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16-604: Abinomn is not closely related to any other language, and its closest relatives are unknown. It is generally treated as a language isolate. Although surrounded by Lakes Plain languages , Abinomn highly differs from Lakes Plain. For instance, unlike the nearby Lakes Plain languages , Abinomn is a non- tonal language. Languages adjacent to Abinomn are: The Abinomn pronouns are: Number inflection for selected Abinomn nouns showing suppletive forms, as listed in Foley (2018): Lakes Plain languages The Lakes Plain languages are

32-565: A family of Papuan languages proposed by Malcolm Ross which combines the East Bird's Head and Sentani families along with the Burmeso language isolate . Sentani had been a branch of Stephen Wurm 's proposal for Trans–New Guinea . It has lexical similarities with the Asmat–Kamoro languages , but Ross does not believe these demonstrate a genealogical relationship. Ross also included

48-658: A family of Papuan languages , spoken in the Lakes Plain of Indonesian New Guinea . They are notable for being heavily tonal and for their lack of nasal consonants . The Lakes Plain languages were tentatively grouped by Stephen Wurm with the Tor languages in his Trans–New Guinea proposal. Clouse (1997) rejected this connection to the Tor languages and grouped them with the Geelvink Bay languages . Malcolm Ross classifies

64-495: A derived mid tone. Iau is the most tonally complex Lakes Plain language. Unlike other Lakes Plain languages which can be disyllabic or trisyllabic, Iau word structure is predominantly monosyllabic. Iau has eight phonemic tones, transcribed by Bateman using numerical Chao tones (usually used with East Asian languages): high (44), mid (33), high-rising (45), low-rising (23), high-to-low-falling (42), high-to-mid-falling (43), mid-to-low-falling (32), and falling-rising (423). Four of

80-657: Is not the case for Lakes Plain languages. Although phonetic nasals do exist in most Lakes Plain languages, they do not contrast with the corresponding voiced stops. Doutai, Sikaritai, Obokuitai and Abawiri (Foau) lack even phonetic nasals. Additionally, no Lakes Plain language has a liquid phoneme. Clouse (1997) reconstructs a typologically remarkable consonant inventory for the ancestor of Lakes Plain, consisting entirely of only five stops: This results in Lakes Plain languages having high functional load , meaning that there are many words with small distinctions in sounds. Many of

96-507: Is some variation in the family. Iau is almost exclusively analytic and isolating, while Abawiri has extensive verbal morphology. Clouse (1997) reconstructs basic vocabulary for proto-Lakes Plain and other lower branches. Basic vocabulary of the Lakes Plain languages ( Rasawa , Kirikiri , Iau , Duvle , Obokuitai , Diebroud ) listed in Foley (2018). The sets are not necessarily cognate. East Bird%27s Head %E2%80%93 Sentani languages The East Bird's Head–Sentani languages form

112-510: The East Bird's Head – Sentani languages on the basis of pronoun similarities in hopes that this would promote further research. Below are pronouns in selected Lakes Plain languages as given by Foley (2018): Lakes Plain languages have remarkably small phonemic inventories, rivaling even those of Polynesian languages . Clouse and Clouse (1993) note many of the Lakes Plain languages share several unusual phonological features. While Papuan languages typically have at least two nasal phonemes, this

128-553: The Keuw language (currently unclassified) may also possibly share a deep relationship with the Lakes Plain languages. Like the East Cenderawasih Bay , Trans-New Guinea , and South Bougainville language families, Lakes Plain languages have ergative case marking systems. In contrast, most languages of northern Papua New Guinea have accusative case marking systems. Clouse (1997, p. 155) internally classifies

144-588: The Lakes Plain family as: Clouse concludes that the East Geelvink Bay languages are the most closely related to the Lakes Plain languages, forming a wider Geelvink Bay phylum with it. The Lakes Plain languages as classified by Usher are as follows: Awera Kehu (Keuw) Rombak River : Rasawa , Saponi Tause Edopi–Iau–Foi–Turu [a dialect cluster] Fayu Kirikiri Sikaritai , Eritai , Papasena Duvle East Lakes Plain: Foau (Abawiri), Taworta (Diebroud) Not included in

160-469: The Lakes Plain family; indeed its pronouns mamire "I, we" and ba "thou" are remenincent of proto–East Bird's Head *meme "we" and *ba "thou". However, Saponi shares half its basic lexical vocabulary with Rasawa, and Ross left it in the Lakes Plain family pending further investigation. The Tause language was also previously grouped amongst the Tariku group of Lakes Plain languages. Ross transferred it to

176-614: The above classification, Kaiy , Kwerisa , Doutai and Waritai are presumably also Central Lakes Plain; the same for Obokuitai and Biritai . Clouse had placed them closest to Papasena and to Eritai, respectively, and they might form dialect clusters with those languages. There are particular questions about the inclusion of Saponi, Kehu and Tause. The pronouns Ross reconstructs for proto-Tariku are, The corresponding "I" and "thou" pronouns are proto–East Lake Plain *a, *do, Awera yai, nai (the latter from *dai; compare also e "we"), and Rasawa e-, de-. Saponi shares no pronouns with

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192-508: The eight Iau tones occur on short vowels, while the remaining four occur on long vowels and often correspond to disyllabic words in other Lakes Plain languages. (See Iau language#Tone .) Unlike most Papuan languages to the east, words in Lakes Plain languages do not have gender . Bauzi , an East Geelvink Bay language spoken to the northwest of the Lakes Plain family, also does not have gender. Most Lakes Plain languages are primarily analytic and isolating, with little morphology. However, there

208-400: The family level, and one or two isolates. Mantion (Manikion) Meax: Meax (Meyah) , Meninggo (Moskona) ? Saponi Burmeso (Taurap) ? Tause (perhaps two languages, Tause and Weirate) Demta Sentani proper: Sentani , Nafri , Tabla (Tanah Merah) Tause is best considered unclassified. Clouse (1997) classified it as a Lakes Plain language , but its pronouns are not

224-545: The languages as an independent family, a position confirmed by Timothy Usher. Because of the apparent phonological similarities and sharing of stable basic words such as ‘louse’, William A. Foley speculates the potential likelihood of a distant relationship shared between the Skou and Lakes Plain families, but no formal proposals linking the two families have been made due to insufficient evidence. Additionally according to Foley, based on some lexical and phonological similarities,

240-885: The languages have very high constricted (fricativised) vowels; in Doutai and Kirikiri these constitute separate phonemes from /i/ and /u/. The fricativised vowels seem to have developed from deletion of a following consonant. Clouse (1997) reconstructs a five-vowel system for proto-Lakes Plain, not unlike Japanese or Spanish: Lakes Plain languages are all tonal. (The Skou languages and Kainantu-Goroka languages are other Papuan languages possessing contrastive tone .) Clouse and Clouse (1993) reconstruct tone (high level "H" and low level "L") in proto-Lakes Plain. Duvle and Sikaritai have only two tones, high and low, but all other Lakes Plain languages have more than two tones. All West Tariku languages have both rising and falling tones. Abawiri (Foau) has phonological high and low tones as well as

256-656: The unclassified language Tause , but as a stimulus for investigation rather than as a serious proposal. The East Bird's Head–Sentani languages, together with the West Papuan languages and the Yawa isolate, form part of a tentative proposal for an Extended West Papuan family. They are distinguished from the West Papuan family in having forms like ba or wa for the second-person singular ("thou") pronoun . East Bird's Head–Sentani unifies two groups that Wurm placed at

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