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88-607: The Adamawa Emirate ( Fula : Laamorde Adamaawa , 𞤂𞤢𞥄𞤥𞤢𞤼𞤫𞥅𞤪𞤭 𞤀𞤣𞤢𞤥𞤢𞥄𞤱𞤢 ; Arabic : إمارة آدماوة , romanized :  ʾimārat·u ʾādamāwah ; German : Adamaua ; French : Adamaoua ) is a traditional state located in Fombina, an area which now roughly corresponds to areas of Adamawa State and Taraba state in Nigeria , and previously also in the three northern regions of Cameroon ( Far North , North , and Adamawa ), including minor Parts of Chad and

176-711: A cattle from the Ardo's herd. Njobbo then ordered his men to kill the prince which led to a violent conflict between local Fulbe and Bata groups. This fight is said to have led to the death of Modibbo Adama 's father, Modibbo Hassana. The jihad in the region later called Adamawa was an offshoot of Uthman dan Fodio 's jihad in Hausaland . Uthman's jihad started in February 1804 with the hijra from Degel to Gudu and later declaration of jihad against Yunfa , Sarkin Gobir . Despite

264-727: A few miles south of Dulo, the capital of Mandara. From there, he sent a letter to the Mai of Mandara, Bukar Djiama , asserting that Shehu Usman appointed him as Lamido and that Mandara fell under his jurisdiction , requiring the Mai to pay homage. In response, Bukar acknowledged Adama's authority over the Fulani and sent him presents, including a female slave. However, he adamantly refused to compromise his own sovereignty over Mandara. Afterwards, Adama swiftly moved his forces to Pata, an open field that provided an advantageous setting for his cavalry. The Mandara army attempted to attack Adama's force but

352-730: A few years back. During his time in Bornu, it is theorised that Adama heard about the jihad in Sokoto and most likely came back to inform his people back in Adamawa. Adama stayed in Gurin for some time, teaching the Fulbe Muslims in the community, until the meeting regarding the jihad took place. The reactions to Uthman's decision to pick Adama as the leader shocked the Fulbe of Adamawa especially

440-612: A formidable force. They were experienced and fierce fighters who were also effective in archery with their utilisation of poison arrows. The Batta were separated into many groups and clans but the Fulbe Muslims feared that they would unite under one force to fight them. This can lead to a long war introducing constant instability in the emirate. The Verre had fewer numbers than the Batta. They were not as organised and generally avoided wars. They have been forced to flee from their original settlements by Batta and Jukun forces. They resettled in

528-468: A general elevation of 4,000 ft (1,200 m), and forms the watershed, from which streams of water drain into the Benue river system, as well as into the inland basin of Lake Chad . Great altitudes of between 5,000 and 7,000 ft or between 1,525 and 2,150 meters above sea level are found, towards the western border region of the emirate with other regions of Nigeria and Cameroon , these are sections of

616-693: A large increase in the population of venomous snakes in the Duguri District , Alkaleri Local Government Area , Bauchi State . A July 2013 report indicated that over 200 people in the district had died of snakebite . The General Hospital in Kaltungo , Gombe State in Nigeria, is the nearest location for treatment of snakebite; "whoever is lucky to make it to Kaltungo is treated in only two days and then they return home." Benue Hike Tourism and Conservation Foundation , in an attempt to keep

704-427: A local language in many African countries, such as Mauritania , Guinea-Bissau , Sierra Leone , Togo , CAR , Chad , Sudan , Ethiopia and Somalia , numbering more than 95 million speakers in total. The two sounds / c / and / ɟ / , may be realized as affricate sounds [ tʃ ] and [ dʒ ] . Short / i e o u / vowel sounds can also be realized as [ ɪ ɛ ɔ ʊ ]. There were unsuccessful efforts in

