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54-665: Ang Mo Kio Bus Interchange is located in Ang Mo Kio Town Centre, Singapore . The interchange is within AMK Hub which is in turn linked to Ang Mo Kio MRT station via a pedestrian underpass below Ang Mo Kio Avenue 8. The interchange was opened by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong . The interchange is the third to be fully air-conditioned in Singapore after the Toa Payoh Bus Interchange and

108-540: A $ 13.3 million industrial area along Ang Mo Kio Avenue 5 commenced in June 1979. This industrial area was, according to the Jurong Town Corporation , the first of a new kind of industrial park built beside housing estates. The construction of a polyclinic to serve the new town also commenced in the same year. In 1981, a 1.6 ha (4.0 acres) facility for swimming along Ang Mo Kio Avenue 1 was completed at

162-541: A bus terminal, and to cater to residents of the new town along with the adjacent Mayflower and Serangoon Gardens estates. In April 1978, the Housing and Development Board introduced a new numbering system for blocks and streets, in which the numbers of the blocks and streets correspond to the neighbourhood that they are located in, in Ang Mo Kio, and subsequently for new towns developed thereafter. Construction work on

216-661: A century to several millennia. Hardwood forests of the eastern United States , for example, can develop primary characteristics in one or two generations of trees , or 150–500 years. Today , most of the forests of the United States – especially those in the eastern part of the country – as well as forests of Europe consist of secondary forest. Secondary forests tend to have trees closer spaced than primary forests and contain less undergrowth than primary forests. Usually, secondary forests have only one canopy layer, whereas primary forests have several. Species composition in

270-540: A cost of $ 4.7 million, and in July 1981, the polyclinic in Ang Mo Kio commenced operations. The design of the town won the Singapore Institute of Architects (SIA) Outstanding Buildings Award in 1983. The swimming complex at Avenue 1 also won the 1986 SIA Architectural Award for its unique "tetrahedral skylight" design. The large commercialization of the Ang Mo Kio throughout the mid-1970s and 1980s also saw

324-455: A forest as secondary. Secondary forestation is common in areas where forests have been degraded or destroyed by agriculture or timber harvesting; this includes abandoned pastures or fields that were once forests. Additionally, secondary forestation can be seen in regions where forests have been lost by the slash-and-burn method, a component of some shifting cultivation systems of agriculture. While many definitions of secondary forests limit

378-674: A then-unnamed village along Thomson Road was named Ang Mo Kio Village by the Singapore Rural Board. Initially, Ang Mo Kio was designated as an industrial area housing motor workshops which had to be relocated due to the Urban Renewal Programme, but the plans were then modified to include areas for homes and communal amenities. Plans for the new town were announced by the then- Minister for Law and National Development E.W. Barker in August 1973. The new town

432-633: Is a forest or woodland area which has regenerated through largely natural processes after human-caused disturbances , such as timber harvest or agriculture clearing, or equivalently disruptive natural phenomena. It is distinguished from an old-growth forest (primary or primeval forest), which has not recently undergone such disruption, and complex early seral forest, as well as third-growth forests that result from harvest in second growth forests. Secondary forest regrowing after timber harvest differs from forest regrowing after natural disturbances such as fire , insect infestation, or windthrow because

486-466: Is a member of Ang Mo Kio Town Council and the constituency of the same name. Another constituency had assumed control over part of Ang Mo Kio which was Nee Soon Group Representation Constituency for the Kebun Baru division. In light of the 2020 general election , the Kebun Baru division of Nee Soon GRC will become an SMC of its own and following the election victory, the constituency is now under

540-446: Is also dependent upon local conditions, such as soil fertility , water availability, forest size, existing vegetation and seed sources, edge effect stressors, toxicity (resulting from human operations like mining), and management strategies (in assisted restoration scenarios). Low to moderate disturbances have been shown to be extremely beneficial to increase in biodiversity in secondary forests. These secondary disturbances can clear

594-694: Is an exception as it is a small road in an industrial estate in Ang Mo Kio. The town's avenues are arranged in a grid-like pattern, with the streets filtering traffic from the avenues to the individual blocks. The town itself is served by the Central Expressway , providing a rapid link from the town to the rest of the island via the expressway network. In the town's road numbering system, avenues running from east to west are assigned odd numbers, with numbers increasing from south to north, while north–south avenues are assigned even numbers, increasing from west to east. Street numbers consist of two digits, with

