54-615: Angurugu is a community located on Groote Eylandt in the Northern Territory , Australia . The main spoken languages are Anindilyakwa , an Australian Aboriginal language , and English . Established as a Mission for the Church Mission Society , it is one of the three main indigenous settlements on the Groote Eylandt archipelago alongside Milyakburra and Umbakumba . According to the 2016 Census,
108-613: A "very substantial financial settlement" with the Commonwealth as compensation for the failure of the 2016 online Census. The census forms were able to be submitted online until 23 September. Once collection was complete, the ABS issued an announcement which confirmed that in spite of the initial online problems, there was a preliminary response rate of more than 96%. This consisted of 4.9 million (over 58%) online submissions and 3.5 million paper forms. The preliminary response rate
162-678: A diplomatic passport are excluded, as per the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations . Those on vessels between Australian ports, or planes between Australian airports are included. All private dwellings are counted. Caravans in caravan parks and manufactured homes in manufactured home estates are counted if they are occupied. Non-private dwellings are included if they are occupied. This includes hotels, hospitals and prisons. Non occupied residences of owners, managers or caretakers are included and unoccupied, self contained residences in retirement villages are included. The 2016 census had
216-415: A few smaller satellite islands, Groote Eylandt forms Anindilyakwa Ward of East Arnhem Region . It contains the communities of Angurugu , Alyangula , Umbakumba , Yadagba District, Uburamudja District and Sandy Hill (Groote Eylandt) and Milyakburra District ( Bickerton Island ). Outside the local government, subdivision is the mining company GEMCO town of Alyangula , an unincorporated territory within
270-698: A number of outstations on the island. The Anindilyakwa Land Council is one of four land councils in the Northern Territory. It is a representative body with statutory authority under the Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 and has responsibilities under the Native Title Act 1993 and the Pastoral Land Act 1992 . Groote Eylandt lies about 50 kilometres (25 nautical miles) offshore from
324-439: A paper census had to order such forms via an automated hotline. Letters were sent to each dwelling with unique code numbers that people would need to either login to the census website, or order a paper form if they preferred. By census night, many households had still not received such a letter. Contrary to previous years where censuses were both delivered and retrieved from households by dedicated census employees, in 2016 most of
378-691: A population of 1,796 in 2011 (Norfolk Island Government Census). Of these 46.8% were male and 53.2% were female. The enumeration of Norfolk Island was an area of special attention for the ABS. Of all residents over two-thirds (66.7% or 15,614,835) were born in Australia. Over a quarter of the population (26.3% or 6,163,667 persons) said they were born overseas, plus 1.6 million did not state any response. The proportion of overseas-born people from Asia has increased from 33% in 2011 to 40%, while Europe has declined from 40% in 2011 to 34% in 2016. However, England (907,572 or 3.9% of Australia's population) remains
432-632: A quarter of the world's total and, as of June 2023 , it has produced more than 147 million tonnes (320 billion pounds) of manganese ore and concentrate. Concerns have been raised by many community members that this mining, and the resulting dust, posed a significant risk to their health and monitoring has been in place since 2017; South32 does not dispute these readings or provide its own monitoring data. The World Health Organization advised that breathing even low levels of manganese can damage brain functions relating to dexterity and also damage respiratory and reproductive systems. To investigate
486-550: A response rate of 95.1% and a net undercount of 1.0%, with 63% of people completing the Census online. In the period leading up to census date the Australian Government decided that the retention period for names and addresses would be increased to up to four years, from 18 months in the 2006 and 2011 censuses, leading to concerns about privacy and data security. As such, some Australian Senate crossbenchers (from
540-502: A third data release was from 17 October 2017. For the first time, the ABS significantly favoured internet submission of census forms over the traditional paper forms, claiming it expected more than 65% of Australians would complete the census online. Reflecting this new preference, the tagline of the ad campaign for the census was the rhyming slogan "Get online on August 9". Across many regions, paper forms were no longer delivered by default to homes, and households that wished to complete
