Misplaced Pages

#977022

74-404: Under AMA the banks are allowed to develop their own empirical model to quantify required capital for operational risk. Banks can use this approach only subject to approval from their local regulators. Once a bank has been approved to adopt AMA, it cannot revert to a simpler approach without supervisory approval. Also, according to section 664 of original Basel Accord, in order to qualify for use of

148-480: A convocation organized by Pope Gregory XII with his cardinals intended to end the schism in the papacy. Lucca managed, at first as a democracy , and after 1628 as an oligarchy , to maintain its independence alongside of Venice and Genoa , and painted the word Libertas on its banner until the French Revolution in 1789. Lucca had been the second largest Italian city state (after Venice ) with

222-492: A puppet state of the Germans, political prisoners , foreigners, common law prisoners and Jews were interned there, and it functioned as a concentration camp . In June 1944, the prisoners were moved to Bagni di Lucca . Lucca is the birthplace of composers Giacomo Puccini ( La Bohème and Madama Butterfly ), Nicolao Dorati , Francesco Geminiani , Gioseffo Guami , Luigi Boccherini , and Alfredo Catalani . It

296-412: A bank account is considered indispensable by most businesses and individuals. Non-banks that provide payment services such as remittance companies are normally not considered as an adequate substitute for a bank account. Banks issue new money when they make loans. In contemporary banking systems, regulators set a minimum level of reserve funds that banks must hold against the deposit liabilities created by

370-425: A large number of small to medium-sized institutions in its banking system. As of November 2009, China's top four banks have in excess of 67,000 branches ( ICBC :18000+, BOC :12000+, CCB :13000+, ABC :24000+) with an additional 140 smaller banks with an undetermined number of branches. Japan had 129 banks and 12,000 branches. In 2004, Germany, France, and Italy each had more than 30,000 branches – more than double

444-412: A large part of today's Tuscany and the province of Viterbo , during this time the city also minted its own coins. The Holy Face of Lucca (or Volto Santo), a major relic supposedly carved by Nicodemus , arrived in 742. Among the population that inhabited Lucca in the medieval era, there was also a significant presence of Jews . The first mention of their presence in the city is from a document from

518-679: A number of public squares, most notably the Piazza dell'Anfiteatro , (site of the ancient Roman amphitheater), the Piazzale Verdi, the Piazza Napoleone, and the Piazza San Michele. There are many medieval, a few as old as the eighth century, basilica -form churches with richly arcaded façades and campaniles Since 2005, Lucca hosts IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca , a selective graduate and doctoral school which

592-467: A population of 383,957. Lucca is known as an Italian "Città d'arte" (City of Art) from its intact Renaissance -era city walls and its very well preserved historic center, where, among other buildings and monuments, are located the Piazza dell'Anfiteatro , which has its origins in the second half of the 1st century A.D., the Guinigi Tower , a 45-metre-tall (150 ft) tower that dates from

666-537: A republican constitution ("comune") to remain independent over the centuries. Between 1799 and 1800, it was contested by the French and Austrian armies. Finally the French prevailed and granted a democratic constitution in the 1801. However, already in 1805 the Republic of Lucca was converted into a monarchy by Napoleon , who installed his sister Elisa Bonaparte Baciocchi as "Princess of Lucca". From 1815 to 1847, it

740-416: A safe and convenient form of money backed by the goldsmith's promise to pay, allowing goldsmiths to advance loans with little risk of default . Thus the goldsmiths of London became the forerunners of banking by creating new money based on credit. The Bank of England originated the permanent issue of banknotes in 1695. The Royal Bank of Scotland established the first overdraft facility in 1728. By

814-473: A silk fabric that was woven with gold or silver threads. It was a popular type of textile in Lucca throughout the mediaeval period. Lucca became prosperous through the silk trade that began in the eleventh century, and came to rival the silks of Byzantium . During the tenth–eleventh centuries Lucca was the capital of the feudal margraviate of Tuscany , more or less independent but owing nominal allegiance to

