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77-623: Aben may refer to: Aben Humeya (1520–1569), Spanish leader who commanded the Morisco Revolt against Philip II of Spain Aben Kandel (1897–1993), American screenwriter, novelist, and boxer Karl Aben (1896–1976), Estonian-Latvian linguist and translator Aben, Louisiana , an unincorporated community in Ascension Parish, Louisiana See also [ edit ] Abens ,

154-482: A stumbling block to faith in the context of false teaching. According to 1 John 2:10 there is no cause for stumbling or sin in a believer who loves his brother … i.e., no cause for unbelief and thus a loss of salvation. Paul Barnett notes that James warns his readers of the possibility of temptation leading to apostasy. While a person is not tempted by God to sin, they can be "lured and enticed by his own desires" to sin (James 1:13–15). He adds, "This letter has in mind

231-480: A "few rash and self-confident persons" have kindled shameful and detestable seditions towards the established leaders (presbyters) in the congregation ( 1 Clement 1). This jealous rivalry and envy has caused righteousness and peace to depart from the community ( 1 Clement 3). The writer laments: "Every one abandons the fear of God, and is become blind in His faith, neither walks in the ordinances of His appointment, nor acts

308-476: A 'way' ( hodos , James 5:20) of belief and behavior, from which one may be "led astray" ( planasthe , James 1:16; i.e., by the influence of others) or 'stray from' ( planēthē , James 5:19; i.e., by one's own decision). Either way the one who is away from the true path is in jeopardy in regard to his or her personal salvation (James 5:20)." Barnett also mentions that "2 Peter addresses the grim situation of apostasy expressed by immorality (2 Peter 2:2–3, 14–16), under

385-619: A camel in heat and a thief caught in thievery (Jeremiah 2:19–28)." Images of peril attend apostasy, for to have forsaken God is to come under his judgment (Exodus 22:20; Deuteronomy 6:14–15; 17:2–7). "The New Testament contains a host of images of apostasy, including a plant taking root among the rocks but withering under the hot sun of testing (Mark 4:5–6, 17 par.), or those who fall prey to the wiles of false teachers (Matthew 24:11), heretical beliefs (1 Timothy 4:1; 2 Timothy 4:3–4), worldliness and its defilement (2 Peter 2:20–22), and persecution (Matthew 24:9–10; Revelation 3:8). The Christian apostate

462-547: A coup engineered by the Turkish military experts. Aben Aboo was proclaimed as Chief of the Moriscos under the name Mulley Abdalla . Aben Aboo was also eventually killed by his own men. The deaths of Aben Humeya and Aben Aboo coupled with the arrival of 20,000 soldiers under the command of John of Austria , Philip's illegitimate half-brother, to quash the rebellion, brought an end to over two years of vicious guerilla warfare in

539-554: A different kind; I mean heresy. For those [that are given to this] mix up Jesus Christ with their own poison, speaking things which are unworthy of credit, like those who administer a deadly drug in sweet wine, which he who is ignorant of does greedily take, with a fatal pleasure leading to his own death. Be on your guard, therefore, against such persons. ( Epistle to the Trallians 6–7) Furthermore: Stop your ears, therefore, when any one speaks to you at variance with Jesus Christ, who

616-515: A man does not keep himself from covetousness, he shall be defiled by idolatry, and shall be judged as one of the heathen" ( Philippians 11). Polycarp says believers "ought to walk worthy of His commandments and glory," and that deacons are to be blameless, not slanderers or lovers of money, but temperate in all things, "walking according to the truth of the Lord" ( Philippians 5). He then adds: If we please Him in this present world, we shall receive also

693-779: A part becoming a Christian, but walks after his own wicked lusts, resuming the practice of an unrighteous and ungodly envy, by which death itself entered into the world." ( 1 Clement 3) Since history has demonstrated that many evils have flowed from envy and jealousy ( 1 Clement 4–6), the Corinthians are exhorted to repent ( 1 Clement 7–8), yield obedience to God's "glorious will," and to "forsake all fruitless labors and strife, and envy, which leads to death" ( 1 Clement 9:1). Furthermore, they are to "be of humble mind, laying aside all haughtiness, and pride, and foolishness, and angry feelings" ( 1 Clement 13), and "to obey God rather than to follow those who, through pride and sedition, have become