594-405: Is part of a strategy to make the residents of Groote Eylandt economically independent and Anindilyakwa Land Council chair, Tony Wurramarrba, says of it: Nobody would have thought it possible for Traditional Owners to mine their own land in an environmentally, well-managed way. But that’s what we’re going to do. It will create the wealth for us to be able to stand on our own feet. On 20 May 2008,
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#1732801111651648-430: Is part of the federal electorate of Lingiari , for which the current member is Marion Scrymgour , who replaced the inaugural member Warren Snowdon at the 2022 Australian federal election . The island is within the Northern Territory electoral division of Arnhem . The current member for Arnhem is Labor Party member Selena Uibo , whose mother is a Nunggubuyu and Anindilyakwa woman. With Bickerton Island and
702-573: Is the largest island in the Gulf of Carpentaria and the fourth largest island in Australia. It was named by the explorer Abel Tasman in 1644 and is Dutch for "Large Island" in archaic spelling. The modern Dutch spelling is Groot Eiland . The original inhabitants of Groote Eylandt are the Anindilyakwa , an Aboriginal Australian people, who speak the Anindilyakwa language (also known as Amamalya Ayakwa). They consist of 14 clan groups which make up
756-474: The Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 , Groote Eylandt was converted to Aboriginal freehold title land. In 1979, control of the island was transferred to the local Aboriginal Town Council. The majority of Australia's manganese reserves are located on the western side of Groote Eylandt and the deposits there comprise oolitic and pisolitic sedimentary manganese and sit within
810-568: The Anindilyakwa people , have 14 clan groups, which make up the two moieties on Groote Eylandt. The Anindilyakwa people have inhabited the island for thousands of years. The clans maintain their traditions and have strong ties with the people in the community of Numbulwar and on Bickerton Island . In 1856, the Jurambunga tribe, a local aboriginal conglomerate would regularly pass the island. There had been regular contact between local Aboriginal people and Macassan traders who would visit
864-587: The Australian Antarctic Territory . Visitors to Australia are included, regardless of how long they are staying for, however those who have been in the country less than a year answer fewer questions on the census. People who enter Australia but do not go through migration formalities are excluded. This includes those on ships in Australian waters that remain on the ship at port. Foreign diplomats and their families or those who travel on
918-464: The Commonwealth of Australia was counted as 23,401,892 – an increase of 8.8 per cent or 1,894,175 people over the 2011 census . Norfolk Island joined the census for the first time in 2016, adding 1,748 to the population. The ABS annual report revealed that $ 24 million in additional expenses accrued due to the outage on the census website. Results from the 2016 census were available to
972-705: The Cretaceous Carpentaria Basin . Special mining leases were granted to the Groote Eylandt Mining Company (GEMCO) and it has been in operation since 25 July 1964 near the community of Angurugu and, as a part of its establishment, the town of Alyangula was built as a residence for mine workers in the late 1960s. GEMCO it is a wholly-owned subsidiary of BHP but has become a part of South32 since 18 May 2015. The mine produces more than 3.8 million tonnes (8.4 billion pounds) annually – about
1026-579: The Greens , Nick Xenophon Team and Jacqui Lambie Network ) said they would not complete those specific sections of the census, despite the fines associated with incorrect completion of the census. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics the first release of census data became available to the public on the ABS website on 11 April 2017, two months earlier than for any previous census. The second release of data occurred on 27 June 2017 and
1080-768: The Groote Eylandt Aboriginal Trust Fund on 28 August 1969, where the mining company would pay the royalty money. The population of Angurugu increased to 525 by 1971. Groote Eylandt became Aboriginal Freehold Land in 1976. In 2008, Angurugu became part of the East Arnhem Shire , and the Council took over local government. In 2015, a riot broke out between two rival clans in Angurugu, involving spears and machetes. Two people were speared and later died. Six people were later tried for
1134-513: The Northern Territory mainland (i.e. the east coast of Arnhem Land ), about 630 kilometres (390 mi) from Darwin , opposite Blue Mud Bay . The island measures about 50 kilometres (31 mi) from east to west and 60 kilometres (37 mi) from north to south; its area is 2,326.1 km (898.1 sq mi). It is generally quite low-lying, with an average height above sea level of 15 metres (49 ft), although Central Hill reaches an elevation of 219 metres (719 ft). Groote Eylandt
