Advanced glycation end products ( AGEs ) are proteins or lipids that become glycated as a result of exposure to sugars. They are a bio-marker implicated in aging and the development, or worsening, of many degenerative diseases , such as diabetes , atherosclerosis , chronic kidney disease , and Alzheimer's disease .
31-477: [REDACTED] Look up age in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Age or AGE may refer to: Time and its effects [ edit ] Age, the amount of time someone has been alive or something has existed East Asian age reckoning , an Asian system of marking age starting at 1 Ageing or aging, the process of becoming older Senescence ,
62-461: A genus of moth Arterial gas embolism or AGE, a blood vessel blockage caused by bubbles of gas Advanced glycation end-products or AGEs, proteins or lipids that become glycated as a result of exposure to sugars Other sciences [ edit ] Age (geology) Age (model theory) , an aspect of mathematical model theory Applied general equilibrium or AGE, a model in mathematical economics Other uses [ edit ] Agé ,
93-461: A genus of moth Arterial gas embolism or AGE, a blood vessel blockage caused by bubbles of gas Advanced glycation end-products or AGEs, proteins or lipids that become glycated as a result of exposure to sugars Other sciences [ edit ] Age (geology) Age (model theory) , an aspect of mathematical model theory Applied general equilibrium or AGE, a model in mathematical economics Other uses [ edit ] Agé ,
124-489: A given name Aage , a given name Agenore Incrocci , an Italian screenwriter Arts, entertainment, and media [ edit ] Fictional entities [ edit ] Ages , worlds in the Myst video game series Music [ edit ] "Age" (song) , a song by Jim and Ingrid Croce Periodicals [ edit ] Age (journal) , a scientific journal on ageing, now named GeroScience The Age ,
155-525: A god of the Fon people of Africa See also [ edit ] All pages with titles beginning with Age All pages with titles containing Age AG (disambiguation) Ages (disambiguation) Age of Aquarius (disambiguation) Ageism , discrimination against individuals or groups on the basis of their age Aging (disambiguation) AIG (disambiguation) Golden age (disambiguation) New Age (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
186-476: A god of the Fon people of Africa See also [ edit ] All pages with titles beginning with Age All pages with titles containing Age AG (disambiguation) Ages (disambiguation) Age of Aquarius (disambiguation) Ageism , discrimination against individuals or groups on the basis of their age Aging (disambiguation) AIG (disambiguation) Golden age (disambiguation) New Age (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
217-466: A newspaper in Melbourne, Australia The Age , a nineteenth-century American newspaper edited by Melville Fuller The New York Age , African-American newspaper from 1887 to 1960 Businesses and organizations [ edit ] âge , a Japanese media company Agricultural & General Engineers or AGE, a group of engineering companies Alternativa Galega de Esquerda or AGE,
248-481: A scientific journal on ageing, now named GeroScience The Age , a newspaper in Melbourne, Australia The Age , a nineteenth-century American newspaper edited by Melville Fuller The New York Age , African-American newspaper from 1887 to 1960 Businesses and organizations [ edit ] âge , a Japanese media company Agricultural & General Engineers or AGE, a group of engineering companies Alternativa Galega de Esquerda or AGE,
279-482: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages age [REDACTED] Look up age in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Age or AGE may refer to: Time and its effects [ edit ] Age, the amount of time someone has been alive or something has existed East Asian age reckoning , an Asian system of marking age starting at 1 Ageing or aging,
310-461: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Advanced glycation end-product Animal-derived foods that are high in fat and protein are generally AGE-rich and are prone to further AGE formation during cooking. However, only low molecular weight AGEs are absorbed through diet, and vegetarians have been found to have higher concentrations of overall AGEs compared to non-vegetarians. Therefore, it
341-624: Is thought that these acids are then returned to the kidney's inside space, or lumen , for excretion . AGE free adducts are the major form through which AGEs are excreted in urine, with AGE-peptides occurring to a lesser extent but accumulating in the plasma of patients with chronic kidney failure. Larger, extracellularly derived AGE proteins cannot pass through the basement membrane of the renal corpuscle and must first be degraded into AGE peptides and AGE free adducts. Peripheral macrophage as well as liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and Kupffer cells have been implicated in this process, although
