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59-575: In December 2003, D.C. Mayor Anthony A. Williams proposed creating a government-owned corporation, the Anacostia Waterfront Corporation, to promote redevelopment of the neighborhoods, roads, parks, and other areas adjacent to the Anacostia River. The proposal was the culmination of a more than four-year effort by city and federal officials, developers , private organizations, and citizens. The proposed corporation

118-759: A $ 40 million park along the Anacostia River between South Capitol Street and 2nd Street SE and to fund $ 75 million in miscellaneous AWC projects. Another $ 90 million in PILOT bonds went on sale in February 2007 to help pay for infrastructure improvements at Federal Center Southeast. The AWC also acted on its mission to assist in cleaning up the Anacostia River. In November 2006, the corporation prioritized river cleanup, which included watershed-wide education efforts to address non-point-source water pollution. The corporation announced strict environmental standards for its developers in February 2007 to help reduce wastewater runoff into

177-597: A city council. From 1820 to 1871 the mayor was popularly elected. The present-day boundaries of the "Old City" were Rock Creek to the west, Florida Avenue to the north, and the Anacostia River to the east and south. Starting in March 1801 the County of Washington, which included the city (or corporation) of Washington and the city of Georgetown, was governed by a Levy Court, of unfixed number, made up of Justices of

236-541: A local developer, Adrian G. Washington, on November 11, 2005. A month after his appointment, Washington approved the creation of an advisory council to help oversee the AWC's redevelopment efforts. Several bond sales funded AWC's initial development efforts. Mayor Williams first proposed a $ 230 million "payment in lieu of taxes" (or PILOT ) bond financing plan in June 2006. The bond sale was expected to generate about $ 75 million for

295-554: A mile-long tract bordered by 12th Street SW, M Street SW, Maine Avenue SW, and the Anacostia River. The proposed development was the first revitalization effort in the area since the mid-1960s. But the property was controlled by the National Capital Revitalization Corporation (NCRC), another quasi-government corporation established by the D.C. government. In February 2006, the NCRC agreed to give

354-541: A new "D.C. Economic Development Authority" to take over the duties of the two corporations, which would save $ 2.4 million in salaries alone. Fenty and Albert opposed Brown's proposal, arguing that the mayor's office should fully control redevelopment projects and that creating another bureaucracy was unnecessary. On May 15, the City Council attached the Brown bill to another piece of legislation and unanimously passed it in

413-614: A parliamentary maneuver. But after Brown met with Mayor Fenty several times over the next three weeks, Brown relented. The City Council unanimously passed the Evans version of the legislation on June 5, 2007. Mayor Fenty signed the legislation into law on July 19, 2007. The final legislation required the city to assume all assets and debts of the two companies, and their consolidation with the Deputy Mayor's office had to be complete by October 1, 2007. Some council members were concerned that

472-485: A riverwalk, new bridges and roads, and a light rail transportation line to be built in the area by 2011. The Council of the District of Columbia approved the legislation on July 13, 2004, and Mayor Williams signed it into law on August 5, 2004. The chairman of the AWC's board of directors was Stephen Goldsmith , a former mayor of Indianapolis , Indiana , and its chief executive officer was Andrew Altman, Director of

531-488: A single government, whose chief executive was a territorial Governor. As listed below, only two served before this office was abolished in 1874, and replaced with a temporary three-member Board of Commissioners appointed by the President. The board was made permanent in 1878 and this system continued until 1967, when it was replaced by a single mayor-commissioner and city council appointed by the President. Finally, in 1974,

590-479: A territorial government for the entire District of Columbia, which was headed by a governor appointed by the President of the United States to a four-year term. Due to alleged mismanagement and corruption, including allegations of contractors bribing members of the District legislature to receive contracts, the territorial government was discontinued in 1874. From 1874 to 1878 the District was administered by

649-530: A three-member, temporary Board of Commissioners with both legislative and executive authority, all appointed by the President. They were assisted by an engineer (Captain Richard L. Hoxie ). The law made no provision for a President to this board of temporary Commissioners, and none was ever elected, but Commissioner Dennison acted in that capacity at all board meetings he attended. In 1878, the Board of Commissioners

