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50-613: Anzali Lagoon ( Gilaki : اٚنزٚلي سٚل Persian : تالاب انزلی ) (also Anzali Mordab , Anzali Bay , Pahlavi Mordab , Pahlavi Bay or Anzali Liman ) is a coastal liman , or lagoon , in the Caspian Sea near Bandar-e Anzali , in the northern Iranian province of Gilan . The lagoon divides Bandar-e Anzali into two parts, and is home to both the Selke Wildlife Refuge and the Siahkesheem Marsh. Although

100-522: A derivative of Proto-Indo-European language *ar-yo- , meaning "one who assembles (skilfully)". In the Iranic languages spoken on the plateau, the gentilic is attested as a self-identifier, included in ancient inscriptions and the literature of the Avesta , and remains also in other Iranian ethnic names Alan ( Ossetian : Ир Ir ) and Iron ( Ирон ). When used as a linguistic term Iranian

150-462: A low mutual intelligibility with either Gilaki or Mazandarani , and so these dialects should probably be considered a third separate language group of the Caspian area. In Mazandaran , Gilaki is spoken in the city of Ramsar and Tonekabon . Although the dialect is influenced by Mazandarani , it is still considered a Gilaki dialect. Furthermore, the eastern Gilaki dialect is spoken throughout

200-513: A third-century inscription at Naqsh-e Rostam , with the accompanying Parthian inscription using the term Aryān , in reference to the Iranian peoples . The Middle-Iranian ērān and aryān are oblique plural forms of gentilic nouns ēr- (Middle Persian) and ary- (Parthian), both deriving from Proto-Iranian language *arya- (meaning " Aryan ", i.e. "of the Iranians"), recognized as

250-530: Is also one of the most important sources of reproduction and production of sturgeon and bony fish in the Caspian Sea. The lagoon has an area of about 374 thousand hectares. Anzali Wetland has 11 main rivers and 30 sub-rivers which, after irrigating the fields and paddy fields upstream, enter it along with the surface flows of the watershed of the Wetland. The maximum water depth of the lagoon in spring and in

300-565: Is an Iranian language belonging to the Caspian subgroup of the Northwestern branch , spoken in south of Caspian Sea by Gilak people . Gilaki is closely related to Mazandarani . The two languages of Gilaki and Mazandarani have similar vocabularies. The Gilaki and Mazandarani languages (but not other Iranian languages) share certain typological features with Caucasian languages (specifically Kartvelian languages ), reflecting

350-443: Is applied to any language which descends from the ancestral Proto-Iranian language . Some scholars such as John R. Perry prefer the term Iranic as the anthropological name for the linguistic family and ethnic groups of this category, and Iranian for anything about the modern country of Iran . He uses the same analogue as in differentiating German from Germanic or differentiating Turkish and Turkic . This use of

400-463: Is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed c.  520 BCE , and which is the last inscription (and only inscription of significant length) in which Old Persian is still grammatically correct. Later inscriptions are comparatively brief, and typically simply copies of words and phrases from earlier ones, often with grammatical errors, which suggests that by

450-408: Is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes). In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor "Old Iranian" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) "Old" form. Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include Old Parthian . Additionally,

500-555: Is insufficient dissolved oxygen for fish to survive. Located in an area of 15,000 hectares near the northern port city of Bandar Anzali in Gilan Province. Its geographical coordinates are located at 28 to 37 north latitude and 25 to 49 east longitude. Due to its geographical location, Anzali wetland is distinguished among other wetlands in Iran in terms of excessive humidity and rainfall. Although this subject fluctuates depending on

550-460: Is never prefixed onto the stem, and the negative prefix nV- can act like an infix -n- , coming between the prefix and the stem. So from fagiftən , "to get", we get present indicative fagirəm , but present subjunctive fágirəm , and the negative of both, faángirəm or fanígirəm . The same applies to the negative of the past tenses : fángiftəm or fanígiftəm . Gilaki employs a combination of quasi-case endings and postpositions to do

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600-451: Is not known where that dialect (or dialects) was spoken either. Certain is only that Avestan (all forms) and Old Persian are distinct, and since Old Persian is "western", and Avestan was not Old Persian, Avestan acquired a default assignment to "eastern". Further confusing the issue is the introduction of a western Iranian substrate in later Avestan compositions and redactions undertaken at the centers of imperial power in western Iran (either in