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#1732750471072372-402: Is through a process called cross-linking that causes intracellular damage and apoptosis. They form photosensitizers in the crystalline lens, which has implications for cataract development. Reduced muscle function is also associated with AGEs. AGEs have a range of pathological effects , such as: Proteins are usually glycated through their lysine residues . In humans, histones in
403-422: Is unclear whether dietary AGEs contribute to disease and aging, or whether only endogenous AGEs (those produced in the body) matter. This does not free diet from potentially negatively influencing AGE, but potentially implies that dietary AGE may deserve less attention than other aspects of diet that lead to elevated blood sugar levels and formation of AGEs. AGEs affect nearly every type of cell and molecule in
434-746: The cell nucleus are richest in lysine, and therefore form the glycated protein N(6)-Carboxymethyllysine (CML). A receptor nicknamed RAGE, from r eceptor for a dvanced g lycation e nd products , is found on many cells, including endothelial cells , smooth muscle , cells of the immune system from tissue such as lung, liver, and kidney. This receptor, when binding AGEs, contributes to age- and diabetes-related chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis , asthma , arthritis , myocardial infarction , nephropathy , retinopathy , periodontitis and neuropathy . The pathogenesis of this process hypothesized to activation of
465-522: The nuclear factor kappa B ( NF-κB ) following AGE binding. NF-κB controls several genes which are involved in inflammation . AGEs can be detected and quantified using bioanalytical and immunological methods. In clearance , or the rate at which a substance is removed or cleared from the body, it has been found that the cellular proteolysis of AGEs—the breakdown of proteins—produces AGE peptides and "AGE free adducts " (AGE adducts bound to single amino acids ). These latter, after being released into
496-485: The plasma , can be excreted in the urine . Nevertheless, the resistance of extracellular matrix proteins to proteolysis renders their advanced glycation end products less conducive to being eliminated. While the AGE free adducts are released directly into the urine, AGE peptides are endocytosed by the epithelial cells of the proximal tubule and then degraded by the endolysosomal system to produce AGE amino acids. It
527-687: The Galician Left Alternative, a political party in Spain American Aging Association or AGE, an organization for aging studies Associated Gas and Electric , a defunct American power company from New York Languages [ edit ] East Angal language (ISO-639: age) Esimbi language or Age, a language of the Cameroons Science and technology [ edit ] Biology and medicine [ edit ] Age (genus) ,
558-452: The Galician Left Alternative, a political party in Spain American Aging Association or AGE, an organization for aging studies Associated Gas and Electric , a defunct American power company from New York Languages [ edit ] East Angal language (ISO-639: age) Esimbi language or Age, a language of the Cameroons Science and technology [ edit ] Biology and medicine [ edit ] Age (genus) ,
589-595: The IATA airport code for Wangerooge Airfield , in Lower Saxony, Germany People [ edit ] Åge , a given name Aage , a given name Agenore Incrocci , an Italian screenwriter Arts, entertainment, and media [ edit ] Fictional entities [ edit ] Ages , worlds in the Myst video game series Music [ edit ] "Age" (song) , a song by Jim and Ingrid Croce Periodicals [ edit ] Age (journal) ,
620-412: The body and are thought to be one factor in aging and some age-related chronic diseases. They are also believed to play a causative role in the vascular complications of diabetes mellitus . AGEs arise under certain pathologic conditions, such as oxidative stress due to hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes. AGEs play a role as proinflammatory mediators in gestational diabetes as well. In
651-732: The context of cardiovascular disease , AGEs can induce crosslinking of collagen , which can cause vascular stiffening and entrapment of low-density lipoprotein particles (LDL) in the artery walls. AGEs can also cause glycation of LDL which can promote its oxidation. Oxidized LDL is one of the major factors in the development of atherosclerosis. Finally, AGEs can bind to RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products) and cause oxidative stress as well as activation of inflammatory pathways in vascular endothelial cells. AGEs have been implicated in Alzheimer's Disease, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. The mechanism by which AGEs induce damage