792-537: A manuscript dated March 1809 in Yola , was: ...since you tell me that some of the fulani leaders did not come with you, but they sent you to come and receive the flag of the jihad from me and take it back to them. I instruct you to tell them that it is you to whom I have given this jihad flag, and tell them that who ever obeys you obeys me, and whoever swears fealty to you, it is exactly as if he had sworn fealty to me. Another version states: When you return tell them this

880-785: A new "Lamido" while Morland and his forces marched towards Ribadu only to find out Lamido Zubayru was had also not been there. Morland spent the night in Ribadu. On the morning of September 7, Colonel Morland shelled the town of Ribadu before returning to Yola. Boboa Ahmadu was later installed as Lamido Adamawa by the British colonial administrators. 1300–1350: Fulani arrive in Kanem empire as envoys of Emperor of Mali 1452–1463: More Fulbe enter Hausaland and Kanem-Bornu with Islamic books. 1700s: Different Fulani groups enter Adamawa looking for pasturage for cattle 1770: Modibo Adama

968-484: A nominative case (i.e., used as verb subject) and an accusative or dative case (i.e., used as a verb object) as well as a possessive form. Relative pronouns generally take the same form as the nominative. While there are numerous varieties of Fula, it is typically regarded as a single language. Wilson (1989) states that "travelers over wide distances never find communication impossible," and Ka (1991) concludes that despite its geographic span and dialect variation, Fulfulde

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1056-681: A noun with its class marker. Classes 1 and 2 can be described as personal classes, classes 3-6 as diminutive classes, classes 7-8 as augmentative classes, and classes 9-25 as neutral classes. It is formed on the basis of McIntosh's 1984 description of Kaceccereere Fulfulde, which the author describes as "essentially the same" as David Arnott 's 1970 description of the noun classes of the Gombe dialect of Fula. Thus, certain examples from Arnott also informed this table. Verbs in Fula are usually classed in three voices : active, middle, and passive. Not every root

1144-700: A result of European treaties in 1893 and 1894, parts of the Emirate can today be found in Chad , the Central African Republic , Nigeria and Cameroon , which retained about three-quarter of the total area of the emirate. The altitude of much of the country lies at around 2,000 ft (610 m) above sea level. The Adamawa plateau itself however, called the Leydi Hossere by the Fulbe , rises to

1232-527: A year. Nigeria’s National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), conducted a “disaster risk management analysis” and advised Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs) to take proactive steps to mitigate the impact of climate change. The agency advised that water bodies across some states be desilted and dredged regularly to make water available for various purposes. The agency urged relevant institutions to carry out routine monitoring of dams and water bodies to ensure their operation rule curve for reservoirs

1320-663: Is adhered to. On September 23, 2022, flooding affected all riverine local government areas of Benue, according to the state Commissioner for Water Resources and Environment, Godwin Oyiwona. The flooding affected Makurdi , Agatu , Logo, Guma, Buruku , Otukpo , and Gwer-West . The government worked to mitigate flooding effects and released funds for cleaning the Idye Basin. In October 2022, farmers in Adamawa State struggled to clear off remnants of crops destroyed by

1408-498: Is based on verbonominal roots, from which verbal, noun, and modifier words are derived. It uses suffixes (sometimes inaccurately called infixes , as they come between the root and the inflectional ending) to modify meaning. These suffixes often serve the same purposes in Fula that prepositions do in English. The Fula or Fulfulde language is characterized by a robust noun class system, with 24 to 26 noun classes being common across

1496-639: Is born probably at Beltunde 1808: Adama sent to Uthman dan Fodio to enquire on jihad March 1809: Uthman dan Fodio gives Adama flag and appoints him leader of the jihad in Fombina 1810–1811: Adama leads jihad in Mandara 1818: Hamman Sambo leads jihad to the South and founds Tibati 1831: Modibbo Adama moves capital to Ribadu from Gurin 1835–1837: Njobdi establishes Fulani rule in Ngaoundere Fula language It