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708-507: A vote of 244 to 160. Johnson said that the new District government would be more effective and efficient. Walter E. Washington was appointed the first mayor-commissioner, and Thomas W. Fletcher was appointed the first assistant mayor-commissioner. The first Council appointments were Chairman John W. Hechinger, Vice Chairman Walter E. Fauntroy , Stanley J. Anderson, Margaret A. Haywood, John A. Nevius , William S. Thompson, J.C. Turner, Polly Shackleton , and Joseph P. Yeldell. Since 1975,

767-482: Is a list of mayors of Washington, D.C. , and associated political entities. The federal district of the United States was first designated by the amended Residence Act of 1790. That Act designated that the President could appoint three commissioners to locate, define and survey an area not exceeding ten miles square as the capital district, following the Constitutional mandate to do so. From 1791 to 1802

826-723: Is significant. The president of the city council of Baltimore , MD, recently estimated that his city loses $ 120 million annually from these foregone taxes. According to a 2010 report by the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy , between 2000 and 2010 PILOTs were used in at least 18 states. Seventeen of those states account for 35 cities and towns with PILOTs. In addition, 82 out of a total of 351 municipalities in Massachusetts have collected PILOTs (Massachusetts Department of Revenue 2003). A map in this report also reveals that although these 18 states can be found scattered across

885-542: The District of Columbia Home Rule Act allowed for District residents to elect their own mayor. Currently, the Mayor of the District of Columbia is popularly elected to a four-year term with no term limits. Even though District of Columbia is not a state, the district government also has certain state-level responsibilities, making some of the mayor's duties analogous to those of United States governors . The current mayor of

944-471: The IRS allows these organizations to largely avoid paying for the public services they benefit from. Their services are instead paid for by taxing other property owners in the city's jurisdiction such as homeowners and for-profit businesses. For many municipalities in the United States, property taxes are the primary source of revenue. The amount of forgone tax revenue as a result of these tax-exempt land parcels

1003-925: The government of Ottawa , the local government of the capital of Canada, estimated it received CA$ 95 million less in PILTs than it should have from the federal government. In the United States, payment in lieu of taxes can arise in several ways: Payments in lieu of taxes for nonprofit organizations can be contractual arrangements between the organization and the municipality or simply an organization's voluntary gesture of goodwill. However, all local governments must provide municipal services such as sewer and water , roads and transit , schools , police , fire departments to these properties. Universities, hospitals, churches, charter schools, and other nonprofit organizations own large amounts of property in many cities but avoid paying property taxes that fund these essential services. The tax-exempt status granted to these entities by

1062-590: The "Superintendent", "Commissioner to Superintend Public Buildings" and the "Chief Engineer of the United States Army." The local public affairs were instead governed by a Levy Court made up of Justices of the Peace who, until passage of the Organic Act of 1801 were commissioned by the governors of Virginia (for Arlington County) and Maryland (for Prince George's and Montgomery County – the north part of

1121-402: The AWC and NCRC, arguing that the two corporations needed improvement but did not warrant disbandment. AWC supporters also noted that the agency was confronted with a patchwork of zoning laws, few assets, and strict requirements for affordable housing that made progress difficult and slow. They said the corporation should not be blamed for these problems. Councilmember Kwame Brown proposed creating

1180-510: The AWC said it would offer a second bond issue to raise $ 100 million to make infrastructure improvements at and remove trash from Hill East/Reservation 13 and Poplar Point. The AWC said it would receive a share of a September 2006 sale of $ 248 million in Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement bonds to build a $ 60 million medical office building complex at Hill East. The city sold $ 140 million in PILOT bonds to build

1239-545: The AWC to submit more detailed proposals, and two selected to submit final proposals two months later. PN Hoffman/Struever Bros. Eccles & Rouse was chosen in September 2006 to be the lead developer. But the development proposals were stalled because the transaction had still not been formalized two years after AWC and NRCR agreed to the land swap. The D.C. City Council attempted to pass legislation in November 2006 to force

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1298-592: The AWC was asked to sell development rights on its land adjacent to the stadium to cover the cost overruns. By June 2006, feuding over the development had resulted in Mayor Williams' creating an Office of Baseball on his staff to oversee the development of the Ballpark District. A draft master plan was released in late June 2006. A second major initiative was the Southwest waterfront development —

1357-410: The AWC's 31 employees. The merger was complete by the legislative deadline. On July 23, 2007, just four days after the legislation disbanding the corporation was signed into law, the Deputy Mayor's office issued a plan for the redevelopment of Poplar Point that did not include a new soccer stadium—an apparent rejection of a major AWC proposal. On January 16, 2008, the Deputy Mayor's office announced it