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#17328011116511188-513: The 2016 Census data can be used with confidence. The Census form had 51 questions relating to the characteristics of individuals, plus an extra nine questions relating to households. Of the sixty questions, the following two questions were optional: The population counts for Australian states and territories were that New South Wales remains the most populous state, with 7,480,228 people counted, ahead of Victoria (5,926,624) and Queensland (4,703,193). Australian Capital Territory (ACT) experienced
1242-561: The Groote Eylandt families with MJD shared a haplogroup with some families from Taiwanese, Indian, and Japanese families. The first European settlement on the island was a Christian mission established by the Church Missionary Society at Emerald River in 1921. In 1943, after a cyclone swept through the mission, CMS decided to move the settlement south of the Angurugu River. The local Anindilyakwa people called
1296-660: The Indigenous residents about the gruelling work, the state of the dormitories, the punishments meted out for infractions and the poor quality of clothing and bedding. Complaints were raised regarding the alarming cases of leprosy. A report by the Chief Medical Officer in 1934 stated that half of the adult population on the Mission had or previously had leprosy. It ceased to be a 'half-caste' mission in 1934. The CMS decided to turn their missionary activities towards
1350-629: The Malay word ombak-ombak , which means ‘lapping of waves’. He used the settlement as a base for trepanging and employed many of the Aboriginal locals during the 20s and 30s. During World War II , in 1943, the mission moved to Angurugu , as the RAAF required the use of the mission's airstrip: the ruins of the RAAF base are still evident today. Qantas used the island as a flying boat base. Following
1404-539: The Mission was 278. By 1956, the total number had grown to 400. In 1803, Matthew Flinders had recorded the presence of minerals on the island. Geological mapping in 1960 indicated the occurrence of manganese deposits on Groote Eylandt. The Broken Hill Proprietary Company (BHP) obtained prospecting rights in 1963 and commenced and mining operations. The 200 square miles that the CMS had leased contained 14 main deposits. The CMS took out an authority to prospect and mine on
1458-787: The Northern Region of Northern Territory. The whole of Groote Eylandt and its surrounding waters lie within the Anindilyakwa Indigenous Protected Area . BirdLife International has classified an unnamed islet off the north-eastern coast as an important bird area because of its global importance as a roseate tern breeding site. Groote Eylandt has a variety of habitats: dense stands on monsoon forests rising behind coastal sand dunes , alternating with mangrove and mudflats . Sandstone outcrops and laterite provide excellent niches for shellfish. The island hosts 27 species of native mammal, making it
1512-651: The area searching for trepang from around the early to mid-1700s. They introduced culinary delights such as tamarinds, chilli and beer. The trade continued until the Australian Government introduced the White Australia Policy in 1906. There is still evidence of the Macassans, such as the wild tamarind trees , which the traders introduced to the area. Some Groote Eylandt settlements, such as Umbakumba, can trace their names back to Macassan origin. The first recorded European sighting of Groote Eylandt
1566-565: The chosen location "Mungwardinamanja". However, as it was difficult for the European missionaries to pronounce, the local Anindilyakwa men guiding them chose the name of the Angurugu River mouth "Angurrkwa", which was later Anglicised to Angurugu. Mr Fred H. Gray, a pearl and trepang trader, established the Umbakumba Native Settlement on an old Macassan trading post in 1938. The place-name itself Umbakumba comes from
1620-454: The closure. The census website was restored at 2:30 pm on 11 August. On the same day Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull stated his unhappiness over the event, which had "been a failure of the ABS", with his expectation that "heads will roll" once a review was complete. Leader of the opposition Bill Shorten said that the 2016 census had been the "worst-run ... in the history of Australia". The ABS blamed service provider IBM for
1674-638: The community had a population of 855, a decrease from 882 in 2006. Reverend Hubert Ernest de Mey Warren of the Church Mission Society (CMS), the Superintendent of the Roper River Mission , was keen to expand his operations northwards to Groote Eylandt . From 1916, he led several expeditions to the island with the purpose of establishing a new settlement to relocate the Indigenous children of mixed-race descent . The Roper Mission on
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1728-465: The ecosystem; this includes specific studies looking at the impact of northern quolls (Dasyurus hallucatus) living in the area. Mining rights are renewed every 21 years, with operations expected to continue until at least 2027. In March 2024 a carrier of the manganese ore, MV Anikitos, caused significant damage to the mines port during Cyclone Megan ; this did not lead to a fuel leak but did, temporarily, halt production. In 2019 Wichelsea Mining