770-475: A proper reason to expel the Moriscos of southern Spain, Philip II broke his promises previously made in treaties made with the Muslims and issued an edict requiring Moriscos to give up their Arabic names, their traditional Moorish dress, and even prohibited the speaking of Arabic . They were also told that they would have to give up their children to be educated by Christian priests. The increasing persecution of

847-735: A refusal to submit to God and His will," (3) the exhortation is "to a persevering faithfulness to God and his revelation of the new covenant in Jesus Christ," (4) the consequences involve "eternal damnation if a person does not persevere in the faith." B. J. Oropeza concludes that apostasy threatens the community in Hebrews on two fronts: mistreatment by outsiders (persecution) and malaise involving reluctance to listen to godly exhortation. The Dictionary of Biblical Imagery states that "There are at least four distinct images in Scripture of

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924-476: A result of eschatological temptation. Here are people who have come to believe, who have received the gospel "with joy." But under the pressure of persecution and tribulation arising because of the faith, they break off the relationship with God into which they have entered. According to Hebrews 3:12, apostasy consists in an unbelieving and self-willed movement away from God (in contrast to Hebrews 3:14), which must be prevented at all costs. aphistēmi thus connotes in

1001-648: A river in Bavaria, Germany Abbán , an Irish saint Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Aben . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aben&oldid=1164389527 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with given-name-holder lists Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description

1078-408: Is a significant danger. Presbyters are advised to be "keeping far off from all covetousness" ( Philippians 6). Polycarp expresses his grief over a former presbyter Valens and his wife who apparently committed some act of covetousness. He hopes that the Lord will grant them repentance. He enjoins his readers to "abstain from covetousness," and "every form of evil," and goes on to give this warning, "If

1155-460: Is also pictured as the heart turning away from God (Jeremiah 17:5–6) and righteousness (Ezekiel 3:20). In the OT it centers on Israel's breaking covenant relationship with God through disobedience to the law (Jeremiah 2:19), especially following other gods (Judges 2:19) and practicing their immorality (Daniel 9:9–11). … Following the Lord or journeying with him is one of the chief images of faithfulness in

1232-541: Is destroyed by the knowledge of the "stronger" (v. 11). Whoever sins against his brothers sins also against Christ (v. 12). … Within the context of the protection of the "little ones" in the Church, i.e., probably the "weak ones" ([Matthew] 18:6–10), Jesus utters an eschatological threat ("woe!") against the world (alienated from God) because of temptations to sin (v. 7a); though he allows that such temptations must come (v. 7b), he finally hurls an eschatological "woe!" against

1309-580: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Aben Humeya Aben Humeya (1520–1569), also known as Muhammad ibn Umayyah ( Arabic : محمد بن أمية ), was a Morisco leader who commanded the Morisco Revolt against Philip II of Spain in the Alpujarras region, near Granada . Aben Humeya was born Fernando de Válor into a Morisco family and claimed to be of noble lineage, descended from

1386-463: Is found throughout Scripture." The related verb aphistēmi (go away, withdraw, depart, fall away) carries considerable theological significance in three passages (Luke 8:13; 1 Timothy 4:1; Hebrews 3:12). In The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology , Wolfgang Bauder writes: 1 Timothy 4:1 describes "falling away from the faith" in the last days in terms of falling into false, heretical beliefs. Lk. 8:13 probably refers to apostasy as

1463-412: Is not fitting that we should fear men, but rather God. For this reason, if we should do such [wicked] things, the Lord hath said, "Even though ye were gathered together to me in my very bosom, yet if ye were not to keep my commandments, I would cast you off, and say unto you, Depart from me; I know you not whence ye are, ye workers of iniquity." ( 2 Clement 4) The author further summons his readers to "do