1416-568: The AWC, which would use the money to make infrastructure improvements at Hill East, Poplar Point, and the Southwest waterfront. Another $ 140 million of the PILOT bonds would fund infrastructure improvements around the new United States Department of Transportation headquarters (then being built at 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE, near the Navy Yard – Ballpark Metro station ) and within the Federal Center Southeast . In November 2006,

1475-799: The Constitution Act, 1867 which prohibits levels of government from taxing real property owned by federal and provincial governments. Federal PILTs were introduced by the Payments in Lieu of Taxes Act of 1985 and PILTs by the Government of Ontario were introduced by the Municipal Tax Assistance Act of 1990. PILTs are made on a volunteer basis, leading situations where local governments receive smaller payments than requested based on property tax assessments. In 2024,

1534-496: The D.C. City Council began drafting a bill to require the AWC to be more transparent in its decision-making and operations. D.C. Mayor Anthony Williams declined to seek re-election in 2006, and Adrian Fenty was elected as the new mayor. As part of his key initiatives in his first 100 days, Mayor Fenty announced the formation of a task force to assess whether the AWC and NCRC should be restructured or abolished. Days later, D.C. Council member Jack Evans , who had originally helped pass

1593-487: The Deputy Mayor's office, and Albert strongly resisted such efforts. By April 2008, the City Council was imposing audits on the Deputy Mayor's office and the redevelopment projects it was overseeing. On September 23, 2007, the city said consolidation of the AWC and NCRC with the Deputy Major's office would save the city $ 5.6 million annually in salaries and administrative costs alone. The city offered jobs to only 20 of

1652-635: The District has been administered by a popularly elected mayor and district council.     Democratic (7) PILOT (finance) A payment in lieu of taxes , abbreviated as PILT or PILOT , is a payment made to compensate a government for some or all of the property tax revenue lost due to tax exempt ownership or use of real property . In Canada, payment in lieu of taxes are made in place of property taxes on real property owned by federal , provincial , and municipal governments and government agencies to local governments and reserves . They need for PILTs arises from Section 125 of

1711-419: The District of Columbia and that at least 10 percent of the workforce be residents of the city's impoverished Ward 8. But developers complained that few D.C. residents were prepared or trained for the jobs offered. The AWC established an employment organization to help screen D.C. residents who applied for jobs, better match residents to positions they qualified for, and improve their job skills to prepare them for

1770-428: The District of Columbia for the three years preceding appointment. All must be District residents while serving their terms in office. Council members had the quasi-legislative powers of the former Board of Commissioners, approving the budget and setting real estate tax rates. The mayor-commissioner could, without any Congressional approval, consolidate District agencies and transfer money between agencies, powers that

1829-479: The District of Columbia is Muriel Bowser , a Democrat , who has served in the role since January 2, 2015. The lists on this page include all of the chief executives of the District of Columbia in their various forms. The 1790 Act for establishing the temporary and permanent seat of the Government of the United States, Act of March 3, 1791, 1 Stat. 214, set up a board of three commissioners to survey and define

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1888-568: The District remained part of these counties until 1801), and in the Federal city their powers were transferred to the Mayor and local government. During this time William Thornton , Robert Bowie , Daniel Carroll , and Robert Brent were some of the men who served on the Levy Court of Prince George's County. The persons listed below are the mayors of the now-defunct City of Washington, which

1947-752: The District was managed by that three-member Board of Commissioners of the Federal City as listed below. With the passage of the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801 , the District was brought under the direct political control of Congress. The Board of Commissioners was dissolved. That Act made no provision for an executive for the District as a whole. The District consisted of five political subdivisions: three cities with their own municipal governments, and two rural counties. The pre-existing city of Georgetown and its mayors are listed below. The pre-existing city of Alexandria , Virginia, had its own list of mayors before, during and after its inclusion in

2006-528: The District. And the new City of Washington was chartered shortly after the District, in 1802. Its mayors also appear below. The rural county west of the Potomac, formerly Virginia, was Alexandria County . Finally to the east and outside the cities, formerly Maryland, lay Washington County, D.C. (Both counties were governed by levy courts made of providentially appointed Justices of the Peace, whose members do not appear below. Prior to 1802, those Justices of

