Misplaced Pages

#926073

56-561: In the 11th and early 12th century, in southwestern France, barrel vaults were preferred for church ceilings, as well of architectural basilicas as of the quite numerous hall churches . In the 12th century those barrels could have pointed arch reliefs. Very few, but important churches, Périgueux Cathedral , Angoulême Cathedral and Fontevraud Abbey , were vaulted in another way; not only their crossings but also naves and in two of them transepts and choirs were covered with compound domes , possibly after Byzantine examples. In 1128,

112-404: A finite element algorithm to calculate gravity induced stresses from the self weight of an arched system. In fact, for structural engineers, analysis of the barrel vault has become a benchmark test of a structural engineering computer model "because of the complex membrane and inextensional bending states of stress" involved. In terms of comparison to other vaulting techniques, the barrel vault

168-469: A span of only two metres. In these early instances, the barrel vault was chiefly used for underground structures such as drains and sewers , though several buildings of the great Late Egyptian mortuary palace - temple of Ramesseum were also vaulted in this way. Recent archaeological evidence discovered at the Morgantina site (in the province of Enna ) shows that the aboveground barrel vault

224-516: A barrel and half a dome, resulting in early kinds of net-vaulting . Though Angevine Gothic mainly is a kind of Early Gothic , in the region where it had been established, the mode of eight rib vaults was maintained up to the end of Gothic style, but curving and steepness decreased. A good example is Church of Our Lady FR in Niort , built from 1491 to 1550 in Flamboyant Style . As

280-544: A former principality and free state . The seventeen districts and nine independent cities of Westphalia and the single district of Lippe are members of the Westphalia-Lippe Regional Association ( Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe ). Previous to the formation of Westphalia as a province of Prussia and later state part of North Rhine-Westphalia, the term "Westphalia" was applied to different territories of different sizes such as

336-527: A huge barrel vault spans the 27 m (89 ft)-wide nave. With a barrel vault design the vectors of pressure result in a downward force on the crown while the lower portions of the arches realise a lateral force pushing outwards. As an outcome this form of design is subject to failure unless the sides are anchored or buttressed to very heavy building elements or substantial earthwork sidings. For example, at Muchalls Castle in Scotland , adjacent walls to

392-549: A large amount of territories in the Westphalian region and created the Province of Westphalia in 1815. After in 1816, the former Duchy of Westphalia and the counties of Wittgenstein and in 1851 the condominium of Lippstadt had joined the province, Westphalia had received its modern territorial shape. In 1816, the governmental districts of Arnsberg, Minden and Münster were created. After World War II in 1946,

448-1001: A part of Westphalia as a historic region. The District of Lippe as successor of the Free State of Lippe in the Governmental District of Detmold is rather considered to be a separate historic region. [REDACTED] Governmental District of Arnsberg 3,582,497 inhabitants (as of 31 December 2018 ) 8,010 km (3,094 sq mi) (all districts and independent cities) [REDACTED] Governmental District of Detmold 1,706,919 inhabitants (as of 31 December 2018 ) 5,280 km (2,038 sq mi) (all districts and independent cities except District of Lippe ) [REDACTED] Governmental District of Münster 2,623,619 inhabitants (as of 31 December 2018 ) 6,920 km (2,671 sq mi) (all districts and independent cities) The traditional symbol of Westphalia

504-541: A return to stone barrel vaults was seen for the first great cathedrals; their interiors were fairly dark, due to thick, heavy walls needed to support the vault. One of the largest and most famous churches enclosed from above by a vast barrel vault was the church of Cluny Abbey , built between the 11th and 12th centuries. In 13th and 14th centuries, with the advance of the new Gothic style, barrel vaulting became almost extinct in constructions of great Gothic cathedrals; groin vaults reinforced by stone ribs were mostly used in

560-408: A semi-cylindrical appearance to the total design. The barrel vault is the simplest form of a vault : effectively a series of arches placed side by side (i.e., one after another). It is a form of barrel roof . As with all arch -based constructions, there is an outward thrust generated against the walls underneath a barrel vault. There are several mechanisms for absorbing this thrust. One is to make

616-570: A vault is a tunnel vault found under the Sumerian ziggurat at Nippur in Babylonia , ascribed to about 4000 BC, which was built from fired bricks amalgamated with clay mortar . The earliest tunnel vaults in Egypt are found at Requagnah and Denderah , from around 3500 BC in the predynastic era. These were built with sun-dried brick in three rings over passages descending to tombs with