1782-467: The external territories of Christmas Island , Cocos (Keeling) Islands , and Norfolk Island . It does not include the other external territories of Australia. People who leave Australia but do not go through migration formalities are included, counted as part of an "Off-Shore Statistical Areas Level 1" in Tasmania. This includes those on oil and gas rigs near Australia and those at the Australian bases of
1836-478: The failure in the online census, saying that IBM had advised on the preparedness and resilience to DDoS attacks and had not offered any further protections that could be employed. On 31 August, Parliament initiated an inquiry into the 2016 census. It released its findings on 24 November and found that no individual party was responsible but it was shared between the government, IBM, and the sub-contractors. Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull has confirmed that IBM made
1890-529: The federal government signed a deal with local Aboriginal people from Groote Eylandt to lease land to the government for 40 years. In return, the government will spend money in the community to improve housing, education, and health in the area. 2016 Australian census The 2016 Australian census was the 17th national population census held in Australia . The census was officially conducted with effect on Tuesday, 9 August 2016. The total population of
1944-454: The five years to 2016, according to census data. The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) said 116,000 people were homeless on census night in 2016, representing 50 homeless people per 10,000. The majority of homeless people in Australia were male. In addition, Indigenous Australians and recent migrants were over-represented among the homeless. The 2016 census was the first to offer an option other than "male" or "female", however, this option
1998-487: The land and negotiated a treaty with BHP for mining rights with royalties at the rate of $ 10,000 per annum for any production up to 100,000 tons, and a rate of 1¼% of the value of manganese ore shipped per annum more than 100,000 tons. In 1964, the Groote Eylandt Mining Company was established and given a lease over the island for royalty payments to the Church Missionary Society. The CMS established
2052-589: The largest population growth of any state or territory over the past five years, with an increase of 11.2% while Tasmania had the smallest growth at 3.0% since the last census in 2011. Persons count based on place of usual residence on Census night. The inclusion of Norfolk Island in Other Territories was new for 2016, following an amendment to the Acts Interpretation Act, 1901. In the 2016 Census, there were 1,748 people, compared with
2106-469: The local Warnindhilyagwa people . In 1940, a cyclone destroyed many of the older buildings at the Mission, including the boys' dormitory and severely damaged the new girls' quarters. CMS decided to move the Mission to the new site along Angurugu River. The Church Mission Society established the Angurugu Mission in 1943 on the southern bank of the Angurugu River. By 1947, the population of
2160-551: The mainland had become unviable and overcrowded. Granting the CMS request, the Secretary of the Department of Home and Territories declared the whole of Groote Eylandt an Aboriginal Reserve in 1921 and gave the CMS a 21-year lease on a large portion of the island. The government granted them 200 square miles (51,800 hectares) of land on the western side of the island for the construction of a Mission. The Groote Eylandt Mission
2214-633: The most common country of birth, followed by New Zealand (518,466 or 2.2%). It was question 12 on the 2016 Census Household Paper Form. Proportion of overseas-born population. The highest reported ancestries in Australia and for the external territory of Norfolk Island as a percentage of population. Results of the ABS Census of Population and Housing, 2016 are as follows. There were 649,171 Indigenous Australians , who made up 2.8% of Australia's population. The number of homeless people in Australia jumped by more than 14,000 – or 14 per cent – in
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2268-470: The paperwork relating to the census was delivered from and to the ABS by Australia Post . The 2016 census was met by a significant controversy, which meant that many Australians could not complete the census online on the designated census day. The ABS census website shut down at about 7:30 pm AEST on the night the census was to be completed. According to the ABS, throughout 9 August the census website received four denial-of-service attacks . At 7:30 pm, when
2322-590: The people in the community of Numbulwar and on Bickerton Island . As of 2020, the East Arnhem Regional Council is the local government for Angurugu, which is in the council's Anindilyakwa Ward. The Anindilyakwa Land Council is the land council to the community, responsible for matters under the Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 . Groote Eylandt Groote Eylandt ( Anindilyakwa : Ayangkidarrba ; meaning "island" / ˈ ɡ r uː t ˌ aɪ l ə n d / )
