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40-643: The Bergisches Land emerged from the historic Duchy of Berg . The region also owes its name to the former sovereigns, the Counts (and later Dukes) of the House of Berg  [ bg ; de ; ru ; uk ] . The adjectival Latin term terre Montensis, i.e. of the Bergisches Land, was first recorded in writing in a Bergisch office constitution in 1363  [ de ] , although terra de Monte or Land von Berg appeared in earlier documents. Important places in

80-642: A district of Solingen) and then from 1386 to 1822 Düsseldorf , which the dukes became a representative residence - and expanded the capital of the Duchy. The Bergisch lion  [ de ] in Düsseldorf's coat of arms still points to the historical affiliation of Düsseldorf to the Bergisches Land. The northern parts of the Bergisches Land included the cities of Mülheim an der Ruhr , parts of Duisburg , Essen and Oberhausen ( Alstaden  [ de ; nl ] and Dümpten  [ de ; pl ] ), and

120-564: A junior line of the dynasty of the Ezzonen , which traced its roots back to the 9th-century Kingdom of Lotharingia , and in the 11th century became the most powerful dynasty in the region of the lower Rhine. In 1160, the territory split into two portions, one of them later becoming the County of the Mark , which returned to the possession of the family line in the 16th century. The most powerful of

160-696: A personal union. As a result of this union the dukes of the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg controlled much of present-day North Rhine-Westphalia , with the exception of the clerical states of the Archbishop of Cologne and of the Bishop of Münster . William the Rich was the second duke of the united Julich-Cleves-Berg. He introduced the Gregorian Calendar into the duchies. However,

200-722: A red lion with a double tail and blue crown, tongue, and claws – blazoned as: Argent a lion rampant gules, queue fourchée crossed in saltire, armed, langued, and crowned azure. This lion originates from the arms of the Duke of Limburg as the Berg title in the 13th century fell to the Limburg line. Circles est. 1500: Bavarian , Swabian , Upper Rhenish , Lower Rhenish–Westphalian , Franconian , (Lower) Saxon 51°12′26″N 6°48′45″E  /  51.20722°N 6.81250°E  / 51.20722; 6.81250 Marienheide Marienheide

240-546: A sales document is called Heydenreich of our dear Mrs. Knecht on the Mergenheyde " (Documentary first namings of oberbergischer places v. Klaus Pampus). The manner of writing of the first naming was: Mergenheyde . On the altar lights of the old pilgrimage church a signed coat of arms of 1601 which carries the name "Mergenheyd" is to be seen. An old brochure of the Catholic vicarage Marienheide states: " The origin of

280-619: Is a municipality in the Oberbergischer Kreis , in North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany . Marienheide is located about 50 km east of Cologne . The neighbouring towns are Gummersbach and Wipperfürth as well as in Märkischer Kreis - Meinerzhagen and Kierspe , and the neighbouring municipalities are Engelskirchen and Lindlar . The first documentary mention of the place was in 1417 " in

320-516: Is crossed by the B 256. There consist the following bus lines: Marienheide is traversed by the Hagen–Dieringhausen railway . The RB 25 Regionalbahn service Oberbergische Bahn runs every hour (with extra service during morning rush hour) via Gummersbach, Engelskirchen, Overath to Cologne. Work has been completed for the connection to Lüdenscheid . Service commenced in December 2017 and

360-578: Is one of the largest forest areas and largely uninhabited. Another large forest area is the Heckenberg Forrest  [ de ] between Engelskirchen , Drabenderhöhe  [ de ; ro ] and Overath - Federath  [ de ] . Today, the Bergisches Land corresponds to the "Bergisches Land low mountain range region". In the formerly Bergisch Rhine and Ruhr cities (Düsseldorf, southern districts of Oberhausen, Duisburg-South  [ de ; it ] and Mülheim an der Ruhr),