SECTION 10

#1732780132978

888-461: A term used by the first European populations). The origin apparently refers to a wooded area deforested to make room for light or to a clearing located on a river island of Serchio debris, in the middle of wooded areas. The territory of present-day Lucca was certainly settled by the Etruscans , and it also has traces of a probable earlier Ligurian presence (called Luk meaning "marsh", which

962-399: A variety of different ways including interest, transaction fees and financial advice. Traditionally, the most significant method is via charging interest on the capital it lends out to customers. The bank profits from the difference between the level of interest it pays for deposits and other sources of funds, and the level of interest it charges in its lending activities. This difference

1036-613: Is Machiavelli 's third famous book on political rule. Occupied by the troops of Louis of Bavaria, the city was sold to a rich Genoese, Gherardino Spinola, then seized by John, king of Bohemia. Pawned to the Rossi of Parma, by them it was ceded to Mastino II della Scala of Verona , sold to the Florentines, surrendered to the Pisans, and then nominally liberated by the emperor Charles IV and governed by his vicar. In 1408, Lucca hosted

1110-446: Is a bank regulation , which sets a framework within which a bank or depository institution must manage its balance sheet . The categorisation of assets and capital is highly standardised so that it can be risk weighted . After the financial crisis of 2007–2008 , regulators force banks to issue Contingent convertible bonds (CoCos). These are hybrid capital securities that absorb losses in accordance with their contractual terms when

1184-400: Is a Bills of Exchange Act that codifies the law in relation to negotiable instruments , including cheques, and this Act contains a statutory definition of the term banker : banker includes a body of persons, whether incorporated or not, who carry on the business of banking' (Section 2, Interpretation). Although this definition seems circular, it is actually functional, because it ensures that

1258-403: Is a list of the largest deals in history in terms of value with participation from at least one bank: Currently, commercial banks are regulated in most jurisdictions by government entities and require a special bank license to operate. Usually, the definition of the business of banking for the purposes of regulation is extended to include acceptance of deposits, even if they are not repayable to

1332-444: Is a major challenge for the industry, annual loss distribution cannot be built directly using annual loss figures. Instead, a bank will develop a frequency distribution that describes the number of loss events in a given year, and a severity distribution that describes the loss amount of a single loss event. The frequency and severity distributions are assumed to be independent. The convolution of these two distributions then give rise to

1406-557: Is also the birthplace of artist Benedetto Brandimarte . Since 2004, Lucca is home to IMT Lucca , a public research institution and a selective graduate school and part of the Superior Graduate Schools in Italy ( Grandes écoles ). Lucca hosts the annual Lucca Summer Festival. The 2006 edition featured live performances by Eric Clapton , Placebo , Massive Attack , Roger Waters , Tracy Chapman , and Santana at

1480-603: Is part of the Italian superior graduate school system . Its main educational facilities are located at the San Francesco Convent Complex and Campus , and the former Renaissance -style Roman Catholic church of San Ponziano now hosts the university library. Association football arrived in Lucca in 1905 and has its roots in Brazil , thanks to a number of fans that helped found the club who had learned

1554-431: Is referred to as the spread between the cost of funds and the loan interest rate. Historically, profitability from lending activities has been cyclical and dependent on the needs and strengths of loan customers and the stage of the economic cycle . Fees and financial advice constitute a more stable revenue stream and banks have therefore placed more emphasis on these revenue lines to smooth their financial performance. In

SECTION 20

#1732780132978

1628-626: The Basel Accords . Banking in its modern sense evolved in the fourteenth century in the prosperous cities of Renaissance Italy but, in many ways, functioned as a continuation of ideas and concepts of credit and lending that had their roots in the ancient world . In the history of banking , a number of banking dynasties  – notably, the Medicis , the Pazzi , the Fuggers ,