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#1732750471072682-399: The effect of ginkgo biloba extract in diabetic nephropathy. The authors suggested that antioxidant therapy might help prevent the accumulation of AGEs and induced damage. In the end, effective clearance is necessary, and those suffering AGE increases because of kidney dysfunction might require a kidney transplant. In diabetics who have an increased production of an AGE, kidney damage reduces
713-522: The formation of AGEs, breaking crosslinks after they are formed and preventing their negative effects. Compounds that have been found to inhibit AGE formation in the laboratory include Vitamin C , Agmatine , benfotiamine , pyridoxamine , alpha-lipoic acid , taurine , pimagedine , aspirin , carnosine , metformin , pioglitazone , and pentoxifylline . Activation of the TRPA-1 receptor by lipoic acid or podocarpic acid has been shown to reduce
744-547: The gradual deterioration of biological function with age Human development (biology) Periodization , the process of categorizing the past into discrete named blocks of time Ages of Man , the stages of human existence on the Earth according to Greek mythology and its subsequent Roman interpretation Prehistoric age Places [ edit ] AGE, the IATA airport code for Wangerooge Airfield , in Lower Saxony, Germany People [ edit ] Åge ,
775-532: The levels of AGES by enhancing the detoxification of methylglyoxal, a major precursor of several AGEs. Studies in rats and mice have found that natural phenols such as resveratrol and curcumin can prevent the negative effects of the AGEs. Compounds that are thought to break some existing AGE crosslinks include Alagebrium (and related ALT-462, ALT-486, and ALT-946) and N-phenacyl thiazolium bromide . One in vitro study shows that rosmarinic acid out performs
806-820: The only form suitable for urinary excretion, the breakdown products of AGE—that is, peptides and free adducts—are more aggressive than the AGE proteins from which they are derived, and they can perpetuate related pathology in diabetic patients, even after hyperglycemia has been brought under control. Some AGEs have an innate catalytic oxidative capacity, while activation of NAD(P)H oxidase through activation of RAGE and damage to mitochondrial proteins leading to mitochondrial dysfunction can also induce oxidative stress. A 2007 in vitro study found that AGEs could significantly increase expression of TGF-β1, CTGF, Fn mRNA in NRK-49F cells through enhancement of oxidative stress, and suggested that inhibition of oxidative stress might underlie
837-430: The process of becoming older Senescence , the gradual deterioration of biological function with age Human development (biology) Periodization , the process of categorizing the past into discrete named blocks of time Ages of Man , the stages of human existence on the Earth according to Greek mythology and its subsequent Roman interpretation Prehistoric age Places [ edit ] AGE,
868-576: The real-life involvement of the liver has been disputed. Large AGE proteins unable to enter the Bowman's capsule are capable of binding to receptors on endothelial and mesangial cells and to the mesangial matrix. Activation of RAGE induces production of a variety of cytokines , including TNFβ , which mediates an inhibition of metalloproteinase and increases production of mesangial matrix, leading to glomerulosclerosis and decreasing kidney function in patients with unusually high AGE levels. Although
899-451: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Age . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Age&oldid=1254601340 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Galician-language text Short description
930-451: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Age . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Age&oldid=1254601340 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Galician-language text Short description
961-452: The subsequent urinary removal of AGEs, forming a positive feedback loop that increases the rate of damage. In a 1997 study, diabetic and healthy subjects were given a single meal of egg white (56 g protein), cooked with or without 100 g of fructose; there was a greater than 200-fold increase in AGE immunoreactivity from the meal with fructose. AGEs are the subject of ongoing research. There are three therapeutic approaches: preventing