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69-475: Job losses by ATR teachers are typically caused by the closing of poorly performing schools. Teachers who are "excessed" (laid off) due to school closings apply for jobs in other schools or land in a reserve pool if no school hires them. In addition, teachers removed for issues relating to job performance, or problematic issues, can wind up on ATR status (where it exists) due to a legal agreement, decision, or binding arbitration. According to The New Teacher Project,

138-958: A vocational school in Brooklyn, New York in 1993. He held his first UFT office, as chapter leader at the high school in 1999, and helped win the Grady High School UFT chapter a Trachtenberg Award for its strength and unity in 2002. He was appointed to the presidency in 2009 by the union's executive board. He was the only candidate offered in the vote. He was elected by 91 percent of the union members in April 2010. In an article in City Hall News in July 2009, Mulgrew talked about his strong belief in collaboration with parents, saying, ”I always like to keep up community involvement, working with parents and advocating for students. We do

207-413: A 10 out of 10 rating. Students with physical disabilities get priority admission to fully or partially accessible schools. The department has closed many failing elementary, middle (intermediate) and high schools. The buildings of some of the larger schools have been turned into "Campuses" or "Complexes" in which a number of smaller school entities, educationally independent of each other, co-exist within

276-426: A Regents math exam. The city has started several initiatives to reduce childhood obesity among students, including promoting exercise and improving nutrition in school cafeterias. During Mayor Bloomberg's first term, white bread was entirely replaced with whole wheat bread , hot dog buns , and hamburger buns in cafeterias. In 2006, the city set out to eliminate whole milk from cafeteria lunch menus and took

345-531: A collaboration between NYCDOE and the New England Center for Children , the Horizon program is designed to meet the needs of autistic students who have average to below average intelligence, display mild to moderate language difficulties, and have mild to moderate delays in playing and interacting with other students. Students are expected to participate in standard assessments. Instruction is based on

414-550: A disabled student at PS 371 Lillian L. Rashkis High School in Sunset Park , Brooklyn, exited a back door of her school, went missing and was located three days later at a friend's home. In response to the incident Chancellor Carmen Fariña reassigned the school's principal. A special investigation later found no wrongdoing by any school employees. On October 28th 2014, 21 year old Dyasha Phelps Smith, an autistic student at Brooklyn District 75 school PS368@P293, asphyxiated on

483-507: A district. The effect of the proposed agreement, in addition to changes in Education Law §3020-a procedures and protections afforded to non-ATR New York City Department of Education teachers, would create two different categories of ATR teachers, part of a proposed newly created "teacher caste system" which would distinguish between: master teachers; lead teachers; appointed and tenured teachers; ATR teachers; ATR teachers reinstated after

552-525: A healthy snack based on its June 2009 request for healthy snack vending machine proposals. However, the school lunch menu still contained numerous highly processed foods and high sugar content foods including chicken nuggets, French fries, French toast and syrup. The New York State Assembly published a report that the NYCDOE failed to maintain or improve playgrounds, instead turning them into ad-hoc additional classroom space or parking lots. In January 2011,

621-484: A hearing process. However, the elimination of the rubber rooms by the UFT and Mayor Michael Bloomberg in 2010 in the public eye did not solve the issue of employees of the school system removed for various reasons, who continue to remain sitting in various school offices, school buildings and borough offices throughout New York City after being removed from their positions pending the results of their hearings, or not. Mulgrew,

690-594: A lot of that now and that’s what we need to do more of, to help the schools that are struggling and to figure out ways the UFT can support and help them.” On April 15, 2010, the United Federation of Teachers, Mulgrew, and Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced an agreement to close temporary reassignment centers (TRCs), also known as "rubber rooms," where the Department of Education sent teachers and other employees who were being investigated or going through

759-626: A muffin, became unconscious and died during the school session. The Special Commissioner of Investigation for the New York City School District later found that there was no misconduct on the part of any NYCDOE employee in relation to the incident and no staff were reassigned as a result of the investigation. On December 2nd 2016, 6-year-old Abraham Awawda, an autistic student at District 75 school P.S. K077 in Brooklyn walked out of school, went missing for over an hour, and