1702-742: The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) as a regulator. However, for soundness examinations (i.e., whether a bank is operating in a sound manner), the Federal Reserve is the primary federal regulator for Fed-member state banks; the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) is the primary federal regulator for national banks. State non-member banks are examined by the state agencies as well as

1776-548: The First Triumvirate . Frediano , an Irish monk , was bishop of Lucca in the early sixth century. At one point, Lucca was plundered by Odoacer , the first Germanic King of Italy. Lucca was an important city and fortress even in the sixth century, when Narses besieged it for several months in 553. From 576 to 797, under the Lombards , it was the capital of a duchy, known as Duchy of Tuscia , which included

1850-651: The Great Depression , the U.S. Savings and Loan crisis in the 1980s and early 1990s, the Japanese banking crisis during the 1990s, and the sub-prime mortgage crisis in the 2000s. The 2023 global banking crisis is the latest of these crises: In March 2023, liquidity shortages and bank insolvencies led to three bank failures in the United States , and within two weeks, several of the world's largest banks failed or were shut down by regulators Assets of

1924-579: The Holy Roman Emperor . In 1057, Anselm of Baggio (later Pope Alexander II) was appointed bishop of Lucca, a position he held also during the papacy. As bishop of Lucca he managed to rebuild the patrimony of the Church of Lucca, recovering alienated assets, obtaining numerous donations thanks to his prestige, and had the Cathedral of the city rebuilt. From 1073 to 1086, the bishop of Lucca

1998-528: The Medici Bank , in 1397. The Republic of Genoa founded the earliest-known state deposit bank, and Banco di San Giorgio (Bank of St. George), in 1407 at Genoa , Italy. Fractional reserve banking and the issue of banknotes emerged in the 17th and 18th centuries. Merchants started to store their gold with the goldsmiths of London , who possessed private vaults , and who charged a fee for that service. In exchange for each deposit of precious metal,

2072-569: The Renaissance by Florentine bankers, who used to make their transactions atop desks covered by green tablecloths. The definition of a bank varies from country to country. See the relevant country pages for more information. Under English common law , a banker is defined as a person who carries on the business of banking by conducting current accounts for their customers, paying cheques drawn on them and also collecting cheques for their customers. In most common law jurisdictions there

2146-594: The Welsers , the Berenbergs , and the Rothschilds  – have played a central role over many centuries. The oldest existing retail bank is Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena (founded in 1472), while the oldest existing merchant bank is Berenberg Bank (founded in 1590). Banking as an archaic activity (or quasi-banking ) is thought to have begun as early as the end of the 4th millennium BCE, to

2220-454: The economy of a country, most jurisdictions exercise a high degree of regulation over banks. Most countries have institutionalized a system known as fractional-reserve banking , under which banks hold liquid assets equal to only a portion of their current liabilities. In addition to other regulations intended to ensure liquidity , banks are generally subject to minimum capital requirements based on an international set of capital standards,

2294-484: The (annual) loss distribution. BIS publications This bank and insurance -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Bank A bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates a demand deposit while simultaneously making loans . Lending activities can be directly performed by the bank or indirectly through capital markets . Whereas banks play an important role in financial stability and

Advanced measurement approach - Misplaced Pages Continue

2368-551: The 14th century and the Cathedral of San Martino. The city is the birthplace of numerous world-class composers, including Giacomo Puccini , Alfredo Catalani , and Luigi Boccherini . To the Ancient Romans , Lucca was known as Luca . From more recent and concrete toponymic studies, the name Lucca has references that lead to "sacred grove" ( Latin : lucus ), "to cut" (Latin: lucare ) and "luminous space" ( leuk ,

2442-481: The 15,000 branches in the United Kingdom. Between 1985 and 2018 banks engaged in around 28,798 mergers or acquisitions, either as the acquirer or the target company. The overall known value of these deals cumulates to around 5,169 bil. USD. In terms of value, there have been two major waves (1999 and 2007) which both peaked at around 460 bil. USD followed by a steep decline (−82% from 2007 until 2018). Here