SECTION 10

#1732791060927

672-646: Is divided into the following landscapes. Flat to hilly (498 m or 1,634 ft and under): East Westphalia , Münsterland , eastern Ruhr Metropolitan Area , Tecklenburg Land , Westphalian Hellweg Hilly to mountainous (up to 843 m or 2,766 ft): Westphalian part of the Sauerland , Siegerland , Wittgenstein Eastern Ruhr Metropolitan Area East Westphalia Münsterland Siegerland Westphalia

728-463: Is inherently a weaker design compared to the more complex groin vault . The barrel vault structure must rest on long walls creating less stable lateral stress, whereas the groin vault design can direct stresses almost purely vertically on the apexes. There are numerous contemporary examples of barrel vault design in Victorian and modern architecture , including: Beyond the classical use of

784-1027: Is known for the 1648 Peace of Westphalia which ended the Thirty Years' War , as the two treaties were signed in Münster and Osnabrück . It is one of the regions that were part of all incarnations of the German state since the Early Middle Ages : the Holy Roman Empire , the Confederation of the Rhine , the German Confederation , the North German Confederation , the German Empire ,

840-770: Is roughly the region in between the rivers Rhine and Weser , located both north and south of the Ruhr River. Other important rivers are the Ems and the Lippe . The Langenberg (843 m or 2,766 ft) and the Kahler Asten (842 m or 2,762 ft) in the Sauerland part of the Rothaar Mountains are Westphalia's and also North Rhine-Westphalia's highest mountains. The term "Westphalia" contrasts with

896-648: Is the Westphalian Steed: a white horse on a red field. It is derived from the Saxon Steed in the coat of arms of the medieval Duchy of Saxony which most of today's Westphalia was part of. In official contexts the coat of arms of Westphalia is being used by the Westphalia-Lippe Regional Association, which represents these two historic parts of North Rhine-Westphalia. The coat of arms of North Rhine-Westphalia uses

952-498: The Cloaca Maxima with a system of underground sewers. Other early barrel vault designs occur in northern Europe , Turkey , Morocco , and other regions. In medieval Europe, the barrel vault was an important element of stone construction in monasteries , castles , tower houses and other structures. This form of design is observed in cellars , crypts , long hallways , cloisters and even great halls . Barrel vaulting

1008-654: The Treaty of Tilsit in 1807 made the easternmost portion of today's Westphalia part of the French client Kingdom of Westphalia until 1813, when the kingdom was dissolved by the Russians. While this state shared its name with the historical region, it only contained a relatively small part of Westphalia, rather consisting of mostly Hessian and Eastphalian regions. Following to the Congress of Vienna , Prussia received

1064-900: The Weimar Republic and National Socialist Germany . After World War II it was a part of the British occupation zone which merged with the American zone to become the Bizone in 1947 and again merged with the French zone to become the Trizone in 1948. The current Federal Republic of Germany was founded on these territories making Westphalia a part of West Germany . It is a part of united Germany since 1990. Around AD 1 there were numerous incursions through Westphalia and perhaps even some permanent Roman or Romanized settlements. The Battle of

1120-599: The Westphalian variant of the Low German language , Central German and Low Franconian dialects are spoken in the Northern Rhineland. These different regional identities are often being emphasized by different majorities of denomination between Roman Catholics and Lutheran Protestants . The different majorities date back to the days of the territorial fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire (of

1176-575: The 17th and 18th centuries, but most of it remained divided by duchies and other areas of feudal power. The Peace of Westphalia of 1648, signed in Münster and Osnabrück, ended the Thirty Years' War . The concept of nation-state sovereignty resulting from the treaty became known as " Westphalian sovereignty ". After the defeat of the Prussian Army by the French at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt ,

SECTION 20

#1732791060927

1232-691: The Angevine vaults east of the Rhine included further developments: Already in Marienfeld, the ribs are of sandstone , but the shells are of brick (like the walls of this nowadays plastered church). Similar is the use of materials in the Church of Our Lady (probably since 1220) in Bremen , the first Gothic four-pillars hall church of northern Germany. In many village churches, the vaults began far below half of

