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85-651: Eutaw ( / ˈ j uː t ɔː / YOO -taw ) is a city in and the county seat of Greene County, Alabama , United States. At the 2020 census , the population was 2,937. The city was named in honor of the Battle of Eutaw Springs , the last engagement of the American Revolutionary War in the Carolinas . Eutaw was laid out in December 1838 at the time that Greene County voters chose to relocate

170-531: A Superior Court and Sheriff (as an officer of the court ), both located in a designated "shire town". Bennington County, Vermont has two shire towns; the court for "North Shire" is in the shire town Manchester , and the Sheriff for the county and court for "South Shire" are in the shire town Bennington. In 2024, Connecticut , which had not defined their counties for anything but statistical, historical and weather warning purposes since 1960, along with ending

255-572: A bombing at the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham killed four young girls attending Sunday School and damaged the church. It was later proven that a Ku Klux Klan chapter was responsible. Bevel proposed organizing the Alabama Voting Rights Project, and co-wrote the project proposal with his wife Diane Nash. They moved to Alabama to implement the project along with Birmingham student activist James Orange . At

340-410: A county seat may be an independent city surrounded by, but not part of, the county of which it is the administrative center; for example, Fairfax City is both the county seat of Fairfax County, Virginia and completely surrounded by Fairfax County, but the city is politically independent of the county. When the county seat is in the independent city, government offices such as the courthouse may be in

425-758: A firebombing of a bus and beatings with police complicity in Birmingham, Alabama , CORE suspended the rides. Diane Nash, the Nashville Student Movement 's chairman, urged the group to continue the Freedom Rides, and called for college volunteers from Fisk and other universities across the South. Bevel selected the student teams for the buses. He and the others were arrested after they arrived in Jackson, Mississippi and tried to desegregate

510-647: A major field of research in Chinese historical geography, especially from the 1960s to the 1980s. There are 1,355 counties in Mainland China out of a total of 2,851 county-level divisions. In Taiwan , the first counties were first established in 1661 by the Kingdom of Tungning . The later ruler Qing empire inherited this type of administrative divisions. With the increase of Han Chinese population in Taiwan,

595-818: A quality education. They agreed to continue until they had achieved these goals, and to ask for funding from the SCLC only if the group was involved in organizing a movement. Bevel soon became SCLC's director of direct action and director of nonviolent education to augment King's positions as SCLC's Chairman and spokesperson. In 1963, SCLC agreed to assist its co-founder, Fred Shuttlesworth , and others in their work on desegregating retail businesses and jobs in Birmingham, Alabama , where discussion and negotiations with city officials had yielded few results. Weeks of demonstrations and marches resulted in King, Ralph Abernathy , and Shuttlesworth being arrested and jailed. King wanted to fill

680-915: A rally in Central Park, the United Nations Anti-Vietnam War March became the largest demonstration in American history to that date. During his speech to the crowd that day, Bevel called for a larger march in Washington D.C., a plan that evolved into the October 1967 March on the Pentagon . This rally was attended by tens of thousands of peace activists who followed the growing counterculture movement . Although he opposed King's and SCLC's participation in it, Bevel, along with King and Ralph Abernathy , helped lead

765-492: Is 27 miles (43 km) to the northwest via Highway 14. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , Eutaw has a total area of 12.0 square miles (31.1 km), of which 11.9 square miles (30.9 km) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.2 km), or 0.63%, is water. The center of town is 3 miles (5 km) west of the Black Warrior River , accessible to boats at Finches Ferry Public Use Area. The climate in this area

850-509: Is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Eutaw has a humid subtropical climate , abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. As of the 2020 United States census , there were 2,937 people, 1,041 households, and 551 families residing in the town. At the 2010 census there were 2,934 people in 1,203 households, including 760 families, in

