Antonio Lombardo and his position was described as one of the "servants of the captain and supernumeraries". When

4140-518: The beauty and richness of the Spice Islands . These letters likely motivated Magellan to plan an expedition to the islands and would later be presented to Spanish officials when Magellan sought their sponsorship. Historians speculate that, beginning in 1514, Magellan repeatedly petitioned King Manuel I of Portugal to fund an expedition to the Moluccas, though records are unclear. It is known that Manuel repeatedly denied Magellan's requests for

4230-409: The circumnavigation. Magellan himself died in battle in the Philippines and was succeeded as captain-general by a series of officers, with Elcano eventually leading the Victoria ' s return trip. The expedition was funded mostly by King Charles I of Spain , with the hope that it would discover a profitable western route to the Spice Islands, as the eastern route was controlled by Portugal under

4320-418: The coast for signs of a passage. In addition to the hazards of shallow waters, the fleet encountered squalls , storms, and dropping temperatures as they continued south and winter set in. By the third week of March, weather conditions had become so desperate that Magellan decided they should find a safe harbour in which to wait out the winter before resuming the search for a passage in spring. On 31 March 1520,

4410-510: The coast of Africa. There was some disagreement over directions, with Cartagena arguing for a more westerly bearing. Magellan made the unorthodox decision to follow the African coast in order to evade the Portuguese caravels which were pursuing him. Toward the end of October, as the Armada approached the equator, they experienced a series of storms, with such intense squalls that they were sometimes forced to strike their sails. Pigafetta recorded

4500-605: The cost of the ships at 1,369,808 maravedis, with another 1,346,781 spent on outfitting and transporting them. The crew consisted of about 270 men, mostly Spaniards. Spanish authorities were wary of Magellan, so that they almost prevented him from sailing, switching his mostly Portuguese crew to mostly men of Spain. In the end, the fleet included about 40 Portuguese, among them Magellan's brother-in-law Duarte Barbosa , João Serrão , Estêvão Gomes and Magellan's indentured servant Enrique of Malacca . Crew members of other nations were also recorded, including 29 Italians, 17 French, and

4590-441: The cost of the ships. Four-fifths of the food on the ship consisted of just two items – wine and hardtack . The fleet also carried flour and salted meat. Some of the ships' meat came in the form of livestock; the ship carried seven cows and three pigs. Cheese, almonds, mustard, and figs were also present. Carne de membrillo , made from preserved quince , was a delicacy enjoyed by captains which may have unknowingly aided in

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4680-511: The day that we arrived it began to rain, on which account the people of the said place said that we came from heaven, and had brought the rain with us, which was great simplicity, and these people were easily converted to the Christian faith. The fleet spent 13 days in Rio, during which they repaired their ships, stocked up on water and food (such as yam, cassava, and pineapple), and interacted with

4770-465: The episode, Cartagena was placed in stocks . Magellan could have tried Cartagena for mutiny and sentenced him to death, but at the urging of Quesada and Mendoza, he agreed to merely relieve Cartagena of his command of the San Antonio and allow him to move freely within the confines of the Victoria . Antonio de Coca replaced Cartagena as captain of the San Antonio . Some details about the sodomy trial and its aftermath are disputed. Salomon Antón's name

4860-480: The expedition along with those of Antonio Pigafetta and Peter Martyr . I) Steven (Stephanus) van Sevenbergen (His family may have come from the village of Zevenbergen in North Brabant, which was also the native town of Erasmus 's mother), married Joanna Meers. II) Lucas van Sevenbergen, bourgeois of Brussels, goldsmith, living in Brussels, valet de chambre and engraver of seals of Maximilian king of

4950-462: The expedition set sail in August 1519, Pigafetta was assigned to the flagship Trinidad where he served Magellan and became his great admirer. Pigafetta did not appear to have any specific role except to keep a daily record of his observations, a task that he undertook with great diligence. He recorded extensive information concerning the geography, climate, and natural history of the places visited by

5040-721: The expedition, responsible for its financial and trading operations. On 10 August 1519, the five ships under Magellan's command left Seville and descended the Guadalquivir River to Sanlúcar de Barrameda , at the mouth of the river. There they remained more than five weeks. Finally they set sail on 20 September 1519 and left Spain. On 26 September, the fleet stopped at Tenerife in the Canary Islands , where they took in supplies (including vegetable and pitch , which were cheaper to acquire there than in Spain). During