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828-524: A national nonprofit that studied New York's ATR pool, 25 percent of teachers entered the pool because they faced disciplinary charges; one third had received unsatisfactory evaluation ratings; and the majority of teachers in the ATR had not made an effort to apply for a new position through the city's hiring system. Many ATR Assistant Principals were not hired because they cost more than hiring principals wanted to spend on supervision. Assistant Principals placed in

897-599: A pool of substitutes, called the Absent Teacher Reserve . On November 19, 2008, the department and the city's teacher union (the United Federation of Teachers ), reached an agreement to create financial incentives for principals of new schools to hire ATR teachers and guidance counselors. The one hundred largest school districts in the nation (by enrollment) spend an average of $ 14,000 per pupil every year. However, census data from 2017 shows that

966-455: A regular teacher's leave of absence would not be considered to be in on provisional status. The proposed contract also states if ATR teachers are hired permanently by a school, the principal's average salary of teachers in their school will not be affected. In addition, some ATR teachers found guilty of Education Law §3020-a charges would not be placed in provisional positions, but would remain in ATR teacher rotation from school to school within

1035-626: A school year, but not in consecutive weeks. An exception in the initial ATR teaching assignment, which is for the entire month of September only. Several hundred assistant principals excessed from their administrative positions in the New York City Department of Education are also rotate to different schools in ATR status. A new contract proposal put forward by the City of New York and the United Federation of Teachers in May 2014 redefines

1104-428: A teacher is screaming in the hallway, that's a problem," he said. "If you do that once, you should be written up. If you do that again you should go through an expedited hearing process." The statement assumes the truth of any allegation, which in itself is problematic, as the vast majority of allegations against teachers ultimately turn out to be false. A fundamental part of due process and Education Law §3020-a hearings

1173-578: A twelve-member body of which seven members are appointed by the mayor and five by Borough Presidents . Although that legislation itself made no specific reference to a "Department of Education of the City of New York", the bylaws subsequently adopted by the Board provided that the 13-member body "shall be known as the Panel for Educational Policy", which together with the Chancellor and other school employees

1242-740: Is Melissa Aviles-Ramos . In the Maclay Act in 1842, the New York State legislature established the New York City Board of Education. It gave the city an elective Board of Education empowered to build and supervise schools and distribute the education fund. It provided that none of the money should go to the schools which taught religion. The fast-growing Irish Catholic community objected, but after decades of trying they did not get government funding. By 1870 19 percent of school-age children attended Catholic schools. Beginning in

1311-449: Is an after-school program for students in late middle school. It was designed to enlarge the pool of African American and Hispanic candidates eligible for admission to the selective schools by giving them extra lessons and teaching test-taking skills. Unlike other urban school districts (such as San Francisco Unified School District ), New York does not use racial preferences (affirmative action) in public school admissions . In May 2012,

1380-410: Is based on the principles of Applied Behavior Analysis and Verbal Behavior . Classrooms follow a "self-contained" model consisting of six students, a special education teacher, speech teacher, and paraprofessional. A number of New York City public school students have gone on to become celebrities, and leaders in various industries including music, fashion, business, sports, and entertainment. Some of

1449-701: Is mainly made up of veteran teachers who are at the top of the pay scale. For the most part, ATR teachers are on their own to locate a new position. However in New York City, principals are in charge of their own budgets, so a person at the top of the pay scale is undesirable even if highly effective and qualified. Many current teacher vacancies are posted on the New York City Department of Education's Open Market website. ATR teachers rotate week to week from one school assignment to another within their school districts of tenure. They can work as an ATR teacher week to week in an assigned in-district school more than once in

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1518-474: Is one of ten major U.S. cities in which the educational system is under the control of the mayor rather than an elected school board. More recently, Mayor Bill de Blasio has received major criticism over his decision to accept proposals by charter schools to co-locate with public schools, specifically Seth Low IS and Cavallaro IS in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn . Many people expressed shock and disappointment at

1587-438: Is paid for the 70 thousand students attending charter schools . "In school year 2012–2013, 241,900 students attended nonpublic schools, 19 percent of the city K-12 total." The $ 1.04B for 70,000 students in charter schools calculates as $ 14,285; the $ 71 million for the 241,900 not in public school is less than $ 400 per student. $ 4.6 billion of the budget pays for pensions and interest on Capital Plan debt. Although