1540-469: Is pictured as a branch that does not abide in the vine of Christ and thus withers and is cast into the fire (John 15:6). Animal behavior is evoked in a dog returning to its vomit or a clean pig returning to the mire (2 Peter 2:22)." Paul Barnett says, "Believers in the era following that of the apostles probably suffered a greater intensity to turn aside from Christ than did their predecessors. They ... were vulnerable to Jewish reprisals as well as action from

1617-409: Is symbolized as Israel the faithless spouse turning away from Yahweh her marriage partner to pursue the advances of other gods (Jeremiah 2:1–3; Ezekiel 16). … 'Your children have forsaken me and sworn by god that are not gods. I supplied all their needs, yet they committed adultery and thronged to the houses of prostitutes' (Jeremiah 5:7, NIV). Adultery is used most often to graphically name the horror of

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1694-556: Is that they will hate one another, wickedness will be multiplied, and love will grow cold. Yet whoever endures in love until the end will be saved (vv. 11, 13). … In the Johannine farewell address (John 16:1) σκανδαλίζω [ skandalizō ] does not only imply an "endangering of faith" … but rather "falling away from faith" entirely, from which the disciples and Christians are to be kept. … In the active voice σκανδαλίζω [ skandalizō ] means "cause someone to fall away from (or reject) faith," as in

1771-498: Is used figuratively in the New Testament to refer to "the consequent loss of salvation, rather than of a mere failure from which recovery can be made. It is a catastrophic fall, which means eternal ruin. If it were not so, all the warnings against falling would lose their threatening urgency. To fall into sin and guilt, as an expression of a total attitude, is to plunge into irrevocable misfortune." The following passages where

1848-676: The Kingdom of Granada (Crown of Castile) to other parts of Castile, expecting that this would fragment the Morisco community and accelerate their assimilation into the Christian population, although actually also had some influence on the local Moriscos who had until then become more assimilated. This eventually culminated with the overall Expulsion of the Moriscos . Apostasy in Christianity B. J. Oropeza , who has written one of

1925-639: The Umayyad dynasty . The name Aben Humeya is the Hispanicized version of the Arabic name Ibn Umayya , meaning "Son of Umayya" and hinting to a descent from the Umayyads. Prior to the commencement of the Morisco revolt, Aben Humeya had been a town councilor of Granada and had been under house arrest for pulling out a dagger in the city council. It is alleged that to provoke a rebellion which would give him

2002-457: The "weak" any stumbling block to faith through eating habits . … In Rom 16:17 the σκάνδαλον [ skandalon ] are the various satanic activities of the false teachers who endanger the salvation of Church members, who are being seduced into falling away from correct teaching; such teachers also threaten both the unity and very existence of the Church. Similarly, in Rev 2:14 σκάνδαλον [ skandalon ] refers to

2079-469: The Alpujarras. Almost the entire population of the Alpujarras was then deported to Castille or Kingdom of Seville and some 270 villages and hamlets were repopulated with settlers brought in from Northern Spain. The remaining villages were abandoned. This led to the destruction of the silk industry over the course of several centuries. King Philip II had ordered the dispersal of 80,000 Moriscos of

2156-673: The Christian faith: Persecution is highlighted in the Epistle to the Hebrews and the First Epistle of Peter . The issue of false teachers/teachings is found in the Johannine and Pauline epistles , in the Second Epistle of Peter and the Epistle of Jude . A number of sections in the writings of Paul and James focus on vices and virtues . "These and other early texts helped to shape the trajectory of Christian response to

2233-500: The Ephesians 6). He mentions that there are false teachers who "are in the habit of carrying about the name [of Jesus Christ] in wicked guile, while yet they practice things unworthy of God, whom you must flee as you would wild beasts. For they are ravening dogs, who bite secretly, against whom you must be on your guard" ( Epistle to the Ephesians 7). The readers are further admonished to "Let not then any one deceive you" ( Epistle to