1584-494: Is difficult to distinguish between people who the Fulani subjected to their rule, and those whom they simply raided for slaves, without establishing any form of administrative links. According to some estimates, by the late 19th century, slaves constituted about 50% of the population of the Fulɓe-ruled Adamawa Emirate, where they were referred to as jeyaɓe (singular jeyado). Based on the region subjected to Fulani rule,

1672-560: Is no record of horses being used in the Adamawa region by non-Fulanis before the jihad. Unlike in Mandara and Bornu where they could be found in large numbers, horses were very scarce in Adamawa and were sometimes used for sports and ceremonies. Donkeys, on the other hand, were widely used as beasts of burden. They were cheaper and plentiful which led to their popularity. It was through their experience riding Donkeys that Fulbe from less affluent families could ride horses so effectively. Horses, weapons and armour were provided from Hausaland to

1760-708: Is spoken as a first language by the Fula people ("Fulani", Fula: Fulɓe ) from the Senegambia region and Guinea to Cameroon , Nigeria , and Sudan and by related groups such as the Toucouleur people in the Senegal River Valley. It is also spoken as a second language by various peoples in the region, such as the Kirdi of northern Cameroon and northeastern Nigeria . Several names are applied to

1848-708: Is still fundamentally one language. However, Ethnologue has found that nine different translations are needed to make the Bible comprehensible for most Fula speakers , and it treats these varieties as separate languages. They are listed in the box at the beginning of this article. Fulfulde is an official lingua franca in Guinea , Senegal , Gambia , northeastern Nigeria , Cameroon , Mali , Burkina Faso , Northern Ghana , Southern Niger and Northern Benin (in Borgou Region, where many speakers are bilingual), and

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1936-484: Is too much. A wife called Adama, a son called Adamu; And is my chief to be Adamu too? But you have forestalled us". Despite the initial mixed reactions to this news, most of the Fulbe Muslims, and later other Muslims, of Adamawa eventually rallied behind Modibbo Adama, who preferred to be referred to as Modibbo Adama rather than Lamido Adama. The cavalry of the Muslims were highly effective against their adversaries. There

2024-509: Is used in all voices. Some middle-voice verbs are reflexive . A common example are verbs from the root - 𞤤𞤮𞥅𞤼 loot- : Another feature of the language is initial consonant mutation between singular and plural forms of nouns and of verbs (except in Pular, no consonant mutation exists in verbs, only in nouns) . A simplified schema is: Fula has inclusive and exclusive first-person plural pronouns. The inclusive pronouns include both

2112-448: Is used instead of ɲ. a , aa , b , mb (or nb ), ɓ , c , d , nd , ɗ , e , ee , f , g , ng , h , i , ii , j , nj , k , l , m , n , ŋ , ɲ (ny or ñ ) , o , oo , p , r , s , t , u , uu , w , y , ƴ or ʼy, ʼ The letters q , v , x , z are used in some cases for loan words. Long vowels are written doubled: <aa, ee, ii, oo, uu> The standard Fulfulde alphabet adopted during

2200-468: Is what Shaihu gave you. Say also that I accept their greetings. Bid them place their hands in yours; whoever gives his hand to you, joins hands with me. Tell them I greet them. Make flags for them like this that I have given you, give them the flags, with the orders I have laid upon you. You are the envoy; whatsoever they desire let them tell it you, then do you come and tell me. Modibbo Adama bin Hassana

2288-572: The Arabic script or Ajami since before European colonization by many scholars and learned people including Usman dan Fodio and the early emirs of the northern Nigeria emirates. This continues to a certain degree and notably in some areas like Guinea and Cameroon . Fula also has Arabic loanwords . When written using the Latin script , Fula uses the following additional special "hooked" characters to distinguish meaningfully different sounds in

2376-768: The Batta language . The Benue rises in the Adamawa Plateau of northern Cameroon , from where it flows west, and through the town of Garoua and Lagdo Reservoir , into Nigeria south of the Mandara mountains , and through Jimeta , Ibi and Makurdi before meeting the Niger River at Lokoja . Large tributaries are the Faro River , the Gongola River and the Mayo Kébbi , which connects it with