1656-546: Is the fifth president of the United Federation of Teachers , the trade union of teachers in New York City, New York . The union's executive board elected Mulgrew in July 2009. Prior to his current position, Michael was elected vice president for career and technical education (CTE) high schools in 2005 and became the union’s chief operating officer in 2008. Mulgrew was born on Staten Island, New York in 1965. He attended Roman Catholic schools; and he graduated from

1725-613: Is the largest school system in the United States (and among the largest in the world), with over 1.1 million students taught in more than 1,800 separate schools. The department covers all five boroughs of New York City, and has an annual budget of around $ 38 billion. The department is run by the Panel for Educational Policy and the New York City Schools Chancellor . The current chancellor

1794-506: Is widely known in Brooklyn to have helped produce four rap legends. In the 1990s, Jay-Z , Busta Rhymes , DMX , and The Notorious B.I.G. all attended the same school. Similarly, at DeWitt Clinton High School in The Bronx , famed novelist James Baldwin and photographer Richard Avedon both contributed to their school's literary magazine, The Magpie, in the 1930s. Many school buildings are architecturally noteworthy, in part due to

1863-465: The Autonomous Zone (later Empowerment Zone ) and were allowed to use part of their budgets to directly purchase support services. These schools were released from their regions. In 2007, Mayor Michael Bloomberg and Chancellor Joel I. Klein announced the dissolution of the regions effective June 2007, and schools became organized into one of several School Support Organizations . Since 2009,

1932-553: The City University of New York system ( College of Staten Island ) with a BA in English literature and a minor in psychology. At one time, he apprenticed and worked as a carpenter . Mulgrew began his teaching career working as a substitute teacher at South Richmond High School IS/PS 25 on Staten Island , a District 75 school. He became a full-time teacher at William E. Grady Career and Technical Education High School ,

2001-598: The New York Times reported that New York City had the fifth most segregated large city school system, after Chicago and Dallas . Hispanic students are concentrated in Washington Heights and Corona and the greatest segregation existed in black neighborhoods. It further noted that black isolation in schools has persisted even as residential segregation has declined. In 2016 , the Times said that 11% of

2070-486: The 2002 reform legislation made no specific reference to a "Department of Education", the bylaws subsequently adopted by the New York City Board of Education provided that the board "shall be known as the Panel for Educational Policy", which together with the Chancellor and other school employees was designated as the "Department of Education of the City of New York". The Panel for Educational Policy has

2139-576: The 2022-2023 school year, there were approximately 219,000 students with disabilities (20.9% of the student body) being educated in the NYC school system. The most prevalent disability classifications are learning disabilities (40%) and speech or language impairments (32%). Boys outnumber girls with IEPs by two to one. Introduced in 2003 as a partnership between NYCDOE and the NYU Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development ,

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2208-678: The ATR Pool by the NYC Department of education were often experienced and at the top levels of their salary. Placing Assistant Principals in the ATR Pool was also done to force senior supervisors to early retirement, allowing the NYC Department of Education to get new supervision at lower cost. This practice was a disservice to students and tax payers. The term is used today in the New York City Department of Education to describe teachers who wound up on ATR status for

2277-531: The Absent Teacher Reserve pool had about 1,200 teachers in Spring 2013, and they cost $ 105 million in 2013 in salaries and benefits, after counting savings from not hiring per diem substitute teachers. The new contract proposal offers them a lump sum of retroactive pay owed plus severance pay of up to 10 weeks for 20 years of service, if they retire during a 30- to 60-day window which will be set if

2346-552: The Absent Teacher Reserve teacher working within the New York City Department of Education. It contains a number of new ATR provisions, including the loss of due process rights by ATRs under certain circumstances set forth in the contract proposal. Starting September 15, 2014, the New York City Department of Education would begin sending the over 1200 teachers in the Absent Teacher Reserve on interviews. Any ATR teacher who misses two interviews without just cause will be considered to have resigned, and will be terminated without due process or

2415-513: The DOE began a pilot program called Connecting Adolescents to Comprehensive Health (CATCH) that offers some reproductive health services to students in grades 9–12. Services include providing access to birth control such as condoms , emergency contraceptives , and birth control pills . Starting with 13 high schools, it has grown to serve 90 high schools by 2022. New York City began to offer free lunch to all students in 2017. Beginning in 2000,