2376-544: The population of Angurugu and its surrounds in 2016 was approximately 855. The median age of people in Angurugu is 25 years. The most common ancestries in Angurugu were Australian Aboriginal 83.1%, Australian 3.1%, English 0.8%, Scottish 0.6% and Irish 0.3%. The traditional owners of Groote Eylandt, the Warnindhilyagwa people , have 14 clan groups, which make up the two moieties on Groote Eylandt. The clans maintain their traditions and have strong ties with
2430-466: The possible impacts on humans studies are being undertaken at the University of Queensland . Sylvia Tkac, an Anindilyakwa woman, who used to work at the mine said of it: We are worried about the future of our children, so we'd like them to do more testing and we'd like to know what positive programs they can put in place to stop this dust. Studies have also taken place looking at the impacts on
2484-595: The public on 11 April 2017, from the Australian Bureau of Statistics website, two months earlier than for any previous census. The second release of data occurred on 27 June 2017 and a third data release was from 17 October 2017. Australia's next census took place in 2021 . The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) states the aim of the 2016 Australian census is "to count every person who spent Census night, 9 August 2016, in Australia." The census covers every Australian state and mainland territory, as well as
2538-450: The site was being heavily used, a software failure meant that the ABS was unable to keep blocking the denial-of-service attacks, leading to the failure of a router. As a result, the ABS decided to close down the system as a precaution. The 15th Chief Statistician , David Kalisch stated that no census data were compromised. The Australian Signals Directorate assisted the ABS to bring the infrastructure back online more than 24 hours after
2592-585: The third most mammal diverse Australian island after Melville Island and Tasmania . Until recently, the island had been open to the public only with permission, and the local Aboriginal Land Council did not encourage tourism. There is now a resort-style hotel on the island, and visitors are welcome. The island is becoming renowned for its fine Aboriginal rock art sites, arts and crafts and outstanding sport-fishing, including sailfish , marlin , tuna , Spanish mackerel , giant trevally , queenfish , and coral trout . The traditional owners of Groote Eylandt,
2646-478: The two moieties on the island. The clans maintain their traditions and have strong ties with the people in the community of Numbulwar and on Bickerton Island . The island's population was 2,811 in the 2016 census. There are four communities on Groote Eylandt. The mining company GEMCO established the township of Alyangula for its workers. The three main Aboriginal communities are Angurugu and Umbakumba , and Milyakburra on Bickerton Island . There are also
2700-421: The violence, including one charged for murder. The local Anindilyakwa people called the location chosen for the Mission along the Angurugu River "Mungwardinamanja". However, as it was difficult for the European missionaries to pronounce, the local Anindilyakwa men guiding them chose the name of the Angurugu River mouth "Angurrkwa", which was later Anglicised to Angurugu. According to the 2016 Australian Census ,
2754-589: Was established in 1921 along Emerald River, 13km south of Angurugu; this is sometimes known as the Emerald River Mission. However, it soon became apparent that the location was unsuitable for its inhabitants. The settlement had to be rebuilt numerous times due to flooding and cyclones. In 1924, the Roper River Mission transferred 35 children to the Groote Eylandt. That number had dropped substantially by 1933. There were complaints from
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#17328011116512808-583: Was granted an exploration license covering part of Winchelsea Island (Akwamburrkba), which is off the northwestern coast of Groote Eylandt. This company is a joint venture between the Anindilyakwa Advancement Aboriginal Corporation (AAAC) and AUS China International Mining and, in December 2020, they applied for a stage open cut mine plan and in 2024 they completed works on accommodation at the site. This mine
2862-526: Was in 1623, by the Dutch ship Arnhem , under Willem van Coolsteerdt. However, the relative prevalence of the hereditary Machado-Joseph Disease (MJD) in the Groote Eylandt community (a condition otherwise mainly found in the Azores ) was previously suggested as evidence of early contact with Portuguese sailors. (Contact with Chinese traders has also been suggested as a cause. ) Recent genetic studies showed that
2916-536: Was similar to the previous two census response rates of 95.8% in 2006 and 96.5% in 2011. An independent panel established by the Australian Statistician to quality assure the data from the 2016 census found it was fit for purpose, comparable to previous Australian and international censuses and can be used with confidence. The Independent Assurance Panel I established to provide extra assurance and transparency of Census data quality concluded that
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