2065-462: The Levy Court include Thomas Corcoran , John Cox, George W. Riggs , and Sayles J. Bown Democratic From 1751 to 1789, Georgetown was governed by Commissioners who were either appointed by an act of Maryland or were elected by the other commissioners to fill vacancies. in 1790 the government was changed to include a Mayor, a Recorder, Aldermen and a Common Council. During this time it was governed by nineteen different commissioners. Georgetown

2124-555: The Levy Court lost the power to tax those in Georgetown. An 1812 law fixed the number of judges to seven, two from east of Rock Creek but outside of Washington City, two from west of Rock Creek but outside of Georgetown and three from Georgetown, with none from Washington City until an 1848 law added four members from the city. Even when the City of Washington was not represented on the Levy Court, they were still required to contribute to

2183-639: The Office of Planning for the District of Columbia. The AWC was a proponent of building Nationals Park , a new baseball stadium, to be the home field of the Washington Nationals Major League Baseball team. The stadium quickly became AWC's biggest redevelopment project, which the corporation called the "Baseball District." The AWC began negotiating in August 2005 to buy land near the ballpark to spur development and turn

2242-466: The Office of the Deputy Mayor for Planning and Economic Development could not implement a $ 10 billion redevelopment program. Others were concerned that the AWC may not have fully accounted for all its assets and debts; Kwame Brown asked the D.C. inspector general's office to audit the company before the October 1 deadline. By early December 2007, City Council members demanded greatly expanded oversight over

2301-467: The Peace chosen by the President. It was one of these Justice of the Peace appointments, made in the 24 hours between the passage of the Organic Act of 1801 and the end of John Adams' term that became the subject of Marbury v. Madison . In 1804, the Levy Court lost the power to tax the residents of Washington City, but in 1808 the city was required to contribute to the revenue of the county and in 1826

2360-416: The Peace were appointed by the governors of Maryland and Virginia, after which they were appointed by the President until they were abolished in 1871). In 1846, Alexandria County and the City of Alexandria returned to Virginia , leaving the District with two independent cities and one county. In 1871, with the District of Columbia Organic Act , those three subdivisions within the District were unified into

2419-601: The area around the stadium into an attraction similar to the area around the Verizon Center in Chinatown . A 40 acres (16 ha) site with hotels, office space, parks, residential housing, retail shops, and restaurants was envisioned. As part of its development effort, the AWC feuded publicly with the D.C. Sports and Entertainment Commission, calling for underground rather than surface parking. The Washington Nationals' ownership also demanded above-ground parking. A deal

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2478-599: The bill to create the AWC, introduced legislation to abolish both corporations and transfer their authority and duties to the Office of the Deputy Mayor for Planning and Economic Development. Councilmember Kwame R. Brown , chair of the Council's Committee on Economic Development, held hearings on the bill in late January, during which the AWC received both praise and criticism. The AWC's chief executive officer, Adrian Washington, resigned suddenly on February 12, 2007. Deputy Mayor for Planning and Economic Development Neil O. Albert

2537-416: The board. While not quite analogous to the role of a mayor, the president of the board was the district's Chief Executive. In 1967, President Lyndon Johnson presented to Congress a plan to reorganize the District's government. The three-commissioner system was replaced by a government headed by a single mayor-commissioner, an assistant mayor-commissioner, and a nine-member district council, all appointed by

2596-453: The costs of the county, except for bridges and roads outside its boundaries. The court was again changed in 1863 when it was reduced to nine members, three from the city of Washington, one from Georgetown, and five from county lands outside the city. The Levy Court was disbanded in 1871 with the Mayor when congress consolidated all the remaining governments in DC. Some of the more prominent members of

2655-424: The country, the vast majority of this activity seems to be concentrated in the northeast. Non-profits enjoy the same level of service the rest of the residents of the given city or county enjoy. It is argued that asking some, or all, nonprofits to pay taxes, either voluntarily, or via statutory measures, would help offset some of these costs and ease the strain on local budgets. This would be equivalent to increasing

2714-403: The land swap through, and the AWC offered to buy out leaseholders for $ 20 million to encourage NCRC to turn over the land. The transfer finally occurred in mid-February 2007. Other AWC development projects included: By June 2007, however, the AWC had not broken ground on any redevelopment project. The AWC's chief executive officer, Andrew Altman, resigned on October 6, 2005. He was replaced by