650-581: Is only "Eastern Iranian" in the sense that it is not Western. The Iranian languages all descend from a common ancestor: Proto-Iranian , which itself evolved from Proto-Indo-Iranian . This ancestor language is speculated to have origins in Central Asia , and the Andronovo culture of the Bronze Age is suggested as a candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture around 2000 BCE. The language

700-474: Is spoken in different regions with different dialects and accents. The number of Gilaki speakers is estimated at 3 to 4 million. Ethnologue reports that the use of Gilaki is decreasing as the speaker population is decreasing. Gilaki has the same consonants as Persian, but different vowels. Here is a table of correspondences for the Western Gilaki of Rasht , which will be the variety used in

750-551: Is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit . On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its "old" characteristics long after the Old Iranian languages had yielded to their Middle Iranian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Iranian stage (the effect of Middle Iranian

800-1193: The Achaemenid Empire ) and Old Avestan (the language of the Avesta ). Of the Middle Iranian languages, the better understood and recorded ones are Middle Persian (from the Sasanian Empire ), Parthian (from the Parthian Empire ), and Bactrian (from the Kushan and Hephthalite empires). As of 2000s , Ethnologue estimates that there are 86 languages in the group. Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European The term Iran derives directly from Middle Persian Ērān , first attested in

850-428: The 4th century BCE the transition from Old Persian to Middle Persian was already far advanced, but efforts were still being made to retain an "old" quality for official proclamations. The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan , which take their name from their use in the Avesta , the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in

900-464: The Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin ). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as "Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan", and "Younger Avestan". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect

950-610: The Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various Aramaic -derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script , though Bactrian

1000-491: The amount of rainfall and the duration of the drought. Anzali is one of the few Iranian wetlands which have been registered as an international wetland in the 1975 Ramsar Convention. Wetlands are considered the most biologically diverse of all ecosystems; however, the Anzali Wetland has also been the victim of the authorities neglect, putting it in danger of grave ecological changes. The use of Anzali Wetland's bank as

1050-446: The ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, direct evidence of only two has survived. These are: Indirectly attested Old Iranian languages are discussed below . Old Persian was an Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in southwestern Iran (the modern-day province of Fars ) by the inhabitants of Parsa , Persia, or Persis who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian

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1100-436: The case of vowel stems). From the infinitive dín , "to see", we get present stem din- . The present indicative is formed by adding the personal endings to this stem: The present subjunctive is formed with the prefix bí- , bú- , or bə- (depending on the vowel in the stem) added to the indicative forms. Final /e/ neutralizes to /ə/ in the 3rd singular and the plural invariably lacks final /i/. The negative of both

1150-417: The city dump and the release of human and industrial waste into the wetland have already put in danger the lives of animal species and at least 78 species of birds living in the area. Besides, some local authorities plan to build a sports field in a peninsula connected to the wetland. This will be the final blow to the wetland, which has so far been prevented only by the serious opposition of environmentalists to

1200-485: The construction of the sports field. Among the islands located in the lagoon are Bozorg, Kouchak, and Mianposhteh. Anzali lagoon generally has hot and humid summers and mild winters. The atmospheric characteristics of Anzali lagoon are similar to Anzali and Ghazian, but the amount of humidity in the lagoon is higher than the neighboring areas. The minimum temperature in winter is close to or equal to zero degrees Celsius and rarely falls below zero. The maximum temperature in

1250-409: The existence of unattested languages can sometimes be inferred from the impact they had on neighbouring languages. Such transfer is known to have occurred for Old Persian, which has (what is called) a " Median " substrate in some of its vocabulary. Also, foreign references to languages can also provide a hint to the existence of otherwise unattested languages, for example through toponyms/ethnonyms or in

1300-698: The far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest, where original *dw > *b (paralleling the development of *ćw). What is known in Iranian linguistic history as the "Middle Iranian" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century. Linguistically the Middle Iranian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups, Western and Eastern . The Western family includes Parthian ( Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian , while Bactrian , Sogdian , Khwarezmian , Saka , and Old Ossetic ( Scytho - Sarmatian ) fall under