2310-412: The Ephesians 8), and commended because "you did not allow [false teachers] to sow among you, but stopped your ears, that you might not receive those things [i.e., false doctrines] which were sown by them" ( Epistle to the Ephesians 9). Ignatius then gives this solemn warning: Do not err, my brethren. Those that corrupt families shall not inherit the kingdom of God. If, then, those who do this as respects

2387-524: The Scriptures. … The …Hebrew root ( swr ) is used to picture those who have turned away and ceased to follow God ('I am grieved that I have made Saul king, because he has turned away from me,' 1 Samuel 15:11). … The image of turning away from the Lord, who is the rightful leader, and following behind false gods is the dominant image for apostasy in the Old Testament." "The image of falling, with

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2464-621: The author exhorts his audience to pursue righteousness and abstain from vices: Let us, then, not only call Him Lord, for that will not save us. For He saith, "Not everyone that saith to me, Lord, Lord, shall be saved, but he that worketh righteousness." Wherefore, brethren, let us confess Him by our works, by loving one another, by not committing adultery, or speaking evil of one another, or cherishing envy; but by being continent, compassionate, and good. We ought also to sympathize with one another, and not be avaricious. By such works let us confess Him, and not by those that are of an opposite kind. And it

2541-422: The betrayal and covenant breaking involved in idolatry. Like literal adultery it does include the idea of someone blinded by infatuation , in this case for an idol: 'How I have been grieved by their adulterous hearts … which have lusted after their idols' (Ezekiel 6:9)." A variety of colorful images are used to describe Israel's apostasy: "a rebellious ox, a prostitute, a wild vine, a stain that will not wash off,

2618-520: The bishop. And as many as shall, in the exercise of repentance, return into the unity of the Church, these, too, shall belong to God, that they may live according to Jesus Christ. Do not err, my brethren. If any man follows him that makes a schism in the Church, he shall not inherit the kingdom of God. ( Epistle of the Philadelphians 3) The author of the epistle of Barnabas (c. 100) both admonishes and warns his readers about coming dangers: In

2695-659: The cause of loss of faith and thus of salvation. This … underscores the seriousness of conviction within which one must persevere if one wishes to enter (eternal) life or the kingdom of God. … Matt 5:29, 30 also issues an exhortation to decisive action [cf. Matt 18:8, 9]. … According to 1 Cor 8:9 a Christian's freedom regarding eating food offered to idols reaches its limit when it becomes a stumbling block to one's brother (πρόσκομμα [ proskomma ]). Hence Paul emphasizes that he will never again eat meat if by doing so he causes his brother to fall and thus to lose salvation (σκανδαλίζω [ skandalizō ], v. 13a, b), since otherwise that weaker brother

2772-493: The churches of Ephesus (Revelation 2:6), Pergamum (Revelation 2:14–15) and Thyatira (Revelation 2:20). The language of "deception," that is, of being "led astray," is applied to the false prophetess, Jezebel (Revelation 2:20). Satan, the source of all these persecution and false teachings, is also "the deceiver of the whole world" (Revelation 12:9). The metaphor, "deception" ( planaō ), implies a path of truth from which one might be "turned aside." Against these Satan-inspired obstacles

2849-586: The concept of apostasy. All connote an intentional defection from the faith." These images are: Rebellion; Turning Away; Falling Away; Adultery. "In classical literature apostasia was used to denote a coup or defection. By extension, the Septuagint (the Greek translation of the Old Testament) always uses this word to portray a rebellion against God ( Joshua 22:22 ; 2 Chronicles 29:19 )." "Apostasy

2926-464: The first place, that our God and theirs is one, and that sins do not please Him although committed by men of renown; and in the second place, that we should keep from wickedness. For if these men of old time, who preceded us in the gifts [bestowed upon them], and for whom the Son of God had not yet suffered, when they committed any sin and served fleshly lusts, were rendered objects of such disgrace, what shall

3003-415: The flesh have suffered death, how much more shall this be the case with any one who corrupts by wicked doctrine the faith of God, for which Jesus Christ was crucified! Such a one becoming defiled [in this way], shall go away into everlasting fire, and so shall every one that hearkens unto him. … Be not anointed with the bad odor of the doctrine of the prince of this world; let him not lead you away captive from