2484-612: The DOE instituted a number of innovative programs for teacher recruitment, including the New York City Teaching Fellows , the TOP Scholars Program, and initiatives to bring foreign teachers (primarily from Eastern Europe) to teach in the city's schools. Housing subsidies are in place for experienced teachers who relocate to the city to teach. In the course of school reorganizations, some veteran teachers have lost their positions. They then enter

2553-437: The DOE to facilitate projects that specifically focus on improving the accessibility of school buildings. Every school building is given an accessibility designation of either, No Accessibility , Partially Accessible or Fully Accessible , which is listed on the school's profile. In addition, schools are given an accessibility rating from a scale of 1–10. All buildings built on or after 1992 are fully accessible and are given

2622-565: The NYCDOE easily placed first in the list, by spending $ 25,199. Only the Boston Public Schools came close to this figure. $ 3 billion (15.6%) of the budget goes for the 19 percent of those who attend Non City schools. This includes $ 1.09 billion to pre-school special education services and $ 725.3 million for School-Age non DOE contract special education. Another $ 71 million goes to non-public schools such as yeshivas and parochial schools and $ 1.04 billion

2691-617: The NYS Assembly has passed incremental laws keeping NYC Mayoral control over the DOE and the current law is set to expire with the end of Mayor DeBlasio's term in 2022. NYCDOE is the school district of all five boroughs. As of 1997 all of the city is assigned to schools in the NYCDOE school district except for a small section of the Bronx , which is instead assigned to the Pelham Public Schools (with tuition supported by

2760-596: The Nest program is designed to meet the needs of autistic students who have average to above average intelligence, age-level spoken language, memory and attention. Classrooms are located in community Districts 1-32 and follow an Integrated Co-Teaching (ICT) model, with two teachers: one special education teacher and one general education teacher. Class sizes are smaller than typical NYC ICT classrooms. Approximately 1,700 autistic students are educated in Nest classrooms across New York City's five boroughs. Introduced in 2011 as

2829-606: The above stated causes. Frequently, the teachers lost their positions because the New York City Department of Education closed their school. New York City, in recent years, closed many of its large middle and high schools in favor of smaller schools, offering up space to charter schools. The ATR teacher program developed from the 2005 contract between New York City and the United Federation of Teachers which eliminated seniority rights. A small minority of current and former ATR teachers were exonerated teachers who were formerly assigned to reassignment centers . The Absent Teacher Reserve

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2898-576: The authority to approve school closings. A majority of its membership is appointed by the Mayor. There are 32 councils, with 11 members on each, two appointed by Borough Presidents and nine selected by PTA leaders who are advised by parents who live in the council districts, the local parents acting through an election process conducted online and overseen by the Department of Education. The 2009 election cost $ 650,000 to conduct and another election

2967-507: The building. The Board operated radio station WNYE beginning in 1938, from studios located within the campus of Brooklyn Technical High School . Television station WNYE-TV went on the air in 1967, with its studios adjacent to George Westinghouse High School in Downtown Brooklyn . The broadcast licenses of both stations were transferred to the Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications in 2004. New York

3036-494: The chair of the Municipal Labor Committee, a consortium of all New York City public employee labor unions, advanced a plan that would move UFT retirees and other retired New York City workers from Medicare into a new, privately run Medicare Advantage plan . Large numbers of UFT retirees have complained about the proposed plan. Retired New York City teachers and other New York City retirees have protested that

3105-469: The city government). Beginning in 2003, New York City public schools citywide implemented a mathematics "core curriculum" based on New York State standards for grades K-Up Higher. To graduate high school, students must earn at least six credits in mathematics. All NYC public school students are taught through the Common Core curriculum. To receive a Regents diploma , students must score at least 65 on

3174-481: The city's public school system live in households where a language other than English is spoken; one-third of all New Yorkers were born in another country. The city's Department of Education translates report cards, registration forms, system-wide alerts, and documents on health and policy initiatives for parents into Spanish, French, German, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Korean , Hindi , Telugu , Bengali , Urdu , Persian , Arabic, and Haitian Creole . In October 2018,