1350-458: The following branches: According to modern scholarship, the Avestan languages are not considered to fall under these categories, and are instead sometimes classified as Central Iranian, since they diverged from Proto-Iranian before the east-west division rose to prominence. It has traditionally been viewed as Eastern Iranian; however, it lacks a large number of Eastern Iranian features and thus

1400-719: The history, ethnic identity, and close relatedness to the Caucasus region and Caucasian peoples of the Gilak people and Mazandarani people . The language is divided into three dialects: Western Gilaki , Eastern Gilaki and Galeshi/Deylami . The western and eastern dialects are separated by the Sefid River , while Galeshi is spoken in the mountains of eastern Gilan and western Mazandaran . There are three main dialects but larger cities in Gilan have slight variations to

1450-403: The indicative and the subjunctive is formed in the same way, with n- instead of the b- of the subjunctive. From xurdən , "to eat", we get the perfect stem xurd . To this are added unaccented personal endings and the unaccented b- prefix (or accented n- for the negative): The imperfect is formed with what was originally a suffix -i : The pluperfect is paraphrastically formed with

1500-412: The lagoon suffers from pollution, it is known as a good place for bird watching. The lagoon's water ranges from fresh near the tributary streams to brackish near the mouth into the harbor and the sea. Studies indicate that in the 19th and early 20th centuries that the lagoon had a much higher salinity. The lagoon has decreased in size since the 1930s to less than a quarter of its former extent. However, in

1550-408: The lagoon, increased pollution of the source waters and eutrophication due to an increased nutrient load contributed to the destruction of the fishery. More recently the surface of the lagoon has become gradually overgrown with aquatic macrophytes , primarily the non-native water-fern, Azolla filiculoides , and this has caused increased eutrophication , creating large areas of the lagoon where there

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1600-624: The last ten years (As of 2007) water salinity has increased both by the rise of the level of the Caspian Sea which has caused greater interchange of waters, and due to greater salt transport in incoming "fresh" water due to increased upstream irrigation. The lagoon has been listed in Ramsar Convention since 21 December 1975. Prior to 1950 the Anzali Lagoon provided about 70% of the commercial fish taken in Gilan Province, with catches of over 5,000 tons annually. Commercial fishing

1650-465: The middle of summer is between 33 and 36 degrees Celsius. This wetland has a special environment due to the presence of animals and plants, the morphology , shape of the stream bed , the connection with the rivers and the sea. Anzali Wetland is a spawning place for aquatic animals and a habitat for native and migratory birds. This wetland has a unique ecosystem with hundreds of plant species, 50 fish species, and more than 100 bird species. Anzali lagoon

1700-843: The noun they modify, and may have the genitive "case ending" -ə/-i . They do not agree with the nouns they modify. Iranian languages The Iranian languages , also called the Iranic languages , are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples , predominantly in the Iranian Plateau . The Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BCE), Middle Iranian (400 BCE – 900 CE) and New Iranian (since 900 CE). The two directly-attested Old Iranian languages are Old Persian (from

1750-461: The protasis and apodosis of unreal conditions, e.g., mən agə Əkbəra bidé bim, xušhal bubosti bim, "If I were to see/saw/had seen Akbar, I would be happy". There are two very common paraphrastic constructions for the present and past progressives . From the infinitive šon , "to go", we get: There are many compound verbs in Gilaki, whose forms differ slightly from simple verbs. Most notably, bV-

1800-517: The reconstructed linguistic relationships of common Indo-European. Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after the Proto-Indo-Iranian breakup, or the early-2nd millennium BCE, as the Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe , the Iranian Plateau , and Central Asia. Proto-Iranian innovations compared to Proto-Indo-Iranian include:

1850-472: The recording of vocabulary, as Herodotus did for what he called " Scythian " and in one instance, Median ( σπάκα "dog"). Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped into "western" and "eastern" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Younger Avestan since it

1900-418: The remainder of the article: There are nine vowel phonemes in the Gilaki language: The consonants are: The verb system of Gilaki is very similar to that of Persian. All infinitives end in -tən/-dən , or in -V:n , where V: is a long vowel (from contraction of an original *-Vdən ). The present stem is usually related to the infinitive, and the past stem is just the infinitive without -ən or -n (in