2464-473: The Bornu empire , was one of the most significant and well-organized states in the region. It held considerable power and influence, with its capital at Dulo, and controlled extensive territories. The Mandara kingdom had a history of conflicts with Bornu, and these clashes played a crucial role in shaping their relationship. Notably, Mandara was the sole Muslim state located south of Bornu, and it embraced Islam in

2552-518: The Central African Republic . Modibo Adama was a commander of Sheikh Usman dan Fodio , the man who began the Fulani jihad in 1809. The capital was moved several times until it settled in Yola, Nigeria on the banks of the Benue River in Nigeria around 1841. At the time of Adama's death his realm encompassed parts of modern Nigeria and much of north Cameroon . Much like the other emirates in

2640-489: The Chadda River or Tchadda , is a major tributary of the Niger River . The size of its catchment basin is 319,000 km (123,000 sq mi). Almost its entire length of approximately 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) is navigable during the summer months . As a result, it is an important transportation route in the regions through which it flows. The name Benue comes from Binuwe, meaning 'Mother of Waters’ in

2728-622: The Logone River (part of the Lake Chad system) during floods . Other tributaries include Taraba River and River Katsina Ala . At the point of confluence, the Benue exceeds the Niger by volume. The mean discharge before 1960 was 3,477 cubic metres per second (122,800 cu ft/s) for the Benue and 2,863 cubic metres per second (101,100 cu ft/s) for the Niger . During

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2816-477: The Mbororo are not Muslims. Out of the four instances in which Uthman stated that jihad could be carried out against a people to establish a new government, only two applied to the Muslims of Adamawa: (xii) And that to make war upon the heathen king who will not say 'There is no God but Allah' is obligatory by assent, and that to take the government from him is obligatory by assent; (xiii) And that to make war upon

2904-588: The Verre hills in the 18th century. The Verre welcomed Fulani pastoralists, particularly from the Ba'en clan, after they were also forced to flee by the Batta. These two groups regularly came together to defend against raids from the Batta. It was in the interest of the Fulbe to maintain this relationship during the jihad. The Verre also had a large supply of iron and were valuable smiths who skillfully made arrow heads, knives, hoes, and spears. The Mandara kingdom , along with

2992-584: The 16th-century there were considerable number of them in Hausaland , Bornu , Bagirmi and among the Jukun in Kwararafa . The Fulbe became known for their learning and understanding of Islam. The Bornu king , Mai Dunama ibn Hajj Ali (1476–1503), gave official recognition to their contribution to the Muslim community in Bornu . He conferred upon an Ardo (Fulani chief) and removed the requirement for him and all

3080-682: The 17 ecological intervention projects, was approved by the President in the fourth quarter of 2017 and completed in 48 weeks. The project aimed to address the devastating effects of erosion and flood in the region. News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) reported that Idye Community was among the worst-hit areas of the 2017 flood that displaced over 120,000 persons in the Benue capital, Makurdi . Floods devastated more than 200 households in Makurdi . The Benue River flooded in October 2012, resulting in

3168-528: The 1950s and 1960s to create a unique script to write Fulfulde. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, two teenage brothers, Ibrahima and Abdoulaye Barry from the Nzérékoré Region of Guinea, created the Adlam script , which accurately represents all the sounds of Fulani. The script is written from right to left and includes 28 letters with 5 vowels and 23 consonants. Fula has also been written in

3256-496: The 21 local government areas in the state. Within three months, 12 Local Government Areas (LGAs) were submerged, affecting 82,730 residents, 13,788 households, 51 people injured, and 27 deaths. Farmlands worth billions of naira were destroyed. President Muhammadu Buhari inaugurated a 3.35-km drainage channel project in Makurdi , Benue , to address ecological challenges in the Idye Community. The project, part of