935-409: Is known as the seat of its county. Generally, the county legislature, county courthouse, sheriff's department headquarters, hall of records, jail and correctional facility are located in the county seat, though some functions (such as highway maintenance, which usually requires a large garage for vehicles, along with asphalt and salt storage facilities) may also be located or conducted in other parts of

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1020-448: Is located east of the center of Greene County. U.S. Routes 11 and 43 pass through the center of town. The highways enter together from the northeast as Tuscaloosa Street; US 11 exits the city to the west as Boligee Street, while US 43 leaves to the south as Demopolis Highway. Alabama State Route 14 passes through the city as Greensboro Street to the southeast and Mesopotamia Street to the northwest. Interstates 20 and 59 run through

1105-456: The 1966 Chicago open housing movement . He suggested that SCLC call for and join a March on Washington in 1963 and strategized the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches which contributed to Congressional passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act . Prior to his time with SCLC, Bevel worked in the Nashville Student Movement , which conducted the 1960 Nashville Lunch-Counter Sit-Ins , the 1961 Open Theater Movement, and recruited students to continue

1190-422: The 2000 census there were 1,878 people in 778 households, including 504 families, in the city. The population density was 411.1 inhabitants per square mile (158.7/km). There were 899 housing units at an average density of 196.8 per square mile (76.0/km). The racial makeup of the city was 33.01% White, 66.03% Black or African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.21% Asian, and 0.48% from two or more races. 0.37% of

1275-609: The Anti Defamation League the new KKK ?" When Bevel introduced LaRouche at a convention of the 1996 National African American Leadership Summit , both men were booed off the stage. A fight broke out between LaRouche supporters and black nationalists. In May 2007, Bevel was arrested in Alabama on a charge of incest committed sometime between October 1992 and October 1994 in Loudoun County, Virginia . At

1360-585: The Greene County Courthouse Square District is a listed historic district in the heart of downtown. A nearby property, Everhope Plantation , is also listed in the register. During the Reconstruction Era , Eutaw was the site of a number of Klan murders and acts by insurgents. The county courthouse was burned in 1868; the prevailing theory for the burning of the courthouse is that it was intended to destroy

1445-664: The Memphis sanitation strike by organizing the protest and work stoppage. Due to the violence that ensued during the strike in which 60 people were injured and one was killed, Bevel was among those whom the city of Memphis filed a formal complaint against in the District Court. In 1968 Dr. King objected to Bevel and other SCLC organizers' opposition to proceeding with King's planned Poor People's Campaign . Historian Taylor Branch quotes King in At Canaan's Edge: America in

1530-579: The Nashville Sit-In Movement organized by Nash, whom he would later marry, to desegregate the city's lunch counters. After the success of this action, and with the aid of SCLC's Ella Baker , activist students from Nashville and across the South developed the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). While working on SNCC's commitment to desegregate theaters, Bevel successfully directed

1615-666: The Nashville Student Movement and Mississippi movement, Bevel initiated, planned, and directed the strategies for the 1963 Birmingham Children's Crusade , the 1965 Selma to Montgomery march , and the 1966 Chicago Open Housing Movement . Eutaw is home to the Roman Catholic Convent of Our Lady of Consolata, the Consolata Sisters, a small monastery for nuns in West Alabama. They are known throughout Greene County for their humanitarian efforts. Eutaw

1700-564: The Republic of China took over. There are 13 county seats in Taiwan, which function as county-administered cities , urban townships , or rural townships . In most of the United States , a county is an administrative or political subdivision of a state that consists of a geographic area with specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government

1785-786: The 1961 Freedom Rides after they were attacked. He helped with initiating and directing the 1961 and 1962 voting rights movement in Mississippi . In 1967, Bevel was chairman of the Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam . He initiated the 1967 March on the United Nations as part of the anti-war movement. His last major action was as co-initiator of the 1995 Day of Atonement/Million Man March in Washington, D.C. For his work, Bevel has been called