5130-405: The expedition. He was especially interested in the native inhabitants encountered along the way and took meticulous notes on their appearance, social customs and languages. In contrast to the accuracy of his personal observations, he had a tendency to accept even the most outrageous tales told to him about the lands they visited. Pigafetta was wounded on Mactan in the Philippines , where Magellan

5220-656: The favourable conditions that Serrano found at Santa Cruz, Magellan decided to move the fleet there for the rest of the austral winter. After almost five months at St. Julian, the fleet left for Santa Cruz around 24 August. They spent six weeks at Santa Cruz before resuming their search for the strait. Maximilianus Transylvanus Maximilian van Sevenbergen , Latinized in Maximilianus Transylvanus (Transilvanus, Transylvanianus) , also Maximilianus of Transylvania and Maximilian (Maximiliaen) von Sevenborgen (between 1485 and 1490 – 1538, Brussels ),

5310-554: The first edition, given that the original text was lost, though it is believed that it might have been written in the author's Venetian dialect, mixed with Spanish and Italian. The remaining sources of his voyage were extensively studied by Italian archivist Andrea da Mosto , who wrote a critical study of Pigafetta's book in 1898 ( Il primo viaggio intorno al globo di Antonio Pigafetta e le sue regole sull'arte del navigare ) and whose conclusions were later confirmed by J. Dénucé. Today, three printed books and four manuscripts survive. One of

5400-419: The first known use of the word "Pacific Ocean" ( Oceano Pacifico ) on a map. The original document was not preserved. However, it was not through Pigafetta's writings that Europeans first learned of the circumnavigation of the globe. Rather, it was through an account written by a Flanders -based writer Maximilianus Transylvanus , which was published in 1523. Transylvanus had been instructed to interview some of

5490-511: The fleet he was deeply in debt, and he turned to the House of Fugger . Through archbishop Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca , head of the Casa de Contratación, the Crown obtained the participation of merchant Cristóbal de Haro , who provided a quarter of the funds and goods to barter. Expert cartographers Jorge Reinel and Diego Ribero , a Portuguese who had started working for King Charles in 1518 as

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5580-419: The fleet left Rio de Janeiro. Pigafetta wrote that the natives were disappointed to see them leave, and that some followed them in canoes trying to entice them to stay. Just before sailing, Magellan replaced Antonio de Coca, the fleet accountant who had briefly assumed command of San Antonio from Cartagena, with the inexperienced Álvaro de Mezquita who originally had shipped out aboard the flagship from Seville as

5670-431: The fleet reached Rio de Janeiro. Though nominally Portuguese territory, they maintained no permanent settlement there at the time. Seeing no Portuguese ships in the harbour, Magellan knew it would be safe to stop. Pigafetta wrote of a coincidence of weather that caused the armada to be warmly received by the indigenous people: It is to be known that it happened that it had not rained for two months before we came there, and

5760-404: The fleet's five ships. Only the Santiago (commanded by Juan Serrano ) remained loyal to Magellan, along with the flag ship, the Trinidad , which Magellan commanded. The mutineers aimed the San Antonio' s cannon at the Trinidad but made no further overtures during the night. The following morning (2 April), while the mutineers attempted to consolidate their forces aboard the San Antonio and

5850-504: The hour of perishing; and when that holy light was going away from us it gave out so great a brilliancy in the eyes of each, that we were near a quarter-of-an-hour like people blinded, and calling out for mercy. For without any doubt nobody hoped to escape from that storm. After two weeks of storms, the fleet spent some time stalled in calm, equatorial waters before being carried west by the South Equatorial Current to

5940-430: The locals. The expedition had brought with them a great quantity of trinkets intended for trade, such as mirrors, combs, knives and bells. The locals readily exchanged food and local goods (such as parrot feathers) for such items. The crew also found they could purchase sexual favours from the local women. Historian Ian Cameron described the crew's time in Rio as "a saturnalia of feasting and lovemaking". On 27 December,

6030-485: The men arrived at St. Julian, exhausted and emaciated. Magellan sent a rescue party of 24 men over land to Santa Cruz. The other 35 survivors from the Santiago remained at Santa Cruz for two weeks. They were unable to retrieve any supplies from the wreck of the Santiago , but managed to build huts and fire, and subsist on a diet of shellfish and local vegetation. The rescue party found them all alive but exhausted, and they returned to St. Julian safely. After learning of