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648-678: Is directly connected to the Ang Mo Kio Bus Interchange, and host a varieties of commercial including the Cathay Cineplex AMK Hub. Ang Mo Kio New Town has a total of seven primary schools, seven secondary schools, three tertiary institutions and two special needs schools as of 2024. The list is as follows: Several preschools can be found in Ang Mo Kio including the Al-Muttaqin Mosque Kindergarten, childcare centres operated by

702-492: Is often a second growth forest which is less biodiverse than the old growth forest. Patterns of regeneration in secondary forests show that species richness can quickly recover to pre-disturbance levels via secondary succession; however, relative abundances and identities of species can take much longer to recover. Artificially restored forests, in particular, are highly unlikely to compare to their old-growth counterparts in species composition. Successful recovery of biodiversity

756-506: Is operated by Go-Ahead Singapore . Bus Service 169 (Sembawang-Yishun Bus Package) is currently operated by Tower Transit Singapore . All remaining bus services are operated by the anchor operator, SBS Transit . Ang Mo Kio Kebun Baru SMC Yio Chu Kang SMC Ang Mo Kio is a planning area and residential town situated in the North-East region of Singapore . Located approximately 11 km (6.8 miles) north of

810-403: Is under Serangoon-Eunos Bus Package, Bus Service 25 is under Bedok Bus Package, Bus Service 169 is under Sembawang-Yishun Bus Package, Bus Service 86 is under Sengkang-Hougang Bus Package, Bus Service 166 is under Clementi Bus Package, Bus Service 73 is under Bishan-Toa Payoh Bus Package and the rest of the bus services are under Seletar Bus Package. Currently, Bus Service 136 (Loyang Bus Package)

864-617: The COVID-19 pandemic . The line runs parallel to the North South line towards Woodlands and the city centre as well as offering direct connections to the eastern parts of Singapore. In addition, the future Teck Ghee station on the Cross Island MRT line will serve the town alongside the existing stations on the North South line and Thomson–East Coast line. The station will be located underneath Ang Mo Kio Avenue 6, between

918-618: The Downtown Core district, Ang Mo Kio is the 3rd most populated planning area in the North-East region and ranks 8th in terms of population in the country overall. The planning area is located at the south-western corner of the North-East region, bordered by the planning areas of Yishun to the north, Sengkang to the north-east, Serangoon to the east, Bishan to the south and the Central Water Catchment to

972-782: The National Trades Union Congress named My First Skool and also kindergartens managed under the PAP Community Foundation . Two special schools may also be found, Chaoyang School (APSN) which caters for children with mild intellectual disability aged 7–12 years old, and Pathlight School with two campuses in Ang Mo Kio with a focus on autism. The jurisdiction of the area has been largely handled by Ang Mo Kio Town Council which oversees Ang Mo Kio Group Representation Constituency since 1991, and also Kebun Baru and Yio Chu Kang SMCs since 2020. The former Prime Minister of Singapore , Lee Hsien Loong ,

1026-665: The Sengkang Bus Interchange , and similarly features automated sliding doors at each of its six berths that will open only when the bus reaches the berths. Plans for the bus interchange were first announced in March 1979, as part of the Singapore Bus Service 's (SBS) efforts to rationalise the Singapore bus system. Constructed by the Housing and Development Board (HDB), the bus park of the interchange

1080-519: The Urban Redevelopment Authority , sits within the North-East region of Singapore, and has a total area of about 1,336 ha (3,300 acres). Yishun bounds Ang Mo Kio to the north, Sengkang to the northeast, Serangoon to the east, Bishan to the south and Central Water Catchment to the west. The main component of the planning area is Ang Mo Kio New Town. The town itself has seven neighbourhoods, with Neighbourhood 1 to

1134-520: The 19th century. Settlers were attracted to the area only around the start of the 20th century, as a result of the rubber boom. In the old maps of Singapore, much of the area was labelled as the Ang Mo Kio Forest Reserve with many plantation estates. In 1934, The Straits Times stated that the mukim of Ang Mo Kio referred to the area between Thomson Road and Yio Chu Kang Road, and consisted of rubber plantations. In August 1938,

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1188-485: The HDB in August 1981, with construction of the park, by then named Ang Mo Kio Town Garden West , commencing in March 1983. Following the norm in the 1970s, most of the flats are organised in 12-storey long blocks or 25-storey point blocks. In recent years, certain parts of the estate have been rebuilt as part of the long process of renewal. As a result, segments of higher blocks clustered together can be seen interleaved with