1288-558: The German Nation) which existed until 1806. The Münsterland and the region around Paderborn for instance are still mainly Catholic regions because of the former existence of the prince-bishoprics of Münster and Paderborn . The mainly Reformed Lippe was even able to retain its independence as a small state within Germany in the form of a principality until 1918 and as a free state until 1946. This continues to influence

1344-580: The Romanesque medieval builders had to resort to techniques of small windows, large buttresses, or other forms of interior wall cross-bracing to achieve the desired lighting outcomes. In many of the monasteries, a natural solution was cloisters which could have high barrel-vaulted construction with an open courtyard to allow ample lighting. Since 1996 structural engineers have applied Newtonian mechanics to calculate numeric stress loads for ancient stonework barrel vaults. These analyses have typically used

1400-697: The Saxon Steed. Composed in Iserlohn in 1886 by Emil Rittershaus , the Westfalenlied is an unofficial anthem of Westphalia. While the Northern Rhineland, Westphalia and Lippe are different historic territories of today's North Rhine-Westphalia , the old border between the former Rhine Province and the Province of Westphalia is also a language border. While in Westphalia and Lippe, people tend to speak West Low German dialects and especially

1456-856: The Teutoburg Forest took place near Osnabrück, which at this time was a place of settlement of the Westphalians, who were a part of the Germanic tribe of the Saxons . Some of the tribes who fought at this battle came from the area of Westphalia. Charlemagne is thought to have spent considerable time in Paderborn and nearby parts. His Saxon Wars also partly took place in what is thought of as Westphalia today. Popular legends link his adversary Widukind to places near Detmold, Bielefeld, Lemgo, Osnabrück and other places in Westphalia. Widukind

1512-474: The Westphalia-Lippe Regional Association uses these colours with the Westphalian coat of arms in its centre. The flag of North Rhine-Westphalia is a combination of the Northern Rhineland's colours green/white and the Westphalian white/red. The flag of the Prussian Province of Westphalia already displayed the colours white and red. The flag of Lower Saxony shows the colours of Germany and

1568-726: The Westphalian Steed to represent Westphalia as one of its parts alongside the Lippish Rose representing Lippe and the Rhine River representing the Northern Rhineland. Prussia already used the Westphalian Steed in the coat of arms of its Province of Westphalia . The coat of arms of Lower Saxony uses a different version of the Saxon Steed since the state also covers large parts of the Old Saxons' duchy. The colours of Westphalia are white and red. The flag of

1624-451: The ancient and Classical predecessors, they demonstrate the pervasiveness of the barrel vault as an architectural concept in contemporary times. In the field of bone surgery the technique of a "barrel vault" shaped incision is not only a well-defined state-of-the-art surgical procedure, but the name barrel vault is given to this technique by orthopedic surgeons . The Wohlfahrt study cited documents results of this surgical procedure on

1680-402: The barrel vault in macro-architectural design (e.g. as a major structural roofing element), there are a variety of derivative applications clearly based on the original concept and shape of the barrel vault. These applications arise in the fields of surgery , skylight design, children's toys and microstructure design (such as bus shelters). While none of these applications rival the majesty of

1736-425: The barrel vaulted chambers are up to 4.6 m (15 ft) thick, adding the buttressing strength needed to secure the curved design. The inherent difficulty of adequately lighting barrel vaulted structures has been widely acknowledged. The intrinsic engineering issue is the need to avoid fenestration punctures in stonework barrel vaults. Such openings could compromise the integrity of the entire arch system. Thus

Plantagenet style - Misplaced Pages Continue

1792-727: The beginning, and later on various types of spectacular, ornate and complex medieval vaults were developed. However, with the coming of the Renaissance and the Baroque style, and revived interest in art and architecture of antiquity, barrel vaulting was re-introduced on a truly grandiose scale, and employed in the construction of many famous buildings and churches, such as Basilica di Sant'Andrea di Mantova by Leone Battista Alberti , San Giorgio Maggiore by Andrea Palladio , and perhaps most glorious of all, St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, where

1848-572: The church of the Cistercian Marienfeld Abbey . Both initially outside showed Romanesque design. The type of vaults spread to northern Germany and (at that time not divided from Germany) the northern Netherlands , characterizing the early Gothic of those regions. In the Netherlands they sometimes are called "melon-shaped" or "Westphalian" vaults. The style of the buildings often is considered Romano-Gothic . The adaption of