3080-530: The flock of Christ, than being highly exalted and ultimately "cast out from the hope of His people" ( 1 Clement 57). Similar to Clement, Ignatius of Antioch (c. 107) warns believers about following a schismatic person: Keep yourselves from those evil plants which Jesus Christ does not tend, because they are not the planting of the Father. Not that I have found any division among you, but exceeding purity. For as many as are of God and of Jesus Christ are also with

3157-841: The form of guerrilla warfare against the Castillan forces in the Alpujarra mountains. Initially numbering only about 4,000 men, the rebel forces quickly grew to about 25,000. Diego Alguacil, a prominent Muslim from Ugíjar , was said to have harbored resentment against Aben Humeya for having forcibly abducted a widowed cousin and making her his mistress, when with her social status he should have taken her as his wife. Alguacil eventually married her in Tétouan six years later. In order to avenge his cousin's honor, Alguacil began plotting Humeya's downfall. Aben Humeya had also long distrusted his Turkish and African allies, whom he removed from his camp to

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3234-527: The frontier in Almeria and placed under the command of his cousin, Aben Aboo. Alguacil began to play on the tensions that Humeya had reportedly had with the Turkish contingent of his army for quite some time. He went to the Turks and claimed that "he had supplied Hashish to Aben Humeya in order that it be given to the Turkish captains so that they would be sedated and later, killed that night". The Turks refused

3311-429: The future world, according as He has promised to us that He will raise us again from the dead, and that if we live worthily of Him, "we shall also reign together with Him," provided only we believe. In like manner, let the young men also be blameless in all things, being especially careful to preserve purity, and keeping themselves in, as with a bridle, from every kind of evil. For it is well that they should be cut off from

3388-457: The hooks of vain doctrine, but that you attain to full assurance in regard to the birth, and passion, and resurrection which took place in the time of the government of Pontius Pilate, being truly and certainly accomplished by Jesus Christ, who is our hope, from which may no one of you ever be turned aside" ( Epistle to Magnesians 11). In yet another letter, Ignatius entreats his readers to use Christian nourishment only, and abstain from herbage of

3465-480: The hour in which our Lord comes. But often shall you come together, seeking the things which are befitting to your souls: for the whole time of your faith will not profit you, if you be not made perfect in the last time. For in the last days false prophets and corrupters shall be multiplied, and the sheep shall be turned into wolves, and love shall be turned into hate; for when lawlessness increases, they shall hate and persecute and betray one another, and then shall appear

3542-409: The humility and submission that Christ and other saints practiced ( 1 Clement 16–19), which brings peace and harmony with others ( 1 Clement 19–20). Clement then gives these exhortations and warnings: Those responsible for laying the foundation of this sedition are urged to submit to the presbyters, repent, and to lay aside their pride and arrogance. For it is better that they occupy a humble place in

3619-548: The influence of false teachers who have 'denied the master who bought them' (2 Peter 2:1, 17–22)." Furthermore, in the book of Revelation: It is clear that the churches of Asia are subject to persecution and its accompanying pressure to apostatize that arise from a Jewish quarter in Smyrna and Philadelphia (Revelation 2:9) and from the emperor cult in Pergamum (Revelation 2:13). At the same time various false teachings are touching

3696-522: The instigation of the devil, and terrible consequences awaited such people." The writings of Ignatius have several warnings about being on guard against false teachers and the heresy they disseminate. In the letter to the Christians at Ephesus, Ignatius is happy to report that "all live according to the truth, and that no sect has any dwelling-place among you. Nor, indeed, do you hearken to any one rather than to Jesus Christ speaking in truth" ( Epistle to