1242-693: The bridge remains unclear. One theory states that Ang Mo Kio had two bridges of significance: an old wooden bridge ( pang kio in Hokkien) over the Sungei Tongkang river, and a newer concrete bridge on Cheng San Road over a tributary of the Kallang River . Since concrete in Hokkien is 红毛灰 ang mo huay "Western ash", the bridge and consequently the area around it became known as 红毛桥 ang mo kio , short for "concrete bridge". Alternatively,

1296-428: The bus interchange included features such as swing gates and turnstiles to handle commuter traffic, along with safety railings and walls to ensure commuters' safety. In 2001, the government announced plans to redevelop the bus interchange to form part of an integrated development, and to make way for the development, the interchange was moved to a temporary location along Ang Mo Kio Avenue 8 in March 2002. Construction of

1350-799: The canopies to encourage lower canopy growth as well as provide habitats for small organisms such as insects, bacteria and fungi which may feed on the decaying plant material. Additionally, forest restoration techniques such as agroforestry and intentionally planting/seeding native species can be combined with natural regeneration to restore biodiversity more effectively. This has also been shown to improve ecosystem service functionality, as well as rural independence and livelihoods. Some of these techniques are less successful at restoring original plant-soil interactions. In certain cases (as in Amazon tropical ecosystems), agroforestry practices have led to soil microbiomes that favor bacterial communities rather than

1404-462: The canopy of secondary forests is usually markedly different, as well. Secondary forests can also be classified by the way in which the original forest was disturbed; examples of these proposed categories include post-extraction secondary forests, rehabilitated secondary forests, and post-abandonment secondary forests. When forests are harvested, they either regenerate naturally or artificially (by planting and seeding select tree species). The result

1458-755: The carbon stored within the biomass and soil of secondary forests is anticipated to be released into the atmosphere. In other places, forest restoration – namely the development of secondary forests – has been a governmental priority in order to meet national and international targets on biodiversity and carbon emissions. Recommendations from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Convention on Biological Diversity , and REDD+ have led to efforts to reduce and combat deforestation in places like Panama and Indonesia. Natural and human-assisted growth of secondary forests can offset carbon emissions and help countries meet climate targets . In

1512-590: The case of semi-tropical rainforests , where soil nutrient levels are characteristically low, the soil quality may be significantly diminished following the removal of primary forest . In addition to soil nutrient levels, two areas of concern with tropical secondary forest restoration are plant biodiversity and carbon storage; it has been suggested that it takes longer for a tropical secondary forest to recover its biodiversity levels than its carbon pools. In Panama , growth of new forests from abandoned farmland exceeded loss of primary rainforest in 1990. However, due to

1566-468: The cause of degradation to human activities, other definitions include forests that experienced similar degradation under natural phenomena like fires or landslides. Secondary forests re-establish by the process of succession . Openings created in the forest canopy allow sunlight to reach the forest floor. An area that has been cleared will first be colonized by pioneer species , followed by shrubs and bushes. Over time, trees that were characteristic of

1620-471: The country were established in Ang Mo Kio in 1986, as part of a pilot project to better serve residents of HDB new towns. The concept eventually became adopted under the Town Council Act of 1988 which today, remains as the second-level of administration in Singapore. Ang Mo Kio today, much like its neighbouring towns, is largely urbanized. However, parks are still prevalent in the town as part of

1674-535: The country's green initiative. Parks include Ang Mo Kio Town Garden East and Ang Mo Kio Town Garden West . Although not technically located within Ang Mo Kio itself, the Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park in the adjacent town of Bishan was designed to serve residents of both towns. The park itself straddles along the Ang Mo Kio–Bishan boundary, making it easily accessible from Ang Mo Kio. The origin of

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1728-510: The dead trees remain to provide nutrients, structure, and water retention after natural disturbances. Secondary forests are notably different from primary forests in their composition and biodiversity ; however, they may still be helpful in providing habitat for native species, preserving watersheds, and restoring connectivity between ecosystems. The legal definition of what constitutes a secondary forest vary between countries. Some legal systems allows certain degree of subjectivity in assigning