1904-565: The domes. For hall churches, the application of domical rib vaults instead of barrel vaults provided an aesthetic improvement, this way the halls became as transparent in transversal direction as in longitudinal direction. The most prominent example is Poitiers Cathedral , incepted in 1162. Only few of the older hall churches have groined vaults, though crypts had been constructed as halls of groined cross vaults since long ago. In some single Angevine buildings, ribs were used for barrel vaults and upon chapels and choirs with ceilings consisting of

1960-463: The human tibia in 91 such operations. Westphalia Westphalia ( / w ɛ s t ˈ f eɪ l i ə / ; German : Westfalen [vɛstˈfaːlən] ; Low German : Westfalen [vεs(t)ˈfɔːln] ) is a region of northwestern Germany and one of the three historic parts of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia . It has an area of 20,210 square kilometres (7,800 sq mi) and 7.9 million inhabitants. The territory of

2016-430: The identity of its people who often distinguish themselves from neighbouring regions such as East Westphalia . In addition to these historic, lingual and religious aspects, there are some regional differences in culture and mentality. That is why many of the citizens of North Rhine-Westphalia rather see themselves either as "Rhinelanders", "Westphalians" or "Lippers" rather than as "North Rhine-Westphalians". Westphalia

2072-429: The much less used term " Eastphalia ", which roughly covers the southeastern part of the present-day state of Lower Saxony , western Saxony-Anhalt and northern Thuringia . Westphalia is divided into three governmental districts . These are subdivided into further districts and independent cities . All districts and independent cities of the governmental districts of Arnsberg and Münster are considered to be

2128-678: The other hand the Gothic-vaulted parts not only of Poitiers Cathedral have round arched windows. Since about 1200 vaults after Angevine example were built in Westphalia . The assumed incentive was that Bernard II, Lord of Lippe , as a follower of Henry the Lion , accompanied the duke for about a year in his "English" exile and there saw Poitiers Cathedral being built. The first examples are Große Marienkirche DE in Lippstadt and

2184-560: The outermost vault would still have to be quite strong or reinforced by buttressing . The third and most elegant mechanism to resist the lateral thrust was to create an intersection of two barrel vaults at right angles, thus forming a groin vault . Barrel vaults are known from the Ancient Iran ( Elam ), Indian Indus Valley civilization and Ancient Egypt , and were used extensively in Roman architecture . They were also used to replace

2240-401: The present state of North Rhine-Westphalia was created by the British military government from the former Prussian Province of Westphalia and the northern half of the former Prussian Rhine Province . The old governmental districts of 1816 stayed in place. When in 1947 the former Free State of Lippe with its capital Detmold joined North Rhine-Westphalia, the "Governmental District of Minden"

2296-450: The principle of rib vaults was acquired, as it allowed to build vaults lighter than before. But here rather reliefs derived from dome were preferred. Eventually the stiffening consisted of four ribs, but more often, eight ribs were applied, four parietal ribs in addition to the four diagonal ribs. Angers Cathedral , incepted in 1148, has a footplan similar to the domed buildings of Angoulême, Périgueux and Fontevrauld, but rib vaults instead of

Plantagenet style - Misplaced Pages Continue

2352-462: The region is almost identical with the historic Province of Westphalia , which was a part of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1815 to 1918 and the Free State of Prussia from 1918 to 1946. In 1946, Westphalia merged with North Rhine , another former part of Prussia, to form the newly created state of North Rhine-Westphalia. In 1947, the state with its two historic parts was joined by a third one: Lippe,

2408-575: The roof of the metal working furnace, the discovery was made by Vats in 1940 during excavation at Harappa . Ancient Romans most probably inherited their knowledge of barrel vaulting from Etruscans and the Near East. Persians and Romans were the first to use this building method extensively on large-scale projects and were probably the first to use scaffolding to aid them in construction of vaults spanning over widths greater than anything seen before. However, Roman builders gradually began to prefer

2464-516: The sides of the vaults of Angevine vaults were steeper than those of Île-de-France style, they caused less horizontal forces and therefore required less (outer) buttresses . The connection of rib vaults and peaked arches of doors and windows was less consequent than around Paris. In the façades of Western French churches, the first pointed arches had appeared already in structurally totally Romanesque Buildings like Notre-Dame la Grande in Poitiers, on