3773-553: The kingdom of God." [1 Corinthians 6:9–10] And as it was not to those who are without that he said these things, but to us – lest we should be cast forth from the kingdom of God, by doing any such thing… . And again does the apostle say, "Let no man deceive you with vain words; for because of these things cometh the wrath of God upon the sons of mistrust. Be not ye therefore partakers with them." [Ephesians 5:6–7] ( Against Heresies , Book 4:27.4) The "early Christians frequently believed that apostasy came by way of deceivers at

3850-469: The knowledge of Christ, if we do things displeasing to God, we obtain no further forgiveness of sins, but be shut out from His kingdom. And therefore it was that Paul said, "For if [God] spared not the natural branches, [take heed] lest He also spare not thee" [Romans 11:21]… . ( Against Heresies , Book 4:27.2) Irenaeus proceeds to quote from 1 Corinthians 10:1–12, where Israel fell under the judgment of God for craving evil things, and then comments: As then

3927-579: The last chapters of the epistle of Barnabas (18–21), the author sets two ways before Christians which are described in the metaphors of light and darkness (referring to abstaining from or the practicing of vices). Those who walk in the light "will be glorified in the kingdom of heaven" ( Barnabas 21:1), and will be "safe in the day of judgment" ( Barnabas 21:6). While those who walk in darkness will experience "eternal death with punishment" ( Barnabas 20:1), and will be "destroyed with their works" ( Barnabas 21:1). "The Didache (c. 100) also maintains two ways:

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4004-428: The leaders of a detestable emulation [jealous rivalry]" ( 1 Clement 14). He then warns, "For we shall incur no slight injury, but rather great danger, if we rashly yield ourselves to the inclinations of men who aim at exciting strife and tumults, so as to draw us away from what is good" ( 1 Clement 14; cf. 47). Clement bids his readers to cleave "to those who cultivate peace with godliness" ( 1 Clement 15), and to follow

4081-580: The life which is set before you. And why are we not all prudent, since we have received the knowledge of God, which is Jesus Christ? Why do we foolishly perish, not recognizing the gift which the Lord has of a truth sent to us? ( Epistle to the Ephesians 16–17) In the letter to the Magnesians, Ignatius admonishes his readers, "Be not deceived with strange doctrines, nor with old fables, which are unprofitable" ( Epistle to Magnesians 8). Later he writes: "I desire to guard you beforehand, that you fall not upon

4158-579: The local bandits to embrace their cause. On Christmas Eve 1568, representatives of the Crypto-Muslims from Granada, from the Alpujarras, and from elsewhere clandestinely assembled at the Vale de Lecrin to acclaim de Valor as their king whom they renamed Aben Humeya , and apostatized . Aben Humeya also took four wives , hailing from many areas, in order to strengthen the political alliances on which he relied. The insurrection led by Aben Humeya took

4235-463: The lusts that are in the world, since "every lust wars against the spirit;" [1 Peter 2:11] and "neither fornicators, nor effeminate, nor abusers of themselves with mankind, shall inherit the kingdom of God," [1 Corinthians 6:9–10] nor those who do things inconsistent and unbecoming. Wherefore, it is needful to abstain from all these things, being subject to the presbyters and deacons, as unto God and Christ. ( Philippians 5) In an ancient sermon (c. 150)

4312-474: The mark, 1:6; 6:21; 2 Timothy 2:18; cf. also aperchomai , go away, John 6:66; apostrephō , turn away; arneomai , deny; metatithēmi , change, alter; mē menein , do not abide, John 15:6; … [see also] the pictures of defection in Matthew 24:9–12, and Revelation 13." Wolfgang Bauder goes on add that piptō , fall (1 Corinthians 10:12; Hebrews 4:11), and ekpiptō , fall off or from (Galatians 5:4; 2 Peter 3:17),

4389-508: The men of the present day suffer, who have despised the Lord's coming, and become the slaves of their own lusts? And truly the death of the Lord became [the means of] healing and remission of sins to the former, but Christ shall not die again in behalf of those who now commit sin, for death shall no more have dominion over Him. … We ought not, therefore, as that presbyter remarks, to be puffed up, nor be severe upon those of old time, but ought ourselves to fear, lest perchance, after [we have come to]