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1870-693: The 1961 Nashville Open Theater Movement. The Open Theater Movement, led by Bevel, had success in Nashville, the only city in the country where SCLC activists had organized such an action. In this same period, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) had organized the 1961 Freedom Rides through the Deep South to challenge southern state laws and practices that interstate buses and their facilities remain segregated despite federal laws for equal treatment. After buses and riders were severely attacked, including

1955-625: The 1980s, Bevel supported Ronald Reagan as president. In 1986, Bevel, Chicago alderman Danny K. Davis , singer-songwriter Kristin Lems , and others participated in an unsuccessful project of creating a summit in Chicago for Gorbachev and Reagan to bring peace and resolution to the ongoing Cold War. In 1989, Bevel and Abernathy organized the National Committee Against Religious Bigotry and Racism. This

2040-455: The Alabama Voting Rights Project. In 1966, Bevel chose Chicago as the site of SCLC's long-awaited Northern Campaign. He worked to create tenant unions and build grassroots action to "end" slums. From previous discussions with King, and from work of American Friends Service Committee activist Bill Moyer , Bevel organized, and directed the Chicago open housing movement . Housing in the area

2125-517: The Eastern Han dynasty , the number of counties increased to above 1,000. About 1400 existed when the Sui dynasty abolished the commandery level (郡 jùn), which was the level just above counties, and demoted some commanderies to counties. In Imperial China, the county was a significant administrative unit because it marked the lowest level of the imperial bureaucratic structure; in other words, it

2210-517: The King Years, 1965–1968 (2006) as saying that " Andrew Young had given in to doubt, Bevel to brains, and Jackson to ambition", and said that the movement had made them and now they were using the movement to promote themselves. "He confronted Bevel, who had been a mentor to Jackson and Young, as 'a genius who flummoxed his own heart'. 'You don't like to work on anything that isn't your own idea,' King said, 'Bevel, I think you owe me one.'" Bevel

2295-484: The Selma Voting Rights Movement, with James Bevel as its director. The Movement began to stage regular marches to the county courthouse, which had limited hours for blacks to register as voters. Some protesters were jailed, but the movement kept the pressure on. On February 16, 1965, Jimmie Lee Jackson , his mother, and grandfather took part in a nighttime march led by C. T. Vivian to protest

2380-947: The United States, followed by Towson , the county seat of Baltimore County, Maryland . Likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey , though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township , an incorporated municipality. In some states, often those that were among the original Thirteen Colonies , county seats include or formerly included "Court House" as part of their name, such as Spotsylvania Courthouse, Virginia . Most counties have only one county seat. However, some counties in Alabama , Arkansas , Georgia , Iowa , Kentucky , Massachusetts , Mississippi , Missouri , New Hampshire , New York , and Vermont have two or more county seats, usually located on opposite sides of

2465-735: The War in Vietnam . Bevel was influential in gaining King's support for the anti-war movement, and with King agreeing to participate as a speaker, Bevel agreed to lead the antiwar effort. He renamed the organization the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, recruited members of many diverse groups, and organized the April 15, 1967 march from Central Park to the United Nations Building in New York City. Originally planned as

2550-468: The age of 18 living with them, 30.8% were married couples living together, 28.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.8% were non-families. 34.2% of households were one person and 15.5% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.10. The age distribution was 25.8% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 19.8% from 25 to 44, 28.4% from 45 to 64, and 16.8% 65 or older. The median age

2635-514: The age of 72, in Springfield, Virginia . Bevel's attorney requested that the Court of Appeals of Virginia abate the conviction on account of Bevel's death. The Court of Appeals remanded the case to the trial court to determine whether there was good cause not to abate the conviction. The trial court found that abating the conviction would deny the victim the closure that she sought and denied

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2720-508: The appeal, the Court affirmed the dismissal of his appeal as moot. In 1961, Bevel married activist Diane Nash after he completed his seminary studies. They worked together on civil rights, and had a daughter and son together. They divorced after seven years. He married two other women in the following decades, and had told the court during his incest case that he had 16 children born of seven women. Actor and rapper Common portrays Bevel in