400-526: Is very little structured. Here, with a few heath relics, such as the Wahn Heath  [ de ] , Hilden Heath  [ de ; ru ] and Ohligs Heath  [ de ] , the spacious forest area Königsforst  [ ceb ; de ] and individual quarry lakes , such as Lake Unterbach or the Elbsee  [ de ; zh ] , valuable nature reserves and recreation areas for

440-724: The French revolutionary wars separated the two duchies of Jülich and Berg, and in 1803 Berg separated from the other Bavarian territories and came under the rule of a junior branch of the Wittelsbachs . In 1806, in the reorganization of the German lands occasioned by the end of the Holy Roman Empire , Berg became the Grand Duchy of Berg , under the rule of Napoleon's brother-in-law, Joachim Murat . Murat's arms combined

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480-582: The Salic laws of the Holy Roman Empire caused the properties to pass to the husband of the female heir (women could not hold property except through a husband or a guardian). With the death of her father in 1511 the Dukes of Jülich-Berg became extinct, and the estate thus came under the rule of John III, Duke of Cleves — along with his personal territories, the County of the Mark and the Duchy of Cleves ( Kleve ) in

520-522: The County of Berg in 1348, and in 1380 the Emperor Wenceslaus elevated the counts of Berg to the rank of dukes, thus originating the Duchy of Jülich-Berg. In 1509, John III, Duke of Cleves , made a strategic marriage to Maria von Geldern , daughter of William IV, Duke of Jülich-Berg , who became heiress to her father's estates: Jülich , Berg and the County of Ravensberg , which under

560-637: The Grand Duke of Berg; French bureaucrats administered the territory in the name of the child. The Grand Duchy's short existence came to an end with Napoleon's defeat in 1813 and the peace settlements that followed. In 1815, after the Congress of Vienna , Berg became part of a province of the Kingdom of Prussia : the Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg . In 1822 this province united with the Grand Duchy of

600-678: The Lower Rhine to form the Rhine Province . – in union with Ravensberg – – in union with Ravensberg (except 1404–1437) and after 1423 in union with the duchy of Jülich – – from 1521 a part of the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg – – in union with Jülich und Palatinate-Neuburg , from 1690 also with the Electorate of the Palatinate , from 1777 also with Bavaria – The historic coat of arms of Berg shows

640-502: The Mettmann district belongs to the Bergisches Land cultural region. The capital of the Bergisches Land is usually no longer seen as the historic capital Düsseldorf , but rather as the city Wuppertal , which was created in 1929 and forms the economic, cultural and industrial center of the eastern Bergisches Land. However, the south of the region has now developed a stronger connection to Cologne . Even in those districts of Cologne on

680-597: The Neuburg line inherited the Electorate and generally made Düsseldorf its capital. Elector Charles III Philipp disliked Düsseldorf, because the estates there did not want to grant the funds he demanded. As such, he moved his capital from Düsseldorf to Mannheim , where it remained until the Elector Palatine, Charles Theodore , inherited the Electorate of Bavaria in 1777. The French occupation (1794–1801) and annexation (1801) of Jülich (French: Juliers) during

720-473: The areas on the western border also included the area on the right bank of the Rhine, Cologne near Mülheim . Smaller areas on the left bank of the Rhine belonging to the duchy were also Wesseling , Rodenkirchen , Orr  [ de ; ksh ; nl ] and Langel  [ de ] The former lordships of Gimborn  [ de ] and Homburg  [ de ] in today's Oberberg district , on

760-482: The areas that transition into the Sauerland, the Bergisches Land is referred to as peneplain due to the advanced erosion of the mountains. Westwards from the low mountain range, across various Bergische Heideterrasses  [ de ] , a plain without significant elevations, which is highly sprawled by the urban agglomerations of Cologne and Düsseldorf and - compared to the low mountain range landscape -

800-480: The duchies. The Elector of Brandenburg , Frederick Wilhelm , still claimed the Duchy of Berg, and declared war, claiming to be the defender of protestants in Berg. This led to the Düsseldorf Cow War . In the following years however, tension over Berg between Neuburg and Brandenburg greatly decreased. Upon the extinction of the senior Wittelsbach dynasty ruling the Electorate of the Palatinate in 1685,