4466-565: The most exhaustive studies on the phenomenon of apostasy in the New Testament (3 Volumes, 793 pages), "uncovered several factors that result in apostasy." Some of these factors overlap, and some Christian communities were "susceptible to more than one of these." The first major factor in a believer committing apostasy (i.e., becoming an unbeliever) is "unbelief." Other factors potentially leading to apostasy include: " persecution ," " general suffering and hardship ," " false teachings and factions ," " malaise ," " indifference and negligence towards

4543-534: The offer, explaining that the Turkish Caliphate had sent them "not to become kings but to assist the king of the Moors." The captains suggested that the best course was, after securing approval from Algiers, to put power in the hands of a local man of noble descent in whom one might have confidence, someone who would serve the interests of the Muslims. On 20 October 1569 Aben Humeya was strangled to death in

4620-427: The passages just mentioned the serious situation of becoming separated from the living God after a previous turning towards him, by falling away from the faith. It is a movement of unbelief and sin, which can also be expressed by other words (cf. the par. to Luke 8:13 in Matthew 13:21; Mark 4:17; …). Expressions equivalent in meaning to the warning in 1 Timothy 4:1 include nauageō , suffer shipwreck, 1:19; astocheō miss

4697-484: The path of righteousness. ( 2 Clement 5) The writer goes on to say that this present world (which urges one to "adultery and corruption, avarice and deceit"), is an enemy to the world to come (which "bids farewell to these things"), and thus, we cannot "be the friends of both" ( 2 Clement 6). Therefore, B. J. Oropeza writes: Irenaeus of Lyons (c. 180) recounts how God has recorded the sins of men of old (David and Solomon) for our instruction … that we might know, in

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4774-455: The person by whom the temptation comes (v. 7c). σκάνδαλον [ skandalon ] used here of the temptation to fall away from faith. The parallel, Luke 17:1, like Matt 18:7b, also underscores that such temptations are unavoidable; nonetheless, the person by whom they come receives the eschatological "woe!" that already places him under divine judgment. … In Rom 14:13 Paul admonishes the "strong," whose position he fundamentally shares (v. 14), not to cause

4851-588: The phenomenon of defection in the post-apostolic era. The Christians were to persevere through various types of opposition, standing firm against temptation, false doctrine, hardships and persecution." The following translation from various early Christian writers is provided by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson in the Ante-Nicene Fathers . Clement of Rome (c. 96) writes to the Corinthian congregation whose unity has been threatened because

4928-447: The reader are called upon to "conquer," that is, to overcome these problems. The Epistle to the Hebrews is the classic text on the subject of apostasy in the New Testament. New Testament scholar Scot McKnight argues that the warning passages (2:1–4; 3:7–4:13; 5:11–6:12; 10:19–39; 12:1–29) should be read and interpreted "as an organic whole, each of which expresses four components of the author's message." These four components are "(1)

5005-419: The remaining Morisco population of the former Emirate of Granada , led to the outbreak of armed rebellion. The revolt was planned by Ferag ben Ferag, descended from the royal house of Granada and Diego López Ben Aboo. They carefully ascertained the dispositions of the inhabitants of the Alpujarras, where the best stand could be made against the royal forces, solicited aid from the kings of Morocco , and persuaded

5082-564: The saying of Jesus about the person who " causes one of these little ones who believe in me to sin [stumble] " (Mark 9:42 par. Matt 18:6/Luke 17:2). The Christian is enjoined to reject anything that might be an obstacle to faith, as emphasized in Mark 9:43,45,47 in metaphorical, hyperbolic language: Hand, foot, and eye – in Jewish understanding the loci of lust or sinful desires – must be given up if they threaten to become

5159-401: The seeds sown on rocky ground, i.e., those "with no root in themselves," the inconstant ones, go astray to their own ruin when persecuted on account of the word, i.e., they fall away from faith (Mark 4:17 par. Matt 13:21). The Lukan parallel reads appropriately ἀφίστημι [ aphistēmi , fall away] (8:13). In Matt 24:10 Jesus predicts that in the end time many will fall away [ skandalizō ]. The result