2516-404: The 19th century, we find in ordinary cases of deposits, of money with banking corporations, or bankers, the transaction amounts to a mere loan, or mutuum , and the bank is to restore, not the same money, but an equivalent sum, whenever it is demanded and money, when paid into a bank, ceases altogether to be the money of the principal (see Parker v. Marchant, 1 Phillips 360); it is then the money of

2590-419: The 3rd millennia BCE. The present era of banking can be traced to medieval and early Renaissance Italy, to the rich cities in the centre and north like Florence , Lucca , Siena , Venice and Genoa . The Bardi and Peruzzi families dominated banking in 14th-century Florence, establishing branches in many other parts of Europe. Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici set up one of the most famous Italian banks,

2664-538: The AMA a bank must satisfy its supervisor that, at a minimum: According to the BCBS Supervisory Guidelines, an AMA framework must include the use of four data elements: (i) Internal loss data (ILD), (ii) External data (ED), (iii) Scenario analysis (SBA), and (iv) Business environment and internal control factors (BEICFs). While AMA does not specify the use of any particular modeling technique, one of

2738-529: The FDIC. National banks have one primary regulator – the OCC. Each regulatory agency has its own set of rules and regulations to which banks and thrifts must adhere. The Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC) was established in 1979 as a formal inter-agency body empowered to prescribe uniform principles, standards, and report forms for the federal examination of financial institutions. Although

2812-674: The FFIEC has resulted in a greater degree of regulatory consistency between the agencies, the rules and regulations are constantly changing. Lucca Lucca ( / ˈ l uː k ə / LOO -kə ; Italian: [ˈlukka] ) is a city and comune in Tuscany , Central Italy , on the Serchio River, in a fertile plain near the Ligurian Sea . The city has a population of about 89,000, while its province has

2886-408: The Piazza Napoleone. Lucca hosts the annual Lucca Comics and Games festival, Europe's largest festival for comics , movies , games and related subjects. Other events include: Moreover, Lucca hosts Lucca Biennale Cartasia , an international biennial contemporary art exhibition focusing solely on Paper Art . Mauro Bolognini 's 1958 film Giovani mariti , with Sylva Koscina , is set and

2960-586: The UK, for example, the Financial Services Authority licenses banks, and some commercial banks (such as the Bank of Scotland ) issue their own banknotes in addition to those issued by the Bank of England , the UK government's central bank. Banking law is based on a contractual analysis of the relationship between the bank (defined above) and the customer  – defined as any entity for which

3034-526: The West Wing was hand-laid and is constructed entirely of Italian, Lucca marble. The walls encircling the old town remain intact, even though the city has expanded and been modernised, which is unusual for cities in this region. These walls were built initially as a defensive rampart which, after losing their military importance, became a pedestrian promenade (the Passeggiata delle Mure Urbane) atop

Advanced measurement approach - Misplaced Pages Continue

3108-639: The bank agrees to conduct an account. The law implies rights and obligations into this relationship as follows: These implied contractual terms may be modified by express agreement between the customer and the bank. The statutes and regulations in force within a particular jurisdiction may also modify the above terms or create new rights, obligations, or limitations relevant to the bank-customer relationship. Some types of financial institutions, such as building societies and credit unions , may be partly or wholly exempt from bank license requirements, and therefore regulated under separate rules. The requirements for

3182-411: The bank will not repay it), and interest rate risk (the possibility that the bank will become unprofitable, if rising interest rates force it to pay relatively more on its deposits than it receives on its loans). Banking crises have developed many times throughout history when one or more risks have emerged for the banking sector as a whole. Prominent examples include the bank run that occurred during