1782-485: The first digit corresponding to the neighbourhood it belongs to and the second running in numerical sequence. Ang Mo Kio Town was the first town to introduce this road numbering system, and it has since been replicated in other towns such as Hougang , Jurong West and Woodlands . The newer towns such as Sengkang and Punggol no longer follow this system. The town is well served by a multi-modal public transport system. Four Mass Rapid Transit stations currently serve

1836-427: The fungal communities seen in old-growth forests or naturally regenerated secondary forests. Deforestation is one of the main causes of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, making it one of the largest contributors to climate change. Though preserving old-growth forests is most effective at maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem functionality, secondary forests may play a role in climate change mitigation . Despite

1890-571: The general public may also be found in the Ang Mo Kio area, with a major community hospital, Ang Mo Kio - Thye Hua Kwan Hospital , that offers rehabilitative care. The parks in the area include Ang Mo Kio Town Garden East , a 5 ha (12 acres) park adjacent to Ang Mo Kio MRT station, along with the 22 ha (54 acres) Ang Mo Kio Town Garden West adjacent to Ang Mo Kio Avenues 5 and 6. Several shopping malls are also found in Ang Mo Kio Central: Among these malls, AMK Hub

1944-469: The integrated development was delayed by a dispute between the developer and the government over the price of the land parcel, only beginning in March 2005. Subsequently, the new bus interchange within the integrated development started operations in April 2007. Under the new bus contracting model , all the bus routes were split into 8 route packages. Bus Service 136 is under Loyang Bus Package, Bus Service 22

1998-454: The interchange's construction, the HDB granted permission to SBS to utilise half of a plot of land beside the interchange and another plot then occupied by a carpark. Work on the replacement bus interchange commenced in January 1981, and operations at the new interchange commenced on 10 April 1983. Covering an area of more than 14,000 square metres (150,000 sq ft) and with 36 berths,

2052-638: The junctions of Ang Mo Kio Street 31 and Ang Mo Kio Avenue 1 and will open in 2030 instead of 2029 due to the COVID-19 pandemic . The Ang Mo Kio Bus Interchange is directly linked to the Ang Mo Kio MRT station via an underground pedestrian walkway, and provides feeder bus services from the MRT stations to each neighbourhood. Yio Chu Kang MRT station is also served by bus services via the Yio Chu Kang Bus Interchange sited beside

2106-591: The jurisdiction of Ang Mo Kio Town Council. Previously, the Cheng San Group Representation Constituency from 1988 to 2001 have handled parts of Ang Mo Kio such as Cheng San, Chong Boon and Jalan Kayu. Chong Boon was transferred to Ang Mo Kio GRC in 1997. Yio Chu Kang Single Member Constituency have handled parts of Ang Mo Kio from 2006 to 2011, and later return into a SMC ahead of the 2020 elections. Secondary forest A secondary forest (or second-growth forest )

2160-461: The name could refer to a bridge reputedly constructed under the supervision of British engineer John Turnbull Thomson at what is today the intersection of Upper Thomson Road and Ang Mo Kio Ave 1. The area of Ang Mo Kio has also been historically referred to as Kou Teu Kio, meaning "nine bridges". In the 1970s, the area's Chinese name was changed to 宏茂桥 , meaning "Bridge of Expansiveness and Prosperity". Ang Mo Kio Planning Area, as defined by

2214-546: The name is contested. Old survey maps relate the area as "Amokiah" or the "Mukim (region) of Ang Mo Kio". The name was formerly written with the characters 红毛 ang moh , literally " red hair ", and one possibility is that the name comes from red-haired tropical fruit rambutan , known as 红毛丹 ang moh dan in Hokkien . However, ang moh can also be used figuratively to mean "Western" or " Caucasian person ". Kio in turn could be written either 桥 "bridge", in which case

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2268-403: The name would mean "Caucasian's bridge", or 茄 " eggplant ", in which case 红毛茄 "Western eggplant" refers to the tomato , which is not native to the region. There are no reports of tomatoes being grown in Ang Mo Kio, so the bridge theory is more likely; nevertheless, there are several commemorative tomato sculptures around Ang Mo Kio. Even assuming kio refers to a bridge, the identity of

2322-430: The older blocks. With Ang Mo Kio becoming a matured estate, several plots of residential land have been cleared up and sold to private developers for redevelopment. Many private residential projects are being constructed on these sites. The town's road system utilize a hierarchy of road sizes by design: the major roads are referred to as "Avenues", and the local-access roads referred to as "Streets". Ang Mo Kio Avenue 12

