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47-561: Anaktuvuk Pass is a village in the pass, the home of the only concentrated population of the Nunamiut , the only true inland Iñupiat group in Alaska. Anaktuvuk Pass has a Polar climate , specifically a tundra climate, but lies within the southern periphery of the climate zone, bearing some characteristics of a cold subarctic climate, but overall being a clear cut tundra climate, with the low precipitation being not much different than that of

94-459: A tundra climate ( Köppen climate classification : ET ), with the average temperature in January −13.4 °F (−25.2 °C) while the warmest month, July, averages 50.3 °F (10.2 °C). Temperatures have ranged from −47 to 91 °F (−44 to 33 °C). Anaktuvuk Pass receives about 11 in (280 mm) of rain yearly, with snowfall averaging about 63 in (160 cm). The area

141-487: A desert. Anaktuvuk Pass also has not seen temperatures rise above freezing during January or February. Summer is defined as the time period when the most precipitation is received, often in the form of rain, hence June through September. Meanwhile, in the winter, the village receives snowfall but not as much as places further south, such as Fairbanks; however, the snowfall in Anaktuvuk Pass persists much longer into

188-754: A group representing indigenous peoples of the Arctic, has made the case that climate change represents a threat to their human rights. As of the 2000 U.S. Census, the Inupiat population in the United States numbered more than 19,000. Most of them live in Alaska. The North Slope Borough has the following cities Anaktuvuk Pass ( Anaqtuuvak, Naqsraq ), Atqasuk ( Atqasuk ), Utqiaġvik ( Utqiaġvik, Ukpiaġvik ), Kaktovik ( Qaaktuġvik ), Nuiqsut ( Nuiqsat ), Point Hope ( Tikiġaq ), Point Lay ( Kali ), Wainwright ( Ulġuniq ) The Northwest Arctic Borough has

235-553: A median income of $ 42,500 versus $ 32,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 15,283. About 3.2% of families and 4.4% of the population were below the poverty line , including 0.8% of those under 18 and none of those 65 or older. The North Slope Borough provides all utilities to Anaktuvuk Pass. Two central wells and a treated watering point at Nunamiut School serve the town for water. Most households have water delivered by truck to holding tanks. A few residents haul their own water. Almost 80% of homes have running water in

282-602: A period of starvation and an influenza epidemic introduced by American and European whaling crews, most of these people moved to the coast or other parts of Alaska between 1890 and 1910. A number of Nunamiut returned to the mountains in the 1930s. By 1950, most Nunamiut groups, such as the Killikmiut, had coalesced in Anaktuvuk Pass , a village in north-central Alaska. Some of the Nunamiut remained nomadic until

329-487: A population with limited access to fruits and vegetables. A major value within subsistence hunting is the utilization of the whole catch or animal. This is demonstrated in the utilization of the hides to turn into clothing, as seen with seal skin, moose and caribou hides, polar bear hides. Fur from rabbits, beaver, marten, otter, and squirrels are also utilized to adorn clothing for warmth. These hides and furs are used to make parkas, mukluks, hats, gloves, and slippers. Qiviut

376-458: A rebroadcast of KYKD , a religious station from Bethel . Anaktuvuk Pass also has two low-power translators of the statewide Alaska Rural Communications Service on K04IX and K09RS. Inupiat people The Inupiat (singular: Iñupiaq ) are a group of Alaska Natives whose traditional territory roughly spans northeast from Norton Sound on the Bering Sea to the northernmost part of

423-479: A variety of berries and when mixed with tallow, make a traditional dessert. They also mix the berries with rosehips and highbush cranberries and boil them into a syrup. Historically, some Inupiat lived in sedentary communities, while others were nomadic. Some villages in the area have been occupied by Indigenous groups for more than 10,000 years. The Nalukataq is a spring whaling festival among Inupiat. The festival celebrates traditional whale hunting and honors

470-450: Is 88.3% Alaska Natives or part Native. Anaktuvuk Pass is a Nunamiut Eskimo community dependent upon subsistence activities. Sale, importation and possession of alcohol are banned in the village. Anaktuvuk Pass post office was established in May 1951. The first postmaster was Homer Mekiana. As of 2009, its post office was considered the most isolated in the United States. Anaktuvuk Pass

517-683: Is a city in North Slope Borough, Alaska , United States. The population was 282 at the 2000 census and 324 as of the 2010 census . Anaktuvuk Pass was named after the Anaktuvuk River . Anaktuvuk is the English way of spelling "anaqtuġvik", place of caribou droppings in Inupiaq , the language of the Inupiat. A nomadic group of Inupiat called Nunamiut lived inland in northern Alaska, hunting caribou instead of