3256-667: The bank, and collecting cheques deposited to customers' current accounts. Banks also enable customer payments via other payment methods such as Automated Clearing House (ACH), Wire transfers or telegraphic transfer , EFTPOS , and automated teller machines (ATMs). Banks borrow money by accepting funds deposited on current accounts, by accepting term deposits , and by issuing debt securities such as banknotes and bonds . Banks lend money by making advances to customers on current accounts, by making installment loans , and by investing in marketable debt securities and other forms of money lending. Banks provide different payment services, and

3330-456: The banker, who is bound to return an equivalent, by paying a similar sum to that deposited with him, when he is asked for it. The goldsmith paid interest on deposits. Since the promissory notes were payable on demand, and the advances (loans) to the goldsmith's customers were repayable over a longer time-period, this was an early form of fractional reserve banking . The promissory notes developed into an assignable instrument which could circulate as

3404-717: The beginning of the 19th century Lubbock's Bank had established a bankers' clearing house in London to allow multiple banks to clear transactions. The Rothschilds pioneered international finance on a large scale, financing the purchase of shares in the Suez canal for the British government in 1875. The word bank was taken into Middle English from Middle French banque , from Old Italian banco , meaning "table", from Old High German banc, bank "bench, counter". Benches were used as makeshift desks or exchange counters during

3478-515: The business of banking for the purposes of the legislation, and not necessarily in general. In particular, most of the definitions are from legislation that has the purpose of regulating and supervising banks rather than regulating the actual business of banking. However, in many cases, the statutory definition closely mirrors the common law one. Examples of statutory definitions: Since the advent of EFTPOS (Electronic Funds Transfer at Point Of Sale), direct credit, direct debit and internet banking ,

3552-533: The capital of the issuing bank falls below a certain level. Then debt is reduced and bank capitalisation gets a boost. Owing to their capacity to absorb losses, CoCos have the potential to satisfy regulatory capital requirement. The economic functions of banks include: Banks are susceptible to many forms of risk which have triggered occasional systemic crises. These include liquidity risk (where many depositors may request withdrawals in excess of available funds), credit risk (the chance that those who owe money to

3626-483: The cheque has lost its primacy in most banking systems as a payment instrument. This has led legal theorists to suggest that the cheque based definition should be broadened to include financial institutions that conduct current accounts for customers and enable customers to pay and be paid by third parties, even if they do not pay and collect cheques . Banks act as payment agents by conducting checking or current accounts for customers, paying cheques drawn by customers in

3700-485: The city to another condottiero , Castruccio Castracani , under whose rule it became a leading state in central Italy. Lucca rivalled Florence until Castracani's death in 1328. On 22 and 23 September 1325, in the battle of Altopascio , Castracani defeated Florence 's Guelphs. For this he was nominated by Louis IV the Bavarian to become duke of Lucca. Castracani's tomb is in the church of San Francesco. His biography

3774-423: The cross-selling of complementary products. Banks face a number of risks in order to conduct their business, and how well these risks are managed and understood is a key driver behind profitability, and how much capital a bank is required to hold. Bank capital consists principally of equity , retained earnings and subordinated debt . Some of the main risks faced by banks include: The capital requirement

SECTION 50

#1732780132978

3848-408: The customer's order – although money lending, by itself, is generally not included in the definition. Unlike most other regulated industries, the regulator is typically also a participant in the market, being either publicly or privately governed central bank . Central banks also typically have a monopoly on the business of issuing banknotes . However, in some countries, this is not the case. In

3922-465: The death of Matilda of Tuscany , the city began to constitute itself an independent commune with a charter in 1160. For almost 500 years, Lucca remained an independent republic. There were many minor provinces in the region between southern Liguria and northern Tuscany dominated by the Malaspina ; Tuscany in this time was a part of feudal Europe. Dante 's Divine Comedy includes many references to