2520-433: The top level of the vaults – which is also found in village churches vaulted after the example of the Île-de-France. Barrel vault A barrel vault , also known as a tunnel vault , wagon vault or wagonhead vault , is an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve (or pair of curves, in the case of a pointed barrel vault) along a given distance. The curves are typically circular in shape, lending

2576-424: The use of groin vault ; though more complex to erect, this type of vault did not require heavy, thick walls for support (see below), and thus allowed for more spacious buildings with greater openings and much more light inside, such as thermae . After the fall of the Roman empire , few buildings large enough to require much in the way of vaulting were built for several centuries. In the early Romanesque period,

2632-402: The walls exceedingly thick and strong – this is a primitive and sometimes unacceptable method. A more elegant method is to build two or more vaults parallel to each other; the forces of their outward thrusts will thus negate each other. This method was most often used in construction of churches, where several vaulted naves ran parallel down the length of the building. However, the outer walls of

2688-724: The wedding of the Norman princess, Roman-German-Emperor's widow and heir of the English Throne Matilda with Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou , laid the base of the rule of the House of Anjou-Plantagenet in England and parts of France. Their son Henry marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1152 gained the rule over the southwest of France. But after the Battle of Bouvines in 1214, the Duchy of Anjou north of Loire River

2744-579: The western part of the ancient Duchy of Saxony , the Duchy of Westphalia or the Kingdom of Westphalia . The Westphalian language , a variant of the Low German language , is spoken beyond modern Westphalia's borders in neighbouring southwestern Lower Saxony and northwestern Hesse . Being a part of the North German Plain , most of Westphalia's north is flat. In the south the German Central Uplands emerge. Westphalia

2800-517: Was buried in Enger , which is also a subject of a legend. Along with Eastphalia , Angria and Nordalbingia , Westphalia (Westfalahi) was originally a district of the Duchy of Saxony . At the time, large portions of its territory in the north lay in what today is Lower Saxony . Following the deposition of the Saxon duke Henry the Lion in 1180 and the subsequent belittlement of the duchy, Westphalia

2856-565: Was controlled by the French crown. Under the rule of Louis VII , since 1131 and allone since 1137 King of France, Eleanor's divorced first husband, about 1140 the Gothic architecture was initiated in the surroundings of Paris, the Île-de-France , in those days the French Crown land and some adjacent territories. It is characterized by peaked arches and by cross-ribbed vaults , derived from groined vaults . In Angevine Western France,

SECTION 50

#1732791060927

2912-676: Was elevated to a duchy in its own right by Emperor Barbarossa . The Duchy of Westphalia comprised only a small area south of the Lippe River . Modern Westphalia was a part of the Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire, which comprised territories of Lower Lorraine , Frisia and parts of the former Duchy of Saxony . As a result of the Protestant Reformation , there

2968-470: Was enlarged by this territory and renamed "Governmental District of Detmold". In total, North Rhine-Westphalia is subdivided into five governmental districts ( Regierungsbezirke ) . Westphalia today consists of the old governmental districts of Arnsberg and Münster and of Detmold (including the District of Lippe , which is a separate historical region). Inhabitants of the region call themselves Westphalians and their home region Westphalia even though there

3024-400: Was known and used in Hellenistic Sicily in 3rd century BC, indicating that the technique was also known to ancient Greeks . The vaulted roof of an early Harappan burial chamber has been noted from Rakhigarhi . S.R Rao reports vaulted roof of a small chamber in a house from Lothal . Barrel vaults were also used in the Late Harappan Cemetery H culture dated 1900 BC-1300 BC which formed

3080-481: Was known and utilized by early civilizations, including ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia . However, it apparently was not a very popular or common method of construction within these civilizations. The Persians and the Romans were the first to make significant architectural use of them. The technique probably evolved out of necessity to roof buildings with masonry elements such as bricks or stone blocks in areas where timber and wood were scarce. The earliest known example of

3136-412: Was no dominant religion in Westphalia. Roman Catholicism and Lutheranism were on a relatively equal footing. Lutheranism was strong in the eastern and northern parts with numerous free churches. Münster and especially Paderborn were considered to be Catholic. Osnabrück was divided almost equally between Catholicism and Protestantism. Parts of Westphalia came under Brandenburg-Prussian control during

#926073