840-496: The duchy were Gerresheim , Elberfeld , Solingen , Lennep , Radevormwald , Wipperfürth , Bensberg , Siegburg and Blankenberg  [ de ; nl ] , most of which received city rights from the 13th century. The seat of the counts and dukes was initially Berge Castle  [ de ] in Altenberg near Odenthal , after the construction of Burg Castle the town of Burg an der Wupper  [ de ] (today

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880-509: The early rulers of Berg, Engelbert II of Berg died in an assassination on November 7, 1225. In 1280 the counts moved their court from Schloss Burg on the Wupper river to the town of Düsseldorf . Count Adolf VIII of Berg fought on the winning side in the Battle of Worringen against Guelders in 1288. The power of Berg grew further in the 14th century. The County of Jülich united with

920-450: The eastern watersheds of Wupper and Agger , while the (western) Sauerland is mainly drained by the Ruhr and its tributaries. The largest part of the Bergisches Land is characterized by a varied low mountain range landscape with forests, meadows and hills as well as narrow notch valley  [ de ; fr ; ja ; nl ; pt ] s also called Siepen with small streams. Except for

960-639: The first little church and, a little way away, the Dominican order 's cloister . The transport connections to the national road system is good. A 15-km connecting highway to Meinerzhagen from the Autobahn A45 (the Sauerland line, Dortmund - Gießen ) takes about 15 minutes. The connection via Wiehl/Gummersbach from the A4 ( Cologne - Olpe ) is about 17 km long and takes about 20 minutes. The town

1000-410: The form of a small picture and ordered to him to proceed to Cologne to purchase a similar little picture for thirty pieces of silver . " With this the foundation for the place of pilgrimage was laid. Hermit Heinrich has been found with Count Gerhard of the Mark, the sovereign at that time, support, so that Pope Martin V as well as the preacher's order interested. Thus was built "in the wilderness"

1040-401: The inhabitants of the surrounding cities. The Nature Park Bergisches Land  [ de ] also defines the area as a recreational area. Although the proportion of forest is quite large, there are only a few larger contiguous forest areas. Forested mountain ranges in long waves and meadow valleys characterize the landscape. To the east, the proportion of forest landscape increases due to

1080-430: The mercy place Marienheide dates back to 1420 and to one particular man. " This person, a simple man called Heinrich, lived as a hermit in a hit rock hiding place in the " Bockelsburger Wood ", near the present-day railroad line. The hermit apparently lived from agriculture . Another chronicle , not described further, is stated as a source, and thus one says further that " the mother of God appeared to this keen Heinrich in

1120-534: The new ducal dynasty also became extinct in 1609, when the last duke died insane. This led to a lengthy dispute over succession to the various territories before the partition of 1614 : the Count Palatine of Neuburg , who had converted to Catholicism, annexed Jülich and Berg; while Cleves and Mark fell to John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg , who subsequently also became Duke of Prussia . Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg , became duke. He

1160-639: The north-eastern part of the Rhenish Massif on the right bank of the Rhine. Natural orographic borders form the Ruhr in the north, the Rhine in the west and the Sieg in the south. To the east it merges into the Sauerland without a recognizable scenic border. Political and cultural differences alone determine the course of the border between the two historical landscapes, which, however, roughly corresponds to

1200-569: The other hand, were only added to the Grand Duchy of Berg during Napoleon 's time. This originally non-Bergisch area includes Marienheide , Wiehl , Nümbrecht , the town of Bergneustadt and today's district seat of the Oberbergischer district: Gummersbach . The natural region Bergisches Land lies almost entirely in the main unit group Süder Uplands , which also includes almost the entire Sauerland . The Süder Uplands represent