3996-589: The funding of these loans, in order to ensure that the banks can meet demands for payment of such deposits. These reserves can be acquired through the acceptance of new deposits, sale of other assets, or borrowing from other banks including the central bank. Activities undertaken by banks include personal banking , corporate banking , investment banking , private banking , transaction banking , insurance , consumer finance , trade finance and other related. Banks offer many different channels to access their banking and other services: A bank can generate revenue in

4070-578: The game in Brazil. The Lucchese 1905 , or simply Lucchese, plays in Serie C , the third tier of Italian football , having last been in top tier Serie A in 1952. The club plays its home games at Stadio Porta Elisa , just outside the northeast wall of the city. Consorzio Lucchese Autotrasporti Pubblici , also known as CLAP , was established in 1969, as the main company in the Province of Lucca to manage

4144-407: The goldsmiths issued receipts certifying the quantity and purity of the metal they held as a bailee ; these receipts could not be assigned, only the original depositor could collect the stored goods. Gradually the goldsmiths began to lend money out on behalf of the depositor , and promissory notes , which evolved into banknotes, were issued for money deposited as a loan to the goldsmith. Thus, by

4218-429: The great feudal families who had huge jurisdictions with administrative and judicial rights. Dante spent some of his exile in Lucca. In 1273 and again in 1277, Lucca was ruled by a Guelph capitano del popolo (captain of the people) named Luchetto Gattilusio . In 1314, internal discord allowed Uguccione della Faggiuola of Pisa to make himself lord of Lucca. The Lucchesi expelled him two years later, and handed over

4292-442: The issue of a bank license vary between jurisdictions but typically include: Banks' activities can be divided into: Most banks are profit-making, private enterprises. However, some are owned by the government, or are non-profit organisations . The United States banking industry is one of the most heavily regulated and guarded in the world, with multiple specialised and focused regulators. All banks with FDIC-insured deposits have

4366-409: The largest 1,000 banks in the world grew by 6.8% in the 2008–2009 financial year to a record US$ 96.4 trillion while profits declined by 85% to US$ 115 billion. Growth in assets in adverse market conditions was largely a result of recapitalisation. EU banks held the largest share of the total, 56% in 2008–2009, down from 61% in the previous year. Asian banks' share increased from 12% to 14% during

4440-450: The legal basis for bank transactions such as cheques does not depend on how the bank is structured or regulated. The business of banking is in many common law countries not defined by statute but by common law, the definition above. In other English common law jurisdictions there are statutory definitions of the business of banking or banking business . When looking at these definitions it is important to keep in mind that they are defining

4514-473: The local public transport. In 2005, following the decision of the Region to assign the local public transport to a single operator for each of the 14 lots constituted, CLAP merged with the companies Lazzi and C.LU.B. Scpa to form the consortium VaiBus which was absorbed by the newly formed company CTT Nord in 2012. VaiBus was part of ONE Scarl the consortium holder of the two-year (2018-2019) contract for

SECTION 60

#1732780132978

4588-400: The most common approaches taken in the banking industry is the loss distribution approach (LDA) . With LDA, a bank first segments operational losses into homogeneous segments, called units of measure (UoMs). For each unit of measure, the bank then constructs a loss distribution that represents its expectation of total losses that can materialize in a one-year horizon. Given that data sufficiency

4662-418: The others. The walled city is encircled by Piazzale Boccherini, Viale Lazzaro Papi, Viale Carlo Del Prete, Piazzale Martiri della Libertà, Via Batoni, Viale Agostino Marti, Viale G. Marconi ( vide Guglielmo Marconi ), Piazza Don A. Mei, Viale Pacini , Viale Giusti, Piazza Curtatone, Piazzale Ricasoli, Viale Ricasoli, Piazza Risorgimento ( vide Risorgimento ), and Viale Giosuè Carducci . The town includes

4736-455: The past 20 years, American banks have taken many measures to ensure that they remain profitable while responding to increasingly changing market conditions. This helps in making a profit and facilitates economic development as a whole. Recently, as banks have been faced with pressure from fintechs, new and additional business models have been suggested such as freemium, monetisation of data, white-labeling of banking and payment applications, or