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564-492: Is also gathered as Muskox shed their underlayer of fur and it is spun into wool to make scarves, hats, and gloves. The use of the animal's hides and fur have kept Inupiat warm throughout the harsh conditions of their homelands, as many of the materials provide natural waterproof or windproof qualities. Other animal parts that have been utilized are the walrus intestines that are made into dance drums and qayaq or umiaq , traditional skin boats. The walrus tusks of ivory and

611-569: Is called Inupiatun in Inupiatun and frequently in English as well. Iñupiak ( IPA: [iɲupiɐk] ) is the dual form. The roots are iñuk "person" and -piaq "real", i.e., an endonym meaning "real people". The Inupiat are made up of the following communities In 1971, the Alaskan Native Claims Settlement Act established thirteen Alaskan Native Regional Corporations . The purpose of

658-484: Is described and preserved through photographs and artifacts at the Simon Paneak Memorial Museum in Anaktuvuk Pass. Economic and employment opportunities are limited in Anaktuvuk Pass, due to its isolation. Hunting and trapping for sale of skins, guiding hunters, or making traditional caribou skin masks or clothing provides income, though some residents have sought seasonal employment outside

705-607: Is held throughout communities in the Inupiaq region. The first gathering was held in Utqiaġvik in 2017, Siqnasuaq ( Nome ) in 2018, and Qikiqtaġruk ( Kotzebue ) in 2019. Kawerak, a nonprofit organization from the Bering Strait region, has created a language glossary that features terms from Iñupiaq, as well as terms from English, Yup'ik, and St. Lawrence Island Yupik. Several Inupiat developed pictographic writing systems in

752-639: Is in Section 18, Township 15 South, Range 2 East, Umiat Meridian , within the Utqiaġvik Recording District . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has an area of 4.9 sq mi (13 km ), of which 4.8 sq mi (12 km ) is land and 0.1 sq mi (0.26 km ) (1.63%) is water. Anaktuvuk Pass has a typical subarctic climate ( Köppen climate classification : Dfc ) bordering on

799-467: Is known for its intense winds and 50-below winters and the generic, framed houses built there in the 1970s. The houses are inefficient for such a climate, according to a Fairbanks Daily News Miner story. On June 28, 1971, the temperature fell to a record summer low of −11 °F (−24 °C), though the data for that year is extremely sparse. The climate record as a whole is irregular, with data compiled only between 1953 and 1973, with most observations in

846-565: Is no road to Anaktuvuk Pass, but Cat trains transport cargo from the Dalton Highway (which serves as the Trans-Alaska pipeline haul road) during the winter. Snowmobiles and all-terrain vehicles are used for local transportation, though some standard vehicles are used. Anaktuvuk Pass is home to two low-power FM translators. K268AB (FM 101.5) is a rebroadcaster of KBRW-FM , a public radio station in Utqiaġvik and K232DU,

893-550: Is one Iñupiaq culture-oriented institute of higher education, Iḷisaġvik College , located in Utqiaġvik. Inupiat have grown more concerned in recent years that climate change is threatening their traditional lifestyle. The warming trend in the Arctic affects their lifestyle in numerous ways, for example: thinning sea ice makes it more difficult to harvest bowhead whales , seals , walrus , and other traditional foods as it changes

940-616: Is slightly north of the Brooks Range on the divide between the Anaktuvuk River and the John River , at an elevation of 2,200 ft (670 m). Anaktuvuk Pass is the last remaining settlement of the Nunamiut (People of the Land) Iñupiat Inuit in Alaska. The community lies at approximately 68°08′35″N 151°44′01″W  /  68.14306°N 151.73361°W  / 68.14306; -151.73361 . It

987-629: Is the Anaktuvuk Pass Health Clinic, a primary health care facility. Anaktuvuk Pass is classified as an isolated village, found in EMS Region 6A in the North Slope Region. Emergency services have access to the town by air. Emergency service is provided by volunteers and health aides; there are no doctors on site. Auxiliary health care is provided by Anaktuvuk Pass Volunteer Fire Department. The Nunamiut's culture

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1034-735: The Canada–United States border . Their current communities include 34 villages across Iñupiat Nunaat (Iñupiaq lands), including seven Alaskan villages in the North Slope Borough , affiliated with the Arctic Slope Regional Corporation ; eleven villages in Northwest Arctic Borough ; and sixteen villages affiliated with the Bering Straits Regional Corporation . They often claim to be the first people of

1081-509: The Kauwerak . Inupiat ( IPA: [iɲupiɐt] ) is the plural form of the name for the people (e.g., the Inupiat live in several communities.). The singular form is Iñupiaq ( IPA: [iɲupiɑq] ) (e.g., She is an Iñupiaq), which also sometimes refers to the language (e.g., She speaks Iñupiaq). In English, both Inupiat and Iñupiaq are used as modifiers (e.g., An Inupiat/Iñupiaq librarian, Inupiat/Iñupiaq songs). The language