2805-683: The children and asked them to prepare to take to the highways for a march on Washington, with the goal of questioning the President about his plans to end legal segregation in America. Hearing of this plan, and in response to the city's violent treatment of the students, the Kennedy administration asked SCLC's leaders what they wanted in a comprehensive civil rights bill. Kennedy's staff, who already were drafted one, came to an agreement on its contents with SCLC's leadership. Bevel then called off plans for

2890-662: The children's march. On August 28, 1963, SCLC participated in what became known as the March on Washington , an event organized by labor leader A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin , who had planned an earlier 1941 March . Bevel and Nash did not attend, and instead watched Dr. King's " I Have a Dream " speech on television. Three months after the March on Washington, Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas , Texas, and Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson became president. In September 1963,

2975-483: The city was $ 14,573. About 24.7% of families and 28.9% of the population were below the poverty line , including 39.4% of those under age 18 and 22.5% of those age 65 or over. Eutaw is the home town of the protagonist in the 2004 Old Crow Medicine Show song "Big Time in the Jungle" . The band also released a 2001 album entitled Eutaw . In addition, the town's name is referenced in the song "Don't Ride That Horse," among

3060-431: The city. The population density was 408.3 inhabitants per square mile (157.6/km). There were 1,355 housing units at an average density of 294.6 per square mile (113.7/km). The racial makeup of the city was 80.2% Black or African American, 18.1% White, 0.1% Native American, 0.4% Asian, and 0.6% from two or more races. 1.3% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 1,203 households 25.6% had children under

3145-525: The collected petitions and left the state the following summer. In 1992, Bevel ran on LaRouche's ticket as the vice presidential candidate . At the time, he was living and working in Leesburg, Virginia , near LaRouche's headquarters. LaRouche, characterized as a perennial candidate , was serving a prison sentence for mail fraud and tax evasion . He engaged in LaRouche seminars on issues including "Is

3230-714: The county courthouse. Most blacks did not vote in the fall's election, which helped the Democratic candidate for governor. The use of violence and intimidation of blacks continued across Alabama in the Post-Reconstruction era. Lynchings took place in the state, but none were documented in Greene County during this period, according to a 2015 report by the Equal Justice Initiative . This may be attributable to local officials enforcing

3315-415: The county seat from Erie , which was located on the Black Warrior River . It was incorporated by an act of the state legislature on January 2, 1841. As the county seat, Eutaw also developed as the trading center for the county, which developed an economy based on cultivation and processing of cotton, the chief commodity crop in the antebellum years. The crop was lucrative for major planters, who depended on

3400-418: The county, especially if it is geographically large. A county seat is usually an incorporated municipality . The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia , where the county seat is the entire county. Ellicott City , the county seat of Howard County, Maryland , is the largest unincorporated county seat in

3485-420: The county. Examples include Harrison County, Mississippi , which has both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats, and Hinds County, Mississippi , which has both Raymond and the state capital of Jackson . The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult. There have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of civic pride for

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3570-433: The early 1960s, meeting with violence in Alabama. In late 1963 Bevel, Nash, and Orange also worked with local grassroots organizations to educate blacks and support them in trying to gain registration as voters, but made little progress. They invited King and other SCLC leaders to Selma to develop larger protests and actions, and work alongside Bevel's and Nash's Alabama Project. Together the groups became collectively known as

3655-519: The first march reached the end of the Edmund Pettus Bridge and passed out of the city, they were attacked by county police and Alabama State Troopers. The large group were bludgeoned and tear-gassed in what became known as " Bloody Sunday ". SNCC Chairman John Lewis and Amelia Boynton were both injured. In March 1965 protesters made a symbolic march, inspired by a fiery speech by Bevel at Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church, where much organizing