1950-550: The south-west in Persia, or in the north-west in Nisa/Parthia and Ecbatana/Media). Two of the earliest dialectal divisions among Iranian indeed happen to not follow the later division into Western and Eastern blocks. These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants, *ć and *dź: As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with

2000-454: The state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages .) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *ćw and *dźw: A division of Iranian languages in at least three groups during the Old Iranian period is thus implied: It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothetical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in

2050-456: The term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen . Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan ( Iranian ) and Indo-Aryan ( Indic ). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, has revived this convention. The Iranian languages are divided into

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2100-506: The turning of sibilant fricative *s into non-sibilant fricative glottal *h; the voiced aspirated plosives *bʰ, *dʰ, *gʰ yielding to the voiced unaspirated plosives *b, *d, *g resp.; the voiceless unaspirated stops *p, *t, *k before another consonant changing into fricatives *f, *θ, *x resp.; voiceless aspirated stops *pʰ, *tʰ, *kʰ turning into fricatives *f, *θ, *x, resp. The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among

2150-604: The valley of the Chalus river. In Qazvin province , Gilaki is spoken in northern parts of the province, in Alamut . Gilaki, is an inflected and genderless language. It is considered SVO , although in sentences employing certain tenses the order may be SOV . Gilaki is the language of the majority of people in Gilan province and also a native and well-known language in Mazandaran , Qazvin and Alborz provinces. Gilaki

2200-402: The verb bon , "to be", and the past participle , which is in turn formed with the perfect stem+ə (which can assimilate to become i or u ). The accent can fall on the last syllable of the participle or on the stem itself: A curious innovation of Western Gilaki is the past subjunctive , which is formed with the (artificial) imperfect of bon +past participle : This form is often found in

2250-399: The way they speak. These "sub-dialects" are Rashti, Rudbari, Some’e Sarai, Lahijani, Langerudi, Rudesari, Bandar Anzali, Fumani, Alamouti and Taleghani. Progressing to the east, Gilaki gradually blends into Mazandarani . The intermediate dialects of the area between Tonokābon and Kalārdašt serve as a transition between Gilaki and Mazandarani . The differences in forms and vocabulary lead to

2300-468: The western areas of the lagoon reaches 2.5 meters, which varies due to the fluctuations of the water level of the Caspian Sea. The catchment area of Anzali lagoon is as follows: • 9.53%: forest and pasture • 2.33%: Agricultural lands • 7.8%: wetlands, dams and pools • 7.3%: areas used privately by people. The following rivers and streams flow into the Anzali Lagoon. Gilaki language Gilaki ( گیلٚکي زٚوؤن romanized: Gilɵki Zɵvon )

2350-415: The word "per", father, we have: The genitive can change to -i , especially before some postpositions. The 1st and 2nd person pronouns have special forms: The 3rd person (demonstrative) pronouns are regular: /un/, /u.ˈʃan/, /i.ˈʃan/ With the genitive can be combined many postpositions . Examples: The personal pronouns have special forms with "-re": mere, tere, etc. Gilaki adjectives come before

2400-554: The work of many particles and prepositions in English and Persian. There are essentially three "cases" in Gilaki, the nominative (or, better, unmarked, as it can serve other grammatical functions), the genitive , and the (definite) accusative . The accusative form is often used to express the simple indirect object in addition to the direct object. A noun in the genitive comes before the word it modifies. These "cases" are in origin actually just particles, similar to Persian ra . For

2450-408: Was done during the spring and autumn spawning cycles when the kutum , pike-perch and bream , would enter the lagoon from the Caspian. However, a number of factors acted against the continuation of the fishery and by the time commercial fishing ceased in 1960 annual catches were less than 100 tons. Heavy siltation from increased upstream irrigation had resulted in the shrinkage and shallowing of

2500-554: Was situated precisely in the western part of Central Asia that borders present-day Russia and Kazakhstan . It was thus in relative proximity to the other satem ethno-linguistic groups of the Indo-European family , such as Thracian , Balto-Slavic and others, and to common Indo-European's original homeland (more precisely, the Pontic-Caspian Steppe to the north of the Black Sea and the Caucasus ), according to

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