3344-454: The Ardo'en who felt that he was not worthy of such an appointment. Adama had very humble beginnings. His father was an ordinary Mallam. Adama lacked wealth and prestige. He was no warrior owing to his lean and tall stature. His only qualification was his knowledge of Islam and ability to explain concepts clearly. He was a fairly popular teacher in his community with even receiving a license to teach (Ijazas) from his Mallam, Kiari of Kukawa . Adama

3432-835: The British through the Royal Niger Company . The aristocracy of Adamawa were held intense debates on whether to resist the British or submit when they eventually invade the emirate as the military might of the Royal Niger Company was much greater. The party who preferred to resist eventually won the debate. This party was led by the Lamido, Zubairu bin Adama . The other party included the Hamman Joda (the Qadi ), Bobbo Ahmadu (the Lamido's younger brother) and Yerima Iyabeno (the Lamido's nephew). Lamido Zubairu's insistence on resistance

3520-594: The British, Lamido Zubairu pledged: I will not be two-faced, on your side and on the side of the Christians too. My allegiance is to you, to God and the Prophet, and after you to the Imam Mahdi. There is no surrender to the unbeliever even after the fall of the strongholds. The British deployed 22 European officers and NCOs and 365 mercenaries, 275-mm guns and 4 Maxim guns , led by Colonel T.N.L. Morland for

3608-575: The Cameroon-Bamenda-Adamawa- Mandara highland range which have record heights of about 13,350 ft (4,070 m) above sea level near the coast and steadily decreases northwards, to just around 4,000 ft (1,200 m) near Yola , the emirate's capital city. North of Yola, these range of highlands is continued by the Mandara Mountains at over 6,000 ft (1,800 m), before finally tapering out around Balma, into

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3696-447: The Fula noun class system and the marking of gender is done with adjectives rather than class markers . Noun classes are marked by suffixes on nouns. These suffixes are the same as the class name, though they are frequently subject to phonological processes, most frequently the dropping of the suffix's initial consonant. The table below illustrates the class name, the semantic property associated with class membership, and an example of

3784-744: The Fulani settlements in Maroua , Mindif , Guider , and Bogo were solidifying their control over the Diamare region and the Mundang people . Prior to Adama's jihad, Bukar frequently utilized these settlements for slave raids. The increasing influence of the Fulani in the area significantly impacted Bukar's economic and political power. In response to the slave raids, the Fulani constructed defensive outposts fortified with massive barricades, effectively defending against both Mandara and Bornu raiders. Consequently, an alliance formed between Bornu and Mandara against

3872-598: The Fulani. Travelling through the Tiel River valley , Adama's forces arrived at Guidder . With the assistance of the local Fulbe population, Adama launched an attack against Guidder's chief, Mulli Mali, after he refused to submit and was subsequently killed. Guidder was conquered by Adama's forces. They continued their northward advance, converting numerous villages along the way. However, some villages that resisted surrender sought refuge in difficult-to-reach areas, inaccessible to cavalry. Adama established his camp at Petté ,

3960-448: The Fulbe he led to pay taxes. All the subsequent Mais (or kings) of Bornu honoured this arrangement throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. It was not unusual to find the Bornu kings going to war on other groups to protect the Fulbe from raids during this period. This Fulbe, in turn, continued teaching and joining the army to fight for Bornu. At the turn of the 18th-century however, perhaps due to their political ambition, Fulani people lost

4048-614: The Fulbe. In 1823, a treaty of alliance was signed between Bornu and Mandara . Additionally, Mai Bukar offered his daughter in marriage to the Mai of Bornu , Ibrahim Ahmed . Together, they successfully launched a joint expedition into Musgum , located southwest of Mandara. By the end of 1823, tensions between Mandara and the Fulani reached their peak. The Bornu court received a delegation of well-armed Arabs , presenting an opportunity for another expedition. Bukar proposed targeting two Fulani strongholds: Mosfei and Zuay near Modzgo . The attack