3243-453: The community boards while high schools were controlled by the Board of Education. In 2002, the city's school system was reorganized by chapter 91 of the Laws of 2002 . Control of the school system was given to the mayor, who began reorganization and reform efforts. The powers of the community school boards were diminished and the Board of Education was renamed the Panel for Educational Policy,

3312-459: The conclusion or settlement of an Education Law §3020-a hearing; and substitute teachers. The agreement was presented to UFT union membership for a vote in May 2014 and passed. There is a fear by many regular status teachers the forfeiture of due process procedures and the inclusion of expedited Education Law §3020-a charges against ATR teachers by the New York City Department of Education, if approved, could also lead to similar rules being applied to

3381-413: The contract is ratified. New York City Mayor de Blasio Backs Principals on Rotating Substitutes New York City Department of Education The New York City Department of Education ( NYCDOE ) is the department of the government of New York City that manages the city's public school system. The City School District of the City of New York (more commonly known as New York City Public Schools )

3450-530: The decision, claiming that co-location leads to congestion of school streets, overcrowded classrooms, strained resources, and a negative impact on children's education. On October 4th 2013, 14 year old autistic student Avonte Oquendo walked out of his District 75 school, Riverview School in Long Island City , and went missing. His remains were located three months later in the East River , however

3519-662: The efforts of C. B. J. Snyder . Since 1988 construction has been in the hands of the New York City School Construction Authority . Most schools were built prior to the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act and are not accessible or only partially accessible to people with physical disabilities . The Office of Accessibility Planning, which is located within the Office of Space Management, collaborates with other offices within

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3588-464: The exact cause of death could not be determined. Video footage from inside the school showed him running through the halls of the school and past a security guard before exiting through a door that had been left open. In 2016 the City of New York agreed to pay $ 2.7 million settlement to the family of Avonte Oquendo in response to a wrongful death lawsuit brought against the Department of Education. On September 15th 2014, 15 year old Nashaly Perez,

3657-426: The further step of banning low-fat flavored milks , allowing only skim milk (white and chocolate ). The New York City school system purchases more milk than any other in the United States. Although the dairy industry aggressively lobbied against the new plan they ultimately failed to prevent its implementation. In October 2009, the DOE banned bake sales, though some schools continued to have them. The DOE cited

3726-460: The heels of additional protests, strikes, and demands for community control, New York City Mayor John Lindsay relinquished mayoral control of schools , and organized the city school system into the Board of Education (made up of seven members appointed by borough presidents and the mayor) and 32 community school boards (whose members were elected). Elementary and middle schools were controlled by

3795-414: The high sugar content of baked sale goods and that 40% of city students are obese. However, vending machines in the schools operated by Frito Lay and Snapple continued to sell high processed empty calorie foods such as Doritos and juices. As part of the DOE's program to create healthy diets among students, Frito Lay was obligated to put Reduced Fat Doritos in machines. The DOE considers Reduced Fat Doritos

3864-689: The late 1960s, schools were grouped into districts . Elementary schools and middle schools were grouped into 32 community school districts, and high schools were grouped into five geographically larger districts. One each for Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, one for most of Brooklyn, and one, BASIS, for the rest of Brooklyn and all of Staten Island. In addition, there were several special districts for alternative schools and schools serving severely disabled students. On February 3, 1964, in protest over deplorable school conditions and segregation , over 450,000 students boycotted New York City public schools . In 1969, on

3933-822: The most notable New York City public school alumni include Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Alicia Keys , Stanley Kubrick , Al Pacino , Colin Powell , Lloyd Blankfein , Neil deGrasse Tyson (K – 12), and Jay-Z . Art focused schools, including High School of Art and Design and Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School have tended to produce notable artists, actors, and fashion over the past century, while STEM focused schools, including Stuyvesant High School and Bronx High School of Science boast Nobel Prize winners and scientists among their notable alumni. Many now famous alumni also interacted with one another while attending public school together. One particular vocational high school, George Westinghouse Career and Technical Education High School ,

4002-474: The mothers of three District 75 students on Staten Island brought a class action lawsuit against NYCDOE claiming their children were unnecessarily forced into a segregated learning environment, isolated away from their peers, and forced into excessively long commutes. In 2023 the district was subject to disproportionately high funding cuts of $ 97 million dollars, affecting the district's ability to provide school supplies and extracurricular activities. As of