3740-625: The independent city under an agreement, such as in Albemarle , or may in be enclaves of the county surrounded by the independent city, such as in Fairfax . Others, such as Prince William , have the courthouse in an enclave surrounded by the independent city and have the county government, the Board of Supervisors, in a different part of the county, far from the county seat. The following counties have their county seat in an independent city: Bedford

3825-472: The jails with protesters, but it was becoming more difficult to find adults to march. They were severely penalized for missing work and were trying to support their families. Bevel suggested recruiting students in the campaign. King was initially reluctant, but agreed. Bevel spent weeks developing strategy, recruiting and educating students in the philosophy and techniques of nonviolence. Their meetings occurred at Birmingham's 16th Street Baptist Church , and it

3910-413: The judge sentenced him, based on the jury's recommendation, to 15 years in prison and fined him $ 50,000. After the verdict, Bevel claimed that the charges were part of a conspiracy to destroy his reputation, and said that he might appeal. He received an appeal bond on November 4, 2008, and was released from jail three days later, after a diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Six weeks later he died of cancer, at

3995-622: The labor of enslaved African Americans and built fine homes in the city. Many have been preserved. Eutaw has twenty-seven antebellum structures on the National Register of Historic Places . Twenty-three of these are included in the Antebellum Homes in Eutaw multiple property submission . The Coleman-Banks House , Old Greene County Courthouse , First Presbyterian Church , and Kirkwood are listed individually. Additionally,

4080-578: The leader of the "Citizens Fact-Finding Commission to Investigate Human Rights Violations of Children in Nebraska", a group organized by the Schiller Institute . The commission was associated with conspiracy theorist Lyndon LaRouche , and sought to persuade the state legislature to reopen its two-year investigation into the Franklin child prostitution ring allegations . Bevel never submitted

4165-499: The march. By the time they entered Montgomery 54 miles away, the marchers were thousands strong. Even before the final march occurred, President Lyndon Johnson had gone on national television to address a joint session of Congress , appealing for passage of his administration-backed comprehensive Voting Rights Act . In 1965 SCLC gave its highest honor, the Rosa Parks Award , to James Bevel and Diane Nash for their work on

4250-718: The military. Bevel also read several of Mohandas Gandhi 's books and newspapers while taking off-campus workshops on Gandhi's philosophy and nonviolent techniques taught by James Lawson of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference . Bevel also attended workshops at the Highlander Folk School taught by its founder, Myles Horton , who emphasized grassroots organizing. In 1960, along with James Lawson's and Myles Horton's students Bernard Lafayette , John Lewis , Diane Nash , C.T. Vivian and others, Bevel participated in

4335-579: The mob at gunpoint, and took Jones back to Greene County. Agriculture continues to dominate the county's economy. Now conducted on an industrial scale, it has reduced the need for farm workers. Unemployment is high in the rural county. James Bevel , the main strategist and architect of the Civil Rights Movement , was buried in Ancestors Village Cemetery in Eutaw on December 29, 2008. In addition to his early work in

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4420-535: The motion to abate. The Court of Appeals affirmed this judgment. Bevel's attorney appealed the denial of the abatement motion to the Supreme Court of Virginia . In an opinion issued November 4, 2011, the commonwealth's Supreme Court held that abatement of criminal convictions was not available in Virginia under the circumstances of Bevel's case. Because the executor of Bevel's estate had not sought to prosecute

4505-415: The northwest corner of the city, with access from Exit 40 (Highway 14), 3 miles (5 km) northwest of the center of town. Tuscaloosa is 34 miles (55 km) to the northeast via Interstate 20/59, and Meridian, Mississippi , is 60 miles (97 km) to the southwest. Demopolis is 24 miles (39 km) south via US 43, Greensboro is 21 miles (34 km) to the southeast via Highway 14, and Aliceville