6120-790: The monarch on his travels. As Secretary to Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, for whom Magellan had sailed, Transylvanus interviewed the survivors of the voyage when Magellan's surviving ship Victoria returned to Spain in September 1522. This group included Juan Sebastián Elcano , Francisco Albo , and Hernando de Bustamante . The result was Maximiliani Transyluani Caesaris a secretis epistola, de admirabili & novissima hispanoru in orientem navigatione, que auriae, & nulli prius accessae regiones sunt, cum ipsis etia moluccis insulis , published in Cologne in 1523. Maximilianus,

6210-792: The original version of Pigafetta's manuscript was in French or Italian, though it was probably in Italian. The most complete manuscript, and the one that is supposed to be more closely related to the original manuscript, is the one found by Carlo Amoretti inside the Biblioteca Ambrosiana , Milan and published in 1800 ( Primo viaggio intorno al globo terraqueo, ossia ragguaglio della navigazione alle Indie Orientali per la via d'Occidente fatta dal cavaliere Antonio Pigafetta patrizio vicentino, sulla squadra del capitano Magaglianes negli anni 1519-1522 ). Unfortunately, Amoretti, in his printed edition, modified many words and sentences whose meaning

6300-427: The prevention of scurvy . The fleet initially consisted of five ships, with Trinidad being the flagship . All or most were carracks (Spanish "carraca" or "nao"; Portuguese "nau"). The Victoria was the only ship to complete the circumnavigation. Details of the ships' configuration are not known, as no contemporary illustrations exist of any of the ships. The official accounting of the Casa de Contratación put

6390-449: The project to the young courtier. Vermigli, was, after all, very interested in overseas exploration. Maximilianus' letter is dated 24 October 1522, and his account was sent to Lang, whom he calls ambiguously domine mi unice ("my sole lord"), while the cardinal-archbishop was attending the Diet of Nuremberg . This diet was concerned with pacifying the first Protestants , which resulted in

6480-469: The royal court in Spain to serve as ambassador. Pigafetta accompanied the ambassador's retinue, first to Zaragoza for two months and then to Barcelona. While in Spain, Pigafetta heard of Magellan's planned expedition to find a western route to the Spice Islands. The adventure appealed to him and he convinced Chiericati that his participation on this historic voyage would be advantageous for the Vatican. With

6570-409: The sending of a letter of appeal to Pope Adrian VI . Maximilianus' letter reached the hands of a Cologne printer, Eucharius Cervicornus (a Latinized rendering of "Hirtzhorn"), and the first edition of De Moluccis Insulis was printed in January 1523. Despite the war that had erupted between Charles V and Francis I of France (see Italian War of 1521 ), this first edition reached Paris, where it

6660-494: The service of Spain. Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese sailor with previous military experience in India, Malacca , and Morocco. A friend, and possible cousin, with whom Magellan sailed, Francisco Serrão , was part of the first expedition to the Moluccas , leaving from Malacca in 1511. Serrão reached the Moluccas, going on to stay on the island of Ternate and take a wife. Serrão sent letters to Magellan from Ternate, extolling

6750-484: The stop, Magellan received a secret message from his brother-in-law, Diogo Barbosa , warning him that some of the Castilian captains were planning a mutiny, with Juan de Cartagena (captain of the San Antonio ) being the ring-leader of the conspiracy. He also learned that the King of Portugal had sent two fleets of caravels to arrest him. On 3 October, the fleet departed the Canary Islands, sailing south along

6840-400: The survivors of the voyage when Magellan's surviving ship, Victoria , returned to Spain in September 1522 under the command of Juan Sebastian Elcano. After Magellan and Elcano's voyage, Pigafetta utilized the connections he had made prior to the voyage with the Knights of Rhodes to achieve membership in the order. Antonio Pigafetta also wrote a book, in which a detailed account of the voyage

6930-585: The three books is in French, while the remaining two are in the Italian language. Of the four manuscripts, three are in French (two stored in the Bibliothèque nationale de France and one in Cheltenham ), and one in Italian. From a philological point of view, the French editions seem to derive from an Italian original version, while the remaining Italian editions seem to derive from a French original version. Because of this, it remains quite unclear whether

7020-490: The trial. The date of the trial is also given as September. On 29 November, the fleet reached the approximate latitude of Cape Saint Augustine . The coastline of Brazil (which Pigafetta refers to as Verzin in his diary, after the Italian term for brazilwood ) had been known to the Spanish and Portuguese since about 1500, and in the intervening decades, European powers (particularly Portugal) had been sending ships to Brazil to collect valuable brazilwood. The Armada carried