2376-427: The original forest begin to dominate the forest again. It typically takes a secondary forest 40 to 100 years to begin to resemble the original old-growth forest; however, in some cases a secondary forest will not succeed, due to erosion or soil nutrient loss in certain tropical forests . Depending on the forest, the development of primary characteristics that mark a successful secondary forest may take anywhere from

2430-459: The rise of neighbourhood startup businesses that remain prominent throughout Ang Mo Kio Town Centre today. One in particular eventually became one of Singapore's largest supermarket chains, Sheng Siong . A 6 ha (15 acres) area of land adjacent to Ang Mo Kio Avenues 3 and 8 was converted into a park and opened as Ang Mo Kio's first town garden in 1981. Plans for a 22 ha (54 acres) park along Ang Mo Kio Avenues 5 and 6 were confirmed by

2484-760: The species loss that occurs with primary forest removal, secondary forests can still be beneficial to ecological and anthropogenic communities. They protect the watershed from further erosion and provide habitat; secondary forests may also buffer edge effects around mature forest fragments and increase connectivity between them. Secondary forests may also be a source of wood and other forest products for rural communities. Though not as effective as primary forests, secondary forests store more soil carbon than other land-uses, such as tree plantations. Land-use conversions from secondary forests to rubber plantations in Asia are expected to rise by millions of hectares by 2050; as such,

2538-489: The station. Both bus interchanges offer trunk bus services to connect the town with the rest of the island, including a rapid connection to the city centre in the Central Area , as well as other financial and commercial districts in the central region of Singapore , including Shenton Way , Orchard Road , Marina Centre and Marine Parade . Administrative, legal, medical, religious, and social services catering towards

2592-597: The town, which are on the North–South Line and Thomson–East Coast Line . They are: Lentor MRT station is located along Lentor Drive, near the junction between Ang Mo Kio Avenue 4 and Yio Chu Kang Road within the Tagore subzone. Mayflower MRT station is located along Ang Mo Kio Avenue 4, within the Kebun Baru subzone. The two stations were scheduled to be opened in 2020, but instead opened on 28 August 2021 due to

2646-437: The west, cycling in an anti-clockwise direction to Neighbourhood 6 to the north, and ending with Neighbourhood 7 for the town centre. The town centre is located in the heart of Ang Mo Kio and is sandwiched by two town gardens set on natural hillocks. Ang Mo Kio Planning Area is officially divided into 12 subzones for urban planning and statistical purposes. The present-day Ang Mo Kio area remained largely uninhabited throughout

2700-503: The west. Prior to urbanization, the area, much like other rural districts in Singapore at the time, was largely undeveloped, being mainly used for agricultural purposes, with uninhabited plots of land usually covered in dense secondary forest or swamps . Ang Mo Kio was subsequently redeveloped by the Housing and Development Board (HDB) in 1973 as their seventh satellite town and the first to be built in metric dimensions , being fully completed by 1980. The first three town councils in

2754-420: Was completed in 1979. In January 1980, bus services that previously terminated at a bus terminus along Ang Mo Kio Avenue 6 were amended to the interchange, but passengers were not allowed to board or alight at the interchange. Due to concerns over the interchange's small size making it unsafe for commuters, in August 1980, SBS announced that it would be replacing the interchange with a larger facility. To facilitate

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2808-458: Was intended to facilitate gracious living, with flats with larger floor areas and buildings constructed further apart from one another. In addition, the town was slated to have industrial areas, shopping amenities, schools, and a 110 acres (45 ha) garden. Ang Mo Kio was also planned as the focal point of Singapore's motor repair industry, housing the Registrar of Vehicles' headquarters, and

2862-532: Was planned to have a total of 45,000 flats, and be demarcated by Upper Thomson and Yio Chu Kang Roads, located adjacent to the Serangoon Gardens estate. To make way for the new town, 200 acres (81 ha) of land at Teck Ghee village was cleared, with the residents affected rehoused at the Sin Ming road estate . The HDB referred to the new town as a "new generation" town, and stated that its design

2916-400: Was the first town designed in metric dimensions. The first flats in the new town were completed in 1975, and construction work on the initial section of the 28 ha (69 acres) town centre, and on the new town's area office, was underway by September 1976. The town centre was planned to comprise a pedestrian mall, which encompassed most of the town centre, a hawker centre, an open area and

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