4071-555: The principles of Applied Behavior Analysis . Classrooms are located in community Districts 1-32 and follow a "self-contained" model consisting of eight students, one special education teacher and one classroom paraprofessional . Introduced in 2019, AIMS is a special education program in select District 75 schools that is designed to meet the needs of autistic students with moderate to severe delays in academic skills and have below average working memory, verbal and non-verbal reasoning abilities, speech and language and attention. Instruction

4140-410: The rest of the teachers, in particular new teachers thrust onto ATR status by ongoing school phaseouts and closings. On May 12, 2014, Michael Mulgrew , president of the United Federation of Teachers , acknowledged the new contract proposal left undefined the definition of 'problematic behavior', and said a panel of hearing officers would solidify the definition of problematic behavior. "If someone says

4209-754: The schools in the city system had the majority of non-Hispanic white students, who made up 15% of the system's total student body. In May 2017, the Times published another report in collaboration with Measure of America that examined the effects of segregation. According to the report, black and Hispanic students were more likely to attend nonselective schools with majority-black and Hispanic demographics and lower graduation rates, while white and Asian students were more likely to attend selective or zoned schools with higher graduation rates. The Times also stated that zoned schools with majority white or Asian demographics tended to have higher graduation rates than zoned schools with majority black or Hispanic demographics. While

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4278-413: The student population was 42% Hispanic and Latino , 26% African American, 15% Non-Hispanic White , and 16% Asian American. Another 3% were of multiple race categories. Of the students, 20% were disabled, 13% were English language learners, and 73% met the department's definition of poverty. The specialized high schools tend to be disproportionately Asian . New York's Specialized High School Institute

4347-614: The universal high school choice policy in New York City sought to weaken the link between the conditions in students neighborhoods and their educational outcomes, a 2016 report by Measure of America found that on-time graduation rates still vary immensely by where students lived. In 1991 NYCDOE established an entirely segregated school district, District 75, to educate children with complex and significant needs including Autism, Intellectual Disabilities, Multiple disabilities and sensory impairments. District 75 educates approximately 24,000 children across New York City's five boroughs. In 2021,

4416-553: The usual Education Law §3020-a proceeding of charges. After October 15, 2014, ATR teachers without a permanent position will be assigned to schools as temporary provisional hires in their license area of tenure within their school districts and borough. Any ATR who refuses two provisional hires without just cause, or any ATR written up for problematic behavior twice in a row or in two successive school years, would face an expedited 50-day Education Law §3020-a removal process which could lead to termination of employment. ATR teachers covering

4485-564: Was designated as the "Department of Education of the City of New York". The education headquarters were moved from 110 Livingston Street in downtown Brooklyn to the Tweed Courthouse building adjacent to New York City Hall in Manhattan . In 2003, the districts were grouped into ten regions , each encompassing several elementary and middle school districts, and part of a high school district. In 2005, several schools joined

4554-550: Was held in 2011. According to Beth Fertig, Community Education Councils are "supposed to provide an avenue for parent engagement." According to Tim Kremer, head of the New York State School Boards Association , "although education councils don't have a lot of power they can play a vital role in vetting budgets and giving feedback on instructional policies." Councils have some veto power. The councils were created in 2002 and their authority

4623-514: Was increased "a little" in 2009, but, according to Fertig, "many parents still claim the councils don't matter because decisions are ultimately controlled by the mayor." According to Soni Sangha, the councils are mainly obscure and unknown to many parents, their forums are not well-attended, and they meet with the citywide schools chancellor . In October 2018, 1,126,501 students attended New York City public schools, excluding 119,551 students enrolled in charter schools . About 40% of students in

4692-448: Was later found inside an apartment building three blocks away. On October 4th 2023, an autistic 15 year old student at Gotham Collaborative High School in the Bronx, bypassed his paraprofessional and exited the school building. Security cameras nearby the school revealed he boarded the BX5 bus instead of his regular school bus. He was later found. Michael Mulgrew Michael Mulgrew

4761-399: Was that charged teachers possessed the absolute right to cross-examine witnesses against them and present a defense if they wished. The changes to the UFT contract modified the ATR teacher's right of due process. New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio stated he trusted principals to judge whether to keep teachers assigned from a pool of rotating substitutes or send them back. City officials said

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