1128-482: The census of 2000, there were 282 people, 84 households, and 57 families living in the city. The population density was 58.2 inhabitants per square mile (22.5/km ). There were 101 housing units at an average density of 20.8 sq mi (54 km ). The racial makeup of the city was 9.57% White , 1.42% Black or African American , 87.59% Native American , 0.71% from other races , and 0.71% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.71% of

1175-632: The marine mammals and fish hunted by the rest of the Inupiat, who live on the coast. The Nunamiut traded with the coastal people for other items they needed. A decline in caribou populations around 1900 and in the 1920s caused many Nunamiut to move to the coast. In 1938, several Nunamiut families moved back to the Brooks Range, around Tulugak and the Killik River . In 1949 the Killik River group moved to Tulugak Lake, 15 miles north of where

1222-608: The "spring" season. The North Slope Borough School District operates the Nunamiut School in Anaktuvuk Pass. 68°08′47″N 151°43′21″W  /  68.14639°N 151.72250°W  / 68.14639; -151.72250 This article about a location in the North Slope Borough, Alaska is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska Anaktuvuk Pass ( Inupiaq : Anaqtuuvak , IPA: [ɐnɑqtuːvɐk] , Anaqtuġvik or Naqsraq , IPA: [naχʂɑq] )

1269-420: The 1950s. Anaktuvuk Pass first appeared on the 1950 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village. It formally incorporated (before statehood) in 1957. As of the 2010 United States Census , there were 324 people living in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 81.2% Native American, 7.1% White, 0.3% Black, 0.3% Pacific Islander and 9.0% from two or more races. 2.2% were Hispanic or Latino of any race. As of

1316-530: The 1950s. The Iditarod Trail 's antecedents were the native trails of the Dena'ina and Deg Hit'an Athabaskan American Indians and the Inupiat. Inupiat are hunter-gatherers , as are most Arctic peoples . Inupiat continue to rely heavily on subsistence hunting and fishing. Depending on their location, they harvest walrus, seal, whale, polar bears, caribou, and fish. Both the inland ( Nunamiut ) and coastal ( Tikiġaġmiut ) Inupiat depend greatly on fish. Throughout

1363-463: The 1970s, oil and other resources have been an important revenue source for the Inupiat. The Alaska Pipeline connects the Prudhoe Bay wells with the port of Valdez in south-central Alaska. Because of the oil drilling in Alaska's arid north, however, the traditional way of whaling is coming into conflict with one of the modern world's most pressing demands: finding more oil. The Inupiat eat

1410-827: The Inupiat are recognized by the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs : Inuit , the language and the people, extend borders and dialects across the Circumpolar North. Inuit are the Native inhabitants of Northern Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. Inuit languages have differing names depending on the region it is spoken in. In Northern Alaskan, the Inuit language is called Iñupiatun . Within Iñupiatun, there are four major dialects: North Slope, Malimiut, Bering Straits, and Qawiaraq. Before European contact,

1457-597: The Iñupiaq dialects flourished. Due to harsh assimilation efforts in Native American boarding schools , Natives were punished for speaking their language. Now only 2,000 of the approximately 24,500 Inupiat can speak their Native tongue. Revitalization efforts have focused on Alaskan Native languages and ways of life. Located in Kotzebue , Alaska, an Iñupiaq language immersion school called Nikaitchuat Iḷisaġviat

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1504-516: The U.S. and eventual annexation of Alaska, Inupiat sovereignty continues to be articulated in various ways. A limited form of this sovereignty has been recognized by Federal Indian Law, which outlines the relationship between the federal government and American Indians. The Federal Indian Law recognized Tribal governments as having limited self-determination . In 1993, the federal government extended federal recognition to Alaskan Natives tribes. Tribal governments created avenues for tribes to contract with

1551-492: The animal is butchered and its meat and blubber are allocated according to a traditional formula. Even city-dwelling relatives, thousands of miles away, are entitled to a share of each whale killed by the hunters of their ancestral village. Maktak , which is the skin and blubber of bowhead and other whales, is rich in vitamins A and C . The vitamin C content of meats is destroyed by cooking, so consumption of raw meats and these vitamin-rich foods contributes to good health in

1598-443: The baleen of bowhead whales are also utilized as Native expressions of art or tools. The use of these sensitive materials are inline with the practice of utilizing the gifts from the animals that are subsisted. There are protective policies on the harvesting of walrus and whales. The harvest of walrus solely for the use of ivory is highly looked down upon as well as prohibited by federal law with lengthy and costly punishments. Since