1240-492: The population today, a sense of belonging to the region Bergisches Land is notable in the hilly northern part, but not so much anymore in the areas near the Cologne Lowland , the Ruhr area or the city of Düsseldorf . The region became famous during the period of its early industrialisation in the 19th century. At that time Wupper Valley was a historical Silicon Valley . Its twin cities Barmen and Elberfeld were

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1280-471: The population's historical affiliation with the Bergisch region is hardly still present. In these places, people mostly see themselves as Rhinelanders or belonging to the Ruhr area . Above the Rhine plain, however, people take their affiliation to the Bergisches Land for granted. In the news of WDR , only the eastern areas are referred to as "Bergisches Land", whereas the western ones are counted as part of

1320-499: The prevailing regional awareness is part of the Bergisches Land region. The long-established population in particular has a very strong sense of belonging to the Bergisches Land. Bergisches Land used to be territory of the County of Berg, which later became the Duchy of Berg , who gave the region its name. The Duchy was dissolved in 1815 and in 1822 the region became part of the Prussian Rhine Province . Amongst

1360-576: The red lion of Berg with the arms of the duchy of Cleves . The anchor and the batons came to the party due to Murat's positions as Grand Admiral and as Marshal of the Empire . As the husband of Napoleon's sister Caroline Bonaparte , Murat also had the right to use the imperial eagle. In 1809, one year after Murat's promotion from Grand Duke of Berg to King of Naples , Napoleon's young nephew, Prince Napoleon Louis Bonaparte (1804–1831, elder son of Napoleon's brother Louis Bonaparte , King of Holland) became

1400-694: The right bank of the Rhine that are historically and geographically part of the Bergisches Land, it can be seen that there is hardly any sense of belonging to the Bergisches Land, and that the inhabitants of these districts almost exclusively see themselves as Rhinelanders. An exception is the Rath/Heumar district of Cologne, which arose in the course of the Regional Reform in North Rhine-Westphalia  [ de ] and borders on Bergisch Gladbach and Rösrath , which according to

1440-726: The trading- and industrial capitals of Prussia at that time. This economic upswing caused the expansion of the Ruhr as coal-mining area and gave birth to research on, and the theoretical underlining of social entrepreneurship and socialism: Friedrich Engels was born in Barmen to a textile mill owner. After the industrial downturn from the 1960s on, the region lost importance but cooperations by Bergisches Land entrepreneurs, active citizens and politicians are bringing back some regional awareness and economic power. 51°03′00″N 7°18′25″E  /  51.05000°N 7.30694°E  / 51.05000; 7.30694 Duchy of Berg Berg

1480-468: The unclearly circumscribed " Rhineland ". The Mettmann district is also included in the cultural region Bergisches Land. The Bergisches Land cultural region includes the cities of Wuppertal , Remscheid, Solingen and the districts of Mettmann, Oberberg and Rhein-Berg. In addition to the cities of Wuppertal, Remscheid and Solingen, as well as the Rheinisch-Bergisch and Oberbergisch districts,

1520-408: The unfavorable weather conditions for agriculture associated with the altitude. Naturally, mainly beech forests and beech-oak forests would grow on the hillsides. However, since the considerable deforestation in the early modern period, large areas have been reforested with spruce, which was not native to the region. The Nutscheid  [ arz ; de ] on the southern edge of the Bergisches Land

1560-478: Was a member of the powerful House of Wittelsbach , which ruled Bavaria and the Electoral Palatinate . During his reign, Düsseldorf served as his center of court on occasion. During the 30 Years' War, even though there were no significant battles around Berg, the territories still had to deal with the stresses of war. At the end of the 30 Years' War, Wolfgang Wilhelm tried to spread Catholicism in

1600-483: Was a state—originally a county, later a duchy —in the Rhineland of Germany . Its capital was Düsseldorf . It existed as a distinct political entity from the early 12th to the 19th centuries. It was a member state of the Holy Roman Empire . The name of the county lives on in the modern geographic term Bergisches Land , often misunderstood as bergiges Land (hilly country). The Counts of Berg emerged in 1101 as

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