4810-645: The site of the ancient forum . The outline of the Roman amphitheatre is still seen in the Piazza dell'Anfiteatro , and the outline of a Roman theater is visible in Piazza Sant'Augostino . Fragments of the Roman-era walls are incorporated into the church of Santa Maria della Rosa. At the Luca Conference , in 56 BC, Julius Caesar , Pompey , and Crassus reaffirmed their political alliance known as

4884-481: The walls which not only links the Bastions of Santa Croce, San Frediano, San Martino, San Pietro/Battisti, San Salvatore, La Libertà/Cairoli, San Regolo, San Colombano, Santa Maria, San Paolino/Catalani and San Donato but also passes over the gates (Porte) of San Donato, Santa Maria, San Jacopo, Elisa, San Pietro, and Sant'Anna. Each of the four principal sides of the structure is lined with a tree species different from

4958-576: The year 859. The Jewish community was led by the Kalonymos family (which later became a major component of proto- Ashkenazic Jewry ). Thanks above all to the Holy Face and to the relics of important saints, such as San Regolo and Saint Fridianus , the city was one of the main destinations of the Via Francigena , the major pilgrimage route to Rome from the north. The Lucca cloth was

5032-462: The year, while the share of US banks increased from 11% to 13%. Fee revenue generated by global investment in banking totalled US$ 66.3 billion in 2009, up 12% on the previous year. The United States has the most banks in the world in terms of institutions (5,330 as of 2015) and possibly branches (81,607 as of 2015). This is an indicator of the geography and regulatory structure of the US, resulting in

5106-579: Was a Bourbon-Parma duchy . The only reigning dukes of Lucca were Maria Luisa of Spain , who was succeeded by her son Charles II, Duke of Parma in 1824. Meanwhile, the Duchy of Parma had been assigned for life to Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma , the second wife of Napoleon . In accordance with the Treaty of Vienna (1815) , upon the death of Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma in 1847, Parma reverted to Charles II, Duke of Parma , while Lucca lost independence and

5180-602: Was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany . As part of Tuscany, it became part of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1860 and finally part of the Italian State in 1861. In 1942, during World War II , a prisoner-of-war camp was established at the village of Colle di Compito , in the municipality of Capannori , about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) from Lucca. Its official number was P.G. ( prigionieri di guerra ) 60, and it

5254-471: Was filmed in Lucca. Sergio Martino 's 1993 miniseries Private Crimes , starring Edwige Fenech , is set and was filmed in Lucca. Top Gear filmed the third episode of the 17th season here. Lucca is also known for its marble deposits. After a fire in the early 1900s, the West Wing of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario was rebuilt with marble sourced in Lucca. The floor mosaic in

5328-762: Was his nephew Anselm II , a prominent figure in the Investiture Controversy. During the High Middle Ages, one of the most illustrious dynasties of Lucca was the noble Allucingoli family, who managed to forge strong ties with the Church. Among the family members were Ubaldo Allucingoli, who was elected to the Papacy as Pope Lucius III in 1181, and the Cardinals Gerardo Allucingoli and Uberto Allucingoli . After

5402-475: Was previously speculated as a possible origin of the city's name), dating from the 3rd century BC. However, it was only with the arrival of the Romans that the area took on the appearance of a real town. It obtained the status of a Roman colony in 180 BC and of a municipality ( municipium ) in 89 BC. The rectangular grid of its historical centre preserves the Roman street plan, and the Piazza San Michele occupies

5476-483: Was usually referred to as PG 60 Lucca. Although it never had permanent structures and accommodation consisted of tents in an area prone to flooding, it housed more than 3,000 British and Commonwealth prisoners of war during the period of its existence. It was handed over to the Germans on 10 September 1943, not long after the signing of the Italian armistice . During the Italian Social Republic , as

#977022