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30-614: At its widest point, Aachen Forest is about 8.2 kilometres wide, and its greatest north-south extent is about 2.5 kilometres. It lies in the transition zone between the Lower Rhine Plain and the Rhenish Massif , at an average height of 220 metres above sea level. The Brandenberg is its highest peak at 355.4 metres, closely followed by the Klausberg at 354.7 metres. Its southern and south-western part runs seamlessly into

60-707: A district of Solingen) and then from 1386 to 1822 Düsseldorf , which the dukes became a representative residence - and expanded the capital of the Duchy. The Bergisch lion  [ de ] in Düsseldorf's coat of arms still points to the historical affiliation of Düsseldorf to the Bergisches Land. The northern parts of the Bergisches Land included the cities of Mülheim an der Ruhr , parts of Duisburg , Essen and Oberhausen ( Alstaden  [ de ; nl ] and Dümpten  [ de ; pl ] ), and

90-512: Is a low mountain range in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany , east of the Rhine and south of the Ruhr . The landscape is shaped by forests, meadows, rivers and creeks and contains over twenty artificial lakes. Wuppertal is the biggest town, while the southern part has economic and socio-cultural ties to Cologne . Wuppertal and the neighbouring cities of Remscheid and Solingen form

120-740: Is bordered in the south by the Lower Rhine Bay and Cologne Lowland , in the southeast by the Bergisches Land , to the east and northeast by the Westphalian Basin and in the west by the Netherlands . The Lower Rhine Plain is an extensively terraced landscape. The otherwise level terraces are interrupted by various features like the V-shaped valleys, flood plains, old river courses or the terminal moraine ridges of

150-694: Is evidence of the remaining sections of the cusp line in Kopfchen , as well remnants of World War Two bunkers at Gut Entenpfuhl and Nellessenpark . From 1945 to 1953 the forest was part of the Aachener Kaffeefront , when the high price of coffee encouraged smuggling between Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Fern lined smuggler paths can still be seen and hint at the risks that smugglers took. In total, more than 50 people, including customs officers and smugglers, died in these actions in

180-578: Is one of the largest forest areas and largely uninhabited. Another large forest area is the Heckenberg Forrest  [ de ] between Engelskirchen , Drabenderhöhe  [ de ; ro ] and Overath - Federath  [ de ] . Today, the Bergisches Land corresponds to the "Bergisches Land low mountain range region". In the formerly Bergisch Rhine and Ruhr cities (Düsseldorf, southern districts of Oberhausen, Duisburg-South  [ de ; it ] and Mülheim an der Ruhr),

210-526: Is very little structured. Here, with a few heath relics, such as the Wahn Heath  [ de ] , Hilden Heath  [ de ; ru ] and Ohligs Heath  [ de ] , the spacious forest area Königsforst  [ ceb ; de ] and individual quarry lakes , such as Lake Unterbach or the Elbsee  [ de ; zh ] , valuable nature reserves and recreation areas for

240-741: The Belgian State Forest, and its western part, in the region of Vaalserberg hills, into the Dutch State Forest. The ridge runs from west to east, forming a watershed, the streams rising south of this line flow mostly into the Göhl and then the Meuse . Those that rise to the north eventually all flow into the Wurm . The Aachen streams of the municipal forest, especially the Wurm, but also

270-507: The Lower Rhine Heights . The height of the terrain is under 100m above NN almost everywhere. The Lower Rhine Plain is the northern half of the geological structure known as the Lower Rhine Bay ( Niederrheinische Bucht ). Its geology was probably a result of deposition in the last 30 million years, which has given rise to sediments and layers of sedimentary rock in this plain up to 1,300 m thick. Annual precipitation in

300-594: The Pau , Johannisbach , Beverbach and Kannegießerbach, were of great importance to Aachen's textile industry. With the takeover of Burtschied's municipal forest in 1897, Aachen acquired the forest cemetery ( Waldfriedhof ) with its Bismarck Tower , and with the addition of Forst's woodlands in 1906, it gained the Lintert cemetery and, in 1980, the private forest of the Schönforst Estate which had been bought in

330-467: The 1860s from Baron Carl von Nellessen. In 1925 the city finally acquired the Von Halfern Park from Landrat Carl von Halfern , which merges into the northern edge of the municipal forest. In addition, in the 20th century, two housing estates belonging to the city of Aachen were built within the forest; a small one in the area of Pommerotter Weg and another, the quarter of Preuswald, along

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360-537: The Aachen Forest, and more than 60 were seriously injured. 50°43′59″N 6°4′23″E  /  50.73306°N 6.07306°E  / 50.73306; 6.07306 Lower Rhine Plain The Lower Rhine Plain (German: Niederrheinisches Tiefland ) is one of the natural regions of Germany and lies on either side of the Rhine north of the city of Düsseldorf . The Lower Rhine Plain

390-711: The Bergisches Städtedreieck ( Berg City Triangle ). The Bergisches Land emerged from the historic Duchy of Berg . The region also owes its name to the former sovereigns, the Counts (and later Dukes) of the House of Berg  [ bg ; de ; ru ; uk ] . The adjectival Latin term terre Montensis, i.e. of the Bergisches Land, was first recorded in writing in a Bergisch office constitution in 1363  [ de ] , although terra de Monte or Land von Berg appeared in earlier documents. Important places in

420-504: The Mettmann district belongs to the Bergisches Land cultural region. The capital of the Bergisches Land is usually no longer seen as the historic capital Düsseldorf , but rather as the city Wuppertal , which was created in 1929 and forms the economic, cultural and industrial center of the eastern Bergisches Land. However, the south of the region has now developed a stronger connection to Cologne . Even in those districts of Cologne on