4590-551: The number of counties also grew by time. By the end of Qing era, there were 11 counties in Taiwan. Protestant missionaries in China first romanized the term as hien . When Taiwan became a Japanese colony in 1895, the hierarchy of divisions also incorporated into the Japanese system in the period when Taiwan was under Japanese rule. By September 1945, Taiwan was divided into 8 prefectures ( 州 and 廳 ), which remained after

4675-485: The one count charged and maintained his innocence. During his four-day trial in 2008, the accusing daughter testified that she was repeatedly molested by him, beginning when she was six years old. During the trial, prosecutors presented key evidence: a 2005 police-sting telephone call recorded by the Leesburg police without Bevel's knowledge. During that 90-minute call, Bevel's daughter asked him why he had sex with her

4760-417: The one time in 1993, and she asked him why he wanted her to use a vaginal douche afterward. Bevel said that he had no interest in getting her pregnant. At trial, Bevel denied committing the sexual act and his recorded statement was used against him. On April 10, 2008, after a three-hour deliberation, the jury convicted Bevel of incest. His bond was revoked and he was taken into custody. On October 15, 2008,

4845-439: The other cities of Winnipeg, Joliet, Saskatoon, and Wawa. The 1981 horror film Jaws of Satan takes place in Eutaw. County seat In Canada , the provinces of Ontario , Quebec , New Brunswick , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia have counties as an administrative division of government below the provincial level, and thus county seats. In the provinces of Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia

4930-403: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 778 households 24.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.5% were married couples living together, 21.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.1% were non-families. 33.5% of households were one person and 15.4% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size

5015-523: The records of some 1,800 suits by freedmen against planters, which were about to be prosecuted. On March 31, 1870, the Republican county solicitor, Alexander Boyd , was shot and killed at his hotel when resisting being taken by a masked group of armed Klan members. (An early-20th century historian of the Klan claimed the group was from Mississippi.) That same night, James Martin, a black Republican leader,

5100-506: The related jailing of activist James Orange in Marion, Alabama . The street lights were turned off by Alabama State Troopers who attacked the protesters. In the melee, Jackson was shot in the stomach while defending his mother from an attack. A young man, he died a few days later. Bevel and others were grieved and outraged. He suggested a march from Selma to Montgomery , the capital, to protest Jackson's death and press Governor George Wallace to support voting rights for African Americans. As

5185-403: The rule of law. On May 16, 1892, Sheriff Cullen and Deputy Sheriff E. C. Meredith of Greene County, with aid of a posse, distinguished themselves by going into Pickens County after a lynch mob of about 50 men. The mob had taken African-American suspect Jim Jones from the Greene County jail, saying they were going to hang him in Carrollton for an alleged crime there. Cullen and his posse confronted

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5270-657: The state's area, has no borough government or borough seat. One borough, the Lake and Peninsula Borough , has its borough seat located in another borough, namely King Salmon in Bristol Bay Borough . In Louisiana , which is divided into parishes rather than counties, county seats are referred to as "parish seats". In New England , counties have served mainly as dividing lines for the states' judicial systems. Rhode Island has no county level of government and thus no county seats, and Massachusetts has dissolved many but not all of its county governments. In Vermont , Massachusetts , and Maine county government consists only of

5355-488: The story, and photographs of the force used against schoolchildren generated public outrage against the city and its officials. During what was later called the Birmingham Children's Crusade , President John F. Kennedy asked King to stop using children in the campaign. King asked Bevel to refrain from recruiting students, and Bevel instead said that he would organize the children to march to Washington D.C. to meet with Kennedy about segregation, and King agreed. Bevel went to

5440-472: The strategist and architect of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement and, with Dr. King, half of the first-tier team that formulated many of the strategies and actions to gain federal legislation and social changes during the 1960s civil rights era. In 2005, Bevel was accused of incest by one of his daughters and abuse by three others. He was tried in April 2008, convicted of incest, sentenced to 15 years in prison, and fined $ 50,000. After serving seven months, he