2773-456: The preceding Board of Commissioners had not possessed since 1952. The mayor-commissioner could veto the actions of the council, but the council could override the veto with a three-fourths vote. Despite a push by many Republicans and conservative Democrats in the House of Representatives to reject Johnson's plan, the House of Representatives accepted the new form of government for the District by

2832-411: The president. The mayor-commissioner and his assistant served four-year terms, while the councilmembers served three-year terms. While the council was officially nonpartisan, no more than six of Councilmembers could be of the same political party. Councilmembers were expected to work part-time. All councilmembers and either the mayor-commissioner or his assistant was required to have been a resident of

2891-597: The river. The AWC's efforts to develop site-specific environmental design guidelines won awards from the National Capital Section of the American Society of Civil Engineers and GreenHOME (an organization that recommends environmentally safe products for residential homes). One of the AWC's final projects was funding a worker training center. Since its inception, the corporation had required that 51 percent of each developer's workforce come from

2950-440: The territory of the Federal City, and to purchase land for development and oversee the construction of all federal buildings. Some reports name Thomas Johnson as the chairman of the Board of Commissioners, but it appears there was no chair, even if Johnson acted in the manner of a chair. The commission had very little to do with the municipal regulation of the District and when their board was dissolved their powers were transferred to

3009-438: The waterfront property to the AWC in exchange for $ 25 million, $ 24.5 million in city-owned land, and the right to develop three other large city-owned parcels of land. The AWC asked for proposals that included "cultural space" (such as a museum, musical performance space, or theatre), a hotel, office space, parking, residential housing, and retail space. Seventeen companies responded with proposals. Five were chosen in June 2006 by

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3068-609: The workplace. The organization would also help promote awareness of AWC redevelopment projects and job opportunities at those projects among Ward 7 and Ward 8 residents. This organization, the Business Resource Center, opened at 2311 Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue SE on April 11, 2007. Dissatisfaction with the AWC had been reported in August 2006. Community activists then called for the AWC to seek greater community input on its redevelopment plans—one member of

3127-463: Was a town in Maryland until 1801, when it became a municipality within the District of Columbia. From 1802 until 1871, mayors of Georgetown were elected to one-year terms, with no term limits. Like the City of Washington and Washington County, Georgetown's local government ceased to exist in 1871, when Congress merged the three entities into the single District government. In 1871, Congress created

3186-445: Was appointed interim CEO in his place. Hearings on the Evans legislation continued in March 2007. Testimony increasingly addressed the lengthy delays in transferring land between the NCRC and AWC. Albert suggested five alternatives (ranging from keeping the status quo to merging the two organizations to disbanding both companies) for the City Council to consider, but his proposals were not well received. Some neighborhood groups supported

3245-402: Was made permanent and re-organized. From 1878 to 1967, the District was administered by this new three-member Board of Commissioners with both legislative and executive authority, all appointed by the President. The board comprised one Democrat , one Republican , and one civil engineer with no specified party. The three Commissioners would then elect one of their number to serve as president of

3304-627: Was modeled after the Battery Park City Authority , which oversaw the redevelopment of Battery Park and the residential Battery Park City neighborhood in New York City . The AWC would be funded by $ 250 million in revenue bonds and implement a 20-year program that would raise $ 8 billion in public and private funds (including $ 1.5 billion cleanup of the river). The plan called for 5,000 new residences (both new homes and apartments), new retail districts, office buildings,

3363-432: Was moving ahead with plans to build on the Southwest waterfront. About 18 percent of the $ 1.1 billion project would be funded by the Office of the Deputy Mayor for Planning and Economic Development. The city is estimated to collect $ 32 million in tax revenue annually from the project (an increase of $ 22 million from the 2006 level), and 2,880 jobs would be created. List of mayors of the District of Columbia Below

3422-467: Was officially granted a formal government in 1802. The Mayor of Washington had authority over city services, appointments, and local tax assessments; however, the duties of the mayor mostly consisted of requesting appropriations from Congress to finance the city. From 1802 to 1812, the mayor was appointed by the President of the United States . Between 1812 and 1820, the city's mayors were then selected by

3481-499: Was struck in June 2006 to build both parking garages above-ground and surround them with high-rise condominium buildings so they would not be eyesores. When the deal collapsed three months later, the AWC tried to buy the land for $ 1 million. In December 2005, the AWC named two master planning teams to help oversee the design of the Baseball District. When the cost of building the stadium soared by 25 percent to $ 667 million,

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