1645-673: The early twentieth century. It is known as Alaskan Picture Writing . Along with other Inuit groups, the Iñupiaq originate from the Thule culture . Circa 300 B.C., the Thule migrated from islands in the Bering Sea to what now is Alaska. Iñupiaq groups, in common with Inuit -speaking groups, often have a name ending in "miut," which means 'a people of'. One example is the Nunamiut , a generic term for inland Iñupiaq caribou hunters. During

1692-506: The federal government to manage programs that directly benefit Native peoples. Throughout Inupiat lands, there are various regional and village tribal governments. The tribal governments vary in structure and services provided, but often are related to the social well-being of the communities. Services included but are not limited to education, housing, tribal services, and supporting healthy families and cultural connection to place and community. The following Alaska Native tribal entities for

1739-413: The kitchen. In 1996, a $ 17 million project to provide piped water and sewer and household plumbing began construction, which will provide flush toilets and showers for all residences. A new landfill is also near completion . Electricity is provided by North Slope Borough. There is one school in the community, the Nunamiut School, attended by 110 students as of August 10, 2017. The only local health clinic

1786-422: The migration patterns of marine mammals that rely on iceflows and the thinning sea ice can result in people falling through the ice; warmer winters make travel more dangerous and less predictable as more storms form; later-forming sea ice contributes to increased flooding and erosion along the coast as there is an increase in fall storms, directly imperiling many coastal villages. The Inuit Circumpolar Council ,

1833-412: The population. There were 84 households, of which 44.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.5% were married couples living together, 15.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.1% were non-families. 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.6% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 3.36 and the average family size

1880-422: The regional corporations were to create institutions in which Native Alaskans would generate venues to provide services for its members, who were incorporated as "shareholders". Three regional corporations are located in the lands of the Inupiat. These are the following. Prior to colonization, the Inupiat exercised sovereignty based on complex social structures and order. Despite the transfer of land from Russia to

1927-400: The seasons, when they are available, food staples also include ducks, geese, rabbits, berries, roots, and shoots. The inland Inupiat also hunt caribou , Dall sheep , grizzly bear , and moose . The coastal Inupiat hunt walrus , seals , beluga whales , and bowhead whales . Cautiously, polar bear also is hunted. The capture of a whale benefits each member of an Inupiat community, as

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1974-578: The town. Caribou is the primary source of meat, with other subsistence foods including trout , grayling , moose , sheep , brown bear , ptarmigan and water fowl . Anaktuvuk Pass Airport , a 4,800 feet (1,463 m) gravel airstrip, is owned and operated by the North Slope Borough, and provides Anaktuvuk Pass with year-round access. A $ 3.4 million airport improvement project was completed by fall 1999, allowing many air companies to provide passenger flight service to Anaktuvuk Pass. There

2021-499: The various campuses a part of the University of Alaska system . University of Alaska Fairbanks offers several course in the Iñupiaq language. University of Alaska Anchorage offers multiple levels of Elementary Iñupiaq Language and Alaskan Native language apprenticeship and fluency intensive courses. Since 2017, a grassroots group of Iñupiaq language learners have organized Iḷisaqativut, a two-week Iñupiaq language intensive that

2068-511: The village lies today. Anaktuvuk Pass is the only Nunamiut settlement. This settlement attracted Inupiaq people from many other locations, and villagers today lead a somewhat more sedentary lifestyle than in nomadic times. The city was incorporated in 1959. A Presbyterian church was constructed in 1966. A federally recognized tribe is in the community: the Village of Anaktuvuk Pass (a.k.a. Naqsragmiut Tribal Council). The community population

2115-854: The whale's spirit as it gave its physical body to feed entire villages. The whale's spirit is honored by dance groups from across the North performing songs and dances. The Iñupiat Ilitqusiat is a list of values that define Inupiat. It was created by elders in Kotzebue, Alaska , yet the values resonate with and have been articulated similarly by other Iñupiat communities. These values include: respect for elders, hard work, hunter's success, family roles, humor, respect for nature, knowledge of family tree, respect for others, sharing, love for children, cooperation, avoid conflict, responsibility to tribe, humility, and spirituality. These values serve as guideposts of how Inupiat are to live their lives. They inform and can be derived from Iñupiaq subsistence practices. There

2162-414: Was 4.26. In the city, the population was spread out, with 38.7% under 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 17.4% from 45 to 64, and 5.0% who were 65 or older. The median age was 26. For every 100 females, there were 107.4 males. For every 100 females over 18, there were 121.8 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 52,500, and the median income for a family was $ 56,250. Males had

2209-598: Was established in 1998. The immersion school's mission is to "instill the knowledge of Iñupiaq identity, dignity, respect and to cultivate a love of lifelong learning". June Nelson Elementary school is another school in Kotzebue that is working to include more content into their curriculum about Iñupiaq language and culture. Nome Elementary School in Nome , Alaska has also put in place plans to incororate an Iñupiaq language immersion program. There are many courses being offered at

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