5525-452: The term "shire town" is used in place of county seat. County seats in China are the administrative centers of the counties in the People's Republic of China . Xian have existed since the Warring States period and were set up nationwide by the Qin dynasty . The number of counties in China proper gradually increased from dynasty to dynasty. As Qin Shi Huang reorganized the counties after his unification, there were about 1,000. Under

5610-446: The time, Bevel was living in Leesburg, Virginia , and working with LaRouche's group, whose international headquarters was a few blocks from Bevel's apartment. The accuser was one of his daughters, who was 13–15 years old at the time and lived with him. At a family reunion, three other daughters had also alleged that Bevel sexually abused them. Virginia had no statute of limitations for the offense of incest. Bevel pleaded not guilty to

5695-416: The towns involved, along with providing employment opportunities. There are 33 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states: Alaska is divided into boroughs rather than counties; the county seat in these case is referred to as the "borough seat"; this includes six consolidated city-borough governments (one of which is styled as a "municipality"). The Unorganized Borough, Alaska , which covers 49% of

5780-440: The turn of the 20th century, southern state legislatures had passed new constitutions and laws that effectively disenfranchised most blacks. Practices such as requiring payment of poll taxes and literacy tests administered in a discriminatory way by white officials maintained the exclusion of blacks from the political system in the 1960s. SNCC had been conducting a Voting Rights Project (headed by Prathia Hall and Worth Long) since

5865-484: The use of county seats in particular, will fully transition with the permission of the United States Census Bureau to a system of councils of government for the purposes of boundary definition and as county equivalents. Two counties in South Dakota , Oglala Lakota and Todd , have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county. Their county-level services are provided by Fall River County and Tripp County , respectively. In Virginia ,

5950-723: The waiting rooms in the bus terminal. Eventually, the Freedom Riders reached their goal of New Orleans, Louisiana , generating nationwide coverage of the violence to maintain Jim Crow and white supremacy in the South. While in the Jackson jail, Bevel and Bernard Lafayette initiated the Mississippi Voting Rights Movement. They, Nash, and others stayed in Mississippi to work on grassroots organizing. Activists encountered severe violence at that time and retreated to regroup. Later efforts in Mississippi developed as Freedom Summer in 1964, when extensive voter education and registration efforts took place. Lafayette and his wife, Colia Lidell, also opened an SNCC project in Selma, Alabama , to assist

6035-550: The work of local organizers such as Amelia Boynton . In 1962, Bevel was invited to meet in Atlanta with Martin Luther King Jr , a minister who was head of the SCLC. At that meeting, which had been suggested by James Lawson , Bevel and King agreed to work together on an equal basis, with neither having veto power over the other, on projects under the auspices of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). They agreed to work until they had ended segregation , obtained voting rights, and ensured that all American children had

6120-461: Was 2.95. The age distribution was 22.4% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 22.6% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and 22.5% 65 or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75.9 males. The median household income was $ 23,056 and the median family income was $ 32,946. Males had a median income of $ 30,284 versus $ 18,869 for females. The per capita income for

6205-480: Was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 82.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.5 males. The median household income was $ 29,196 and the median family income was $ 39,722. Males had a median income of $ 43,125 versus $ 28,077 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 14,126. About 27.4% of families and 28.7% of the population were below the poverty line , including 38.7% of those under age 18 and 17.0% of those age 65 or over. At

6290-413: Was an American minister and leader of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement in the United States . As a member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and then as its director of direct action and nonviolent education, Bevel initiated, strategized, and developed SCLC's three major successes of the era: the 1963 Birmingham Children's Crusade , the 1965 Selma voting rights movement , and

6375-399: Was an independent city from 1968 to 2013, while also being the county seat of Bedford County . Bedford reverted to an incorporated town, and remains the county seat, though is now part of the county. The state with the most counties is Texas, with 254, and the state with the fewest counties is Delaware, with 3. James Bevel James Luther Bevel (October 19, 1936 – December 19, 2008)