4136-550: The Fulfulde dialects. Noun classes in Fula are abstract categories with some classes having semantic attributes that characterize a subset of that class' members, and others being marked by a membership too diverse to warrant any semantic categorization of the class' members. For example, classes are for stringy, long things, and another for big things, another for liquids, a noun class for strong, rigid objects, another for human or humanoid traits etc. Gender does not have any role in

4224-409: The Lamido. With them were 8 European officers and NCOs, 150 mercenaries and 2 maxim guns. After journeying on the river Benue , river Faro and river Heso for 26 hours, they arrived in Gurin only to be told that Emir was never there. They turned back towards Yola without any encounter. They later got information that Zubaryu was in Ribadu, fourteen miles behind them. Wallace turned back to Yola to appoint

4312-586: The Sokoto Caliphate , Adamawa enjoyed considerable autonomy but it had to pay a tribute to the Sultan in Sokoto . The name Adamawa derives from the name of the founder of the emirate, Adama bii Ardo Hassan . The suffix - wa is appended in the Hausa language to signify the collective identity of 'people of' that place, so, Adamawa means "the people of Adama". Fombina means 'southlands' indicating

4400-1142: The UNESCO-sponsored expert meeting in Bamako in March 1966 is as follows: a, b, mb, ɓ, c, d, nd, ɗ, e, f, g, ng, h, i, j, nj, k, l, m, n, ŋ, ny ( later ɲ or ñ), o, p, r, s, t, u, w, y, ƴ, ʼ. The following is a sample text in Fula of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . The first line is in Adlam, the second in Latin script, the third in IPA. 𞤋𞤲𞥆𞤢𞤥𞤢 Innama /inːama 𞤢𞥄𞤣𞤫𞥅𞤶𞤭 aadeeji aːdeːɟi 𞤬𞤮𞤬 fof fof 𞤨𞤮𞤼𞤭, poti, poti, 𞤲𞤣𞤭𞤥𞤯𞤭𞤣𞤭 ndimɗidi ⁿdimɗidi 𞤫 e e 𞤶𞤭𞤦𞤭𞤲𞤢𞤲𞥆𞤣𞤫 jibinannde ɟibinanⁿde 𞤼𞤮 to to 𞤦𞤢𞤲𞥆𞤺𞤫 Benue River Benue River ( French : la Bénoué ), previously known as

4488-417: The Yola forces suffered 50 men killed and 150 wounded. The morning after, the British forces blew up the palace's visitors chambers and other "important looking buildings" in the town of Yola. Morland also heard rumors that Lamido Zubayru , who escaped with his life, fled to Gurin, forty miles east of Yola. Acting Commissioner Wallace with Colonel Morland, by steamboat, quickly travelled to Gurin in pursuit of

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4576-452: The area of the Adamawa region was in the Kanem-Bornu empire when they came as envoys of the emperor of Mali during the 13th-century. A century later, more Fulbe migrated to Hausaland especially to Kano during the reign of Yakubu . These Fulani settlers brought many books on Islamic thought and Law from Mali . Some others continued further east to Bornu and settled there. There was a steady flow of Fulbe immigrants to this region and by

4664-759: The area south of Bornu and Sokoto . It was the earliest name for the emirate with 'Adamawa' only coming to use much later. The earliest recorded use of 'Adamawa' was in Denham 's and Clapperton 's 1826 journal Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa . The Palace and Emirate Council today are called ‘Fombina Palace’ and ‘Fombina Emirate Council’ respectively. The present Lamido Adamawa, Lamido Muhammadu Barkindo , "strongly prefers" to be addressed as 'Lamido Fombina' with 'Adamawa' in bracket. The nineteenth century Adamawa emirate lay south of Lake Chad , and east of Hausaland , within latitudes 6° and 11° North, and longitudes 10° and 14° East. The external limits are hard to fix in exact terms, because it

4752-410: The battle at Mosfei, the Fulani and Mandara entered a period of ongoing conflicts. To strengthen his position, Mai Bukar was compelled to fortify Mora and establish it as his administrative capital. Meanwhile, Dulo became the royal capital, serving as a symbolic center of power akin to Windsor or Versailles , where the Mai resided for parts of the year. Even today, when the Mais of Mandara ascend to