7110-399: The vicinity of the trade winds . During the ocean crossing, the Victoria ' s Sicilian master, Salomon Antón was caught in an act of sodomy with a Genoese apprentice sailor, António Varesa, off the coast of Guinea . At the time, sodomy was punishable by death in Spain, though in practice, sex between men was a common occurrence on long naval voyages. Magellan held a trial on board

7200-474: The winter and made to perform the hard work of careening the ships, repairing their structure and scrubbing the bilge . In late April, Magellan dispatched the Santiago , captained by Juan Serrano , from St. Julian to scout to the south for a strait. On 3 May, they reached the estuary of a river which Serrano named Santa Cruz River . The estuary provided shelter and was well situated with natural resources including fish, penguins, and wood. After more than

7290-430: Was João Serrão who mistreated Enrique de Malacca , Magellan's former slave, thereby causing Enrique to plot the massacre; Pigafetta, who did not attend the banquet that served as the trap, blames Duarte Barbosa . Transylvanus' text also includes a fairly accurate description of how spices were grown. "The natives share groves of this tree among themselves," he writes, "just as we do vineyards". A surviving copy of

7380-454: Was a courtier of Emperor Charles V who is mainly known for having authored the earliest account published on the Magellan and Elcano expedition, the first circumnavigation of the world (1519–22). Written after he interviewed the survivors of the Victoria , and being a relative of its sponsor Christopher de Haro , his account De Moluccis Insulis is a main source of information about

7470-521: Was also in a hurry to get his letter published. The account written by Antonio Pigafetta , the expedition's official chronicler and one of the survivors of the voyage, did not appear in print until 1525, in Paris, and was not wholly published until the last year of the 18th century; this was the edition by Carlo Amoretti published in 1800. This edition is now famously called the Ambrosiana codex. It

7560-411: Was beheaded by his foster-brother and secretary, Luis Molina, who acted as executioner in exchange for clemency. The bodies of Quesada and Mendoza were drawn and quartered and displayed on gibbets for the following three months. San Martín, suspected of involvement in the conspiracy, was tortured by strappado , but afterwards was allowed to continue his service as cosmographer. Cartagena, along with

7650-467: Was born to a prominent noble family in the city of Vicenza in northeast Italy. Recent archival research indicates that his father was Giovanni Pigafetta and his mother was a noblewoman named Lucia, daughter of Marco Muzan. The couple was married in March 1492, implying that Antonio was born sometime after that date. Details of his education are unknown but he later boasted of having "read many books". There

7740-529: Was called the Armada del Maluco , or Armada de Molucca, after the Indonesian name for the Spice Islands. The ships were mostly black, due to the tar covering most of their surface. The official accounting of the expedition put the cost at 8,751,125 maravedis , including the ships, provisions, and salaries. Food was a hugely important part of the provisioning. It cost 1,252,909 maravedis, almost as much as

7830-402: Was given. Although the text is written in semi-chronological order, it does not read as a linear history of the voyage. Rather, it is a collection of descriptions, events, translations of foreign languages, thoughts, and illustrations. The resulting work is therefore described as being unusually personal for the times. It is unclear when it was first published and what language had been used in

7920-619: Was killed in the Battle of Mactan in April 1521. Nevertheless, he recovered and was among the 18 who accompanied Juan Sebastián Elcano on board the Victoria on the return voyage to Spain. Upon reaching port in Sanlúcar de Barrameda in the modern Province of Cadiz in September 1522, three years after his departure, Pigafetta returned to the Republic of Venice. He related his experiences in

8010-564: Was printed anew by Pierre Viart in July 1523. A subsequent edition was printed at Rome by Minutius Calvus (Minizio Calvo), in November 1523. Transylvanus had a lively interest in Magellan's expedition around the world. However, his information should not be entirely accepted at face value, as Transylvanus uncritically accepted the testimony he took down from the surviving crew members. He

8100-451: Was uncertain (the original manuscript contained many words in Veneto dialect and some Spanish words). The modified version published by Amoretti was then translated into other languages carrying into them Amoretti's edits. Andrea da Mosto critically analyzed the original version stored in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana and published this rigorous version of Pigafetta's book in 1894. Regarding

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