5236-412: The sense of going to eternal destruction, is particularly evident in the New Testament. … In his [Christ's] parable of the wise and foolish builder, in which the house built on sand falls with a crash in the midst of a storm (Matthew 7:24–27) … he painted a highly memorable image of the dangers of falling spiritually." One of the most common images for apostasy in the Old Testament is adultery. "Apostasy

5313-482: The state. Details of the pressure applied to Christians to apostatize is given from both Christian and non-Christian sources ... It is understandable, therefore, that the post-apostolic literature should contain many warnings not to apostatize." According to B. J. Oropeza , the warning passages in the New Testament describe at least three basic dangers which could lead a Christian to apostatize from Christ and

5390-431: The subjects or audience in danger of committing the sin, (2) the sin that leads to (3) the exhortation, which if not followed, leads to (4) the consequences of that sin." McKnight concluded from his study that (1) the subjects of this letter were genuine "believers, persons who … had converted to Jesus Christ," (2) The sin "is apostasy, a deliberate and public act of deconfessing Jesus Christ, a rejection of God's Spirit, and

5467-488: The things of God " (specifically, " the command to love one's neighbors "), and engaging in sinful acts ("vice-doing") or assimilating to the ungodly attitudes and actions reflected in a non-Christian culture. For additional biblical teaching on the possibility of apostasy see The Greek noun apostasia (rebellion, abandonment, state of apostasy, defection) is found only twice in the New Testament ( Acts 21:21 ; 2 Thessalonians 2:3 ). However, "the concept of apostasy

5544-534: The true life. ( Epistle to the Trallians 9) "The final section of the Didache echoes the Synoptic tradition (Matthew 24:4–13, 15, 21–26; Mark 13:5ff; Luke 21:8ff; cf. 2 Thessalonians 2:3ff; Revelation 13:13–14) when it warns against apostasy through the deception of false prophets in the last days:" Watch for your life's sake. Let not your lamps be quenched, nor your loins unloosed; but be ready, for you know not

5621-457: The unrighteous, the idolaters, and fornicators perished, so also is it now: for both the Lord declares, that such persons are sent into eternal fire; and the apostle says, "Know ye not that the unrighteous shall not inherit the kingdom of God? Be not deceived: neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, not effeminate, nor abusers of themselves with mankind, nor thieves, nor covetous, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor extortioners, shall inherit

5698-524: The verb skandalizō ("fall away from faith") and the noun skandalon ("enticement to unbelief, cause of salvation's loss, seduction"): are theologically important as well: Heinz Giesen, in the Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament , writes: In the passive voice σκανδαλίζω [ skandalizō ] more often means … "fall away from faith." In the interpretation of the parable of the sower (Mark 4:13–20 par. Matt 13:18–23) those identified with

5775-532: The way of life or death. The way of life is associated with loving God and one's neighbor. It involves abstaining from vices mentioned in the Ten Commandments or related to bodily lusts, sorcery, and idolatry (including meat sacrificed to idols). The way of death includes the practices of these vices ( Didache 1–6)." In Polycarp's epistle to the Philippians (2nd century) the vice of covetousness

5852-509: The will of Him that called us," ( 2 Clement 5) and to consider that the sojourning in the flesh in this world is but brief and transient, but the promise of Christ is great and wonderful, even the rest of the kingdom to come, and of life everlasting. By what course of conduct, then, shall we attain these things, but by leading a holy and righteous life, and by deeming these worldly things as not belonging to us, and not fixing our desires upon them? For if we desire to possess them, we fall away from

5929-490: Was descended from David, and was also of Mary; who was truly born, and ate and drank. He was truly persecuted under Pontius Pilate; He was truly crucified, and [truly] died, in the sight of beings in heaven, and on earth, and under the earth. He was also truly raised from the dead, His Father quickening Him, even as after the same manner His Father will so raise up us who believe in Him by Christ Jesus, apart from whom we do not possess

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