450-809: The Netherlands. It was powered by the Aachen side, and ran from Vaals , along the German-Dutch border up to the Vierländereck , and from there to the mouth of the Schelde . Several civilians and soldiers were killed in this section. Twenty years after the First World War , the Aachen Forest was included in the framework of the Aachen-Saar program for the construction of the Westwall . There

480-418: The area is between 700 and 750mm and the average annual temperature is between 9.5 and 10.5 °C. The area benefits from a 'North Atlantic' climate with mild winters and a long growing season . 51°32′10″N 6°21′37″E  /  51.53611°N 6.36028°E  / 51.53611; 6.36028 Bergisches Land The Bergisches Land ( German: [ˈbɛʁɡɪʃəs ˈlant] , Berg Country )

510-474: The areas on the western border also included the area on the right bank of the Rhine, Cologne near Mülheim . Smaller areas on the left bank of the Rhine belonging to the duchy were also Wesseling , Rodenkirchen , Orr  [ de ; ksh ; nl ] and Langel  [ de ] The former lordships of Gimborn  [ de ] and Homburg  [ de ] in today's Oberberg district , on

540-482: The areas that transition into the Sauerland, the Bergisches Land is referred to as peneplain due to the advanced erosion of the mountains. Westwards from the low mountain range, across various Bergische Heideterrasses  [ de ] , a plain without significant elevations, which is highly sprawled by the urban agglomerations of Cologne and Düsseldorf and - compared to the low mountain range landscape -

570-496: The duchy were Gerresheim , Elberfeld , Solingen , Lennep , Radevormwald , Wipperfürth , Bensberg , Siegburg and Blankenberg  [ de ; nl ] , most of which received city rights from the 13th century. The seat of the counts and dukes was initially Berge Castle  [ de ] in Altenberg near Odenthal , after the construction of Burg Castle the town of Burg an der Wupper  [ de ] (today

600-450: The eastern watersheds of Wupper and Agger , while the (western) Sauerland is mainly drained by the Ruhr and its tributaries. The largest part of the Bergisches Land is characterized by a varied low mountain range landscape with forests, meadows and hills as well as narrow notch valley  [ de ; fr ; ja ; nl ; pt ] s also called Siepen with small streams. Except for

630-401: The inhabitants of the surrounding cities. The Nature Park Bergisches Land  [ de ] also defines the area as a recreational area. Although the proportion of forest is quite large, there are only a few larger contiguous forest areas. Forested mountain ranges in long waves and meadow valleys characterize the landscape. To the east, the proportion of forest landscape increases due to

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660-475: The north-eastern part of the Rhenish Massif on the right bank of the Rhine. Natural orographic borders form the Ruhr in the north, the Rhine in the west and the Sieg in the south. To the east it merges into the Sauerland without a recognizable scenic border. Political and cultural differences alone determine the course of the border between the two historical landscapes, which, however, roughly corresponds to

690-569: The other hand, were only added to the Grand Duchy of Berg during Napoleon 's time. This originally non-Bergisch area includes Marienheide , Wiehl , Nümbrecht , the town of Bergneustadt and today's district seat of the Oberbergischer district: Gummersbach . The natural region Bergisches Land lies almost entirely in the main unit group Süder Uplands , which also includes almost the entire Sauerland . The Süder Uplands represent

720-492: The population today, a sense of belonging to the region Bergisches Land is notable in the hilly northern part, but not so much anymore in the areas near the Cologne Lowland , the Ruhr area or the city of Düsseldorf . The region became famous during the period of its early industrialisation in the 19th century. At that time Wupper Valley was a historical Silicon Valley . Its twin cities Barmen and Elberfeld were

750-471: The population's historical affiliation with the Bergisch region is hardly still present. In these places, people mostly see themselves as Rhinelanders or belonging to the Ruhr area . Above the Rhine plain, however, people take their affiliation to the Bergisches Land for granted. In the news of WDR , only the eastern areas are referred to as "Bergisches Land", whereas the western ones are counted as part of

780-605: The prevailing regional awareness is part of the Bergisches Land region. The long-established population in particular has a very strong sense of belonging to the Bergisches Land. Bergisches Land used to be territory of the County of Berg, which later became the Duchy of Berg , who gave the region its name. The Duchy was dissolved in 1815 and in 1822 the region became part of the Prussian Rhine Province . Amongst

810-694: The right bank of the Rhine that are historically and geographically part of the Bergisches Land, it can be seen that there is hardly any sense of belonging to the Bergisches Land, and that the inhabitants of these districts almost exclusively see themselves as Rhinelanders. An exception is the Rath/Heumar district of Cologne, which arose in the course of the Regional Reform in North Rhine-Westphalia  [ de ] and borders on Bergisch Gladbach and Rösrath , which according to

840-532: The southern part of Lütticher Straße . The Aachen Forest is dominated by a telecommunications tower owned by Deutsche Telekom , built in 1984 and which is called the Mulleklenkes in the Aachen dialect. In the forest can be found remnants of the high voltage fence, which was built at the beginning of the First World War, as a means of preventing Belgians from escaping military service by fleeing to

870-468: The unclearly circumscribed " Rhineland ". The Mettmann district is also included in the cultural region Bergisches Land. The Bergisches Land cultural region includes the cities of Wuppertal , Remscheid, Solingen and the districts of Mettmann, Oberberg and Rhein-Berg. In addition to the cities of Wuppertal, Remscheid and Solingen, as well as the Rheinisch-Bergisch and Oberbergisch districts,

900-408: The unfavorable weather conditions for agriculture associated with the altitude. Naturally, mainly beech forests and beech-oak forests would grow on the hillsides. However, since the considerable deforestation in the early modern period, large areas have been reforested with spruce, which was not native to the region. The Nutscheid  [ arz ; de ] on the southern edge of the Bergisches Land

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