6460-516: Was assassinated, Bevel made a bizarre claim that James Earl Ray was not the killer and that he had evidence that Ray was innocent . Bevel would not reveal the evidence , and Ray was convicted of the crime. SCLC's remaining board of directors removed Bevel from his leadership positions in 1969. After leaving the SCLC the year prior, Bevel created the Making of the Man Clinic in 1970. In

6545-534: Was done. They were under an injunction by the state, so stayed within the city limits. Organizers appealed to the federal court against an injunction by the state against marching in order to complete their planned march to the capital. Judge Frank Johnson approved a public march. Following the nationwide publicity generated by Jackson's death and the previous attack on peaceful marchers, hundreds of religious, labor and civic leaders, many celebrities, and activists and citizens of many ethnicities traveled to Selma to join

6630-753: Was educated at segregated local schools in both Mississippi and Cleveland. After high school he served in the U.S. Navy for a time and pursued a career as a singer . Feeling an inner call to become a minister, he attended the American Baptist Theological Seminary in Nashville, Tennessee from 1957 to 1961 and became a Baptist preacher. He joined the Southern Christian Leadership Conference . While at seminary, Bevel reread Leo Tolstoy 's 1894 book The Kingdom of God Is Within You , which had previously inspired his decision to leave

6715-629: Was financially backed by the Unification Church of Sun Myung Moon , which appeared to be trying to improve its controversial image by allying with such respected leaders. A year earlier, Bevel had denounced the deprogramming of a Moon follower and called for the protection of religious freedom . He also supported Unification Church members in their protest against news media use of the word " Moonie ", which they considered offensive. Bevel moved to Omaha, Nebraska , in November 1990 as

6800-640: Was freed awaiting an appeal; he died of pancreatic cancer in December 2008 and was buried in Eutaw, Alabama . Bevel was born in 1936 in Itta Bena, Mississippi , the son of Illie and Dennis Bevel. He was one of 17 children and grew up in rural LeFlore County of the Mississippi Delta and in Cleveland , Ohio . He worked on a cotton plantation for a time as a youth and later in a steel mill . He

6885-506: Was from there that Bevel directed the students, 50 at a time, to peacefully walk to Birmingham's City Hall to talk to Mayor Art Hanes about segregation in the city. Almost 1,000 students were arrested on the first day. The following day, when more students arrived at the church and started to walk to city hall, Eugene "Bull" Connor , City Commissioner of Public Safety, ordered that German Shepherd dogs and high-pressure fire hoses be used to stop them. The national and international media covered

6970-607: Was in the parking lot of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis and witnessed King's assassination on April 4, 1968. He reminded SCLC's executive board and staff that evening that King had left "marching orders" that, if anything should happen to him, he intended for Abernathy to take his place as SCLC's chairman. Bevel continued to oppose the Poor People's Campaign, but served as its director of nonviolent education. After King

7055-461: Was killed near his home in Union, Alabama , also in Greene County. In the fall of 1870, in the run-up to the gubernatorial election , two more black Republican politicians were killed in Greene County. On October 25, 1870, whites attacked a Republican rally in the courthouse square that had attracted 2,000 black Republicans. The Eutaw massacre resulted in four black deaths and some 54 wounded outside

7140-419: Was segregated in a de facto way, enforced by covenants and real estate practices. This movement ended within a Summit Conference that included Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley . As the Chicago movement neared its conclusion A. J. Muste , David Dellinger , representatives of North Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh , and others asked Bevel to take over the directorship of the Spring Mobilization Committee to End

7225-583: Was the lowest level that the government reached. Government below the county level was often undertaken through informal non-bureaucratic means, varying between dynasties. The head of a county was the magistrate , who oversaw both the day-to-day operations of the county as well as civil and criminal cases. The current number of counties mostly resembled that of the later years of the Qing dynasty . Changes of location and names of counties in Chinese history have been

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