4840-481: The behavior of his men made this task difficult as their focus shifted solely to acquiring war spoils, neglecting the defense of the town. Subsequently, the Mandara warriors returned to Dulo, swiftly recaptured it, and pursued the Fulbe forces well beyond the borders of the kingdom. The deteriorating relationship between Mandara and the Fulani worsened when Mai Bukar initiated raids on Fulani camps within his territory, capturing many Fulani Muslims as slaves. Concurrently,

4928-461: The chief as a substitute. In most cases, when certain conditions or practices were enforced on the Fulbe, they left the area to find a more suitable place (like in Bornu ) but in this case, in the Benue regions, the conditions were too favourable for permanent settlements. The rich Fulani families did not worry having to pay to avoid the jus primae noctis but the problem came from how the payments were collected. The chief would send his collectors to

5016-404: The early 18th century, during the reign of Mai Bukar al-Hajj . Adama's jihad against Mandara held immense importance in the overall jihad efforts, and this conflict later became a central feature in Adama's campaigns north of the Benue River . In the latter part of 1810, Adama assembled a sizable army and embarked on a campaign towards Mandara due to ongoing reports of Mandara's hostility towards

5104-429: The emirate stretched from areas south of the Adamawa plateau near Tibati , in the South, to the Diamare , in the north, from the slopes of the Bamenda-Adamawa-Mandara Highlands in the west, to Baya, Laka, Mundang and Musgum country in the east. Early British administrators reporting from Yola, put the surface area of Adamawa at between 35,000 and 40,000 square miles or between 90,650 and 103,600 square kilometers. As

5192-404: The farmers and herders involved. The Ardo would usually cooperate with local authorities to handle such cases, if necessary. In some communities, particularly the Bata , the Fulbe settlers were required to adhere to jus primae noctis . In order to live in peace in these areas, some Fulani groups agreed to this arrangement. Many of the families however, evaded the custom by paying a bull or two to

5280-407: The father of the girl or the head of the family when he thinks he would not get enough from the Ardo. He would then proceed to select the required number of cattle usually picking out the best cattle. At around 1803, this practice caused a conflict. One Ardo Njobbo of the Ba'an (a Fulani clan), refused to make the payment or surrender his daughter to a local prince. The prince then proceeded to pick out

5368-422: The flooding. The disaster disrupted many communities across Nigeria’s 36 states, with hundreds of villages and urban centers submerged in water. The disaster unsettled over 2.4 million people and over 600 fatalities were recorded. Additionally, "expansive hectares of farmlands across affected states were swept off." The worst hit were mostly residents of agrarian communities near major tributaries in seven of

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5456-412: The following decades , the runoff of both rivers decreased markedly due to irrigation . Benue State has a tropical savanna climate . It is warm every month of the year throughout both wet and dry seasons. The annual temperature is 34°C and there is about 244 inch of rain in a year. The state has an average humidity of 61%, dew point of 25 °C, an UV-index of 7 and it is mainly dry for 169 days in

5544-428: The heathen king who does not say 'There is no God but Allah' on account of the custom of his town (bi-sabab 'urfi'l-baladi), and who makes no profession of Islam, is (also obligatory by assent; and that to take the government from him is obligatory by assent; They reached an agreement to send a delegation to Uthman in Sokoto to get advice on their situation and get legitimacy if he decides they were eligible to launch

5632-410: The jihad battles ongoing in the north and west of Adamawa by Buba Yero and Uthman's other flag-bearers particularly in Uba , Bazza and Kanem-Bornu , the Fulbe of Adamawa were not interested until five years later in 1809. News about the jihad eventually reached Adamawa through the activities of Buba Yero of Gombe . Some Muslim Ardo'en held a meeting in Gurin to reach a decision on how to approach

5720-422: The jihad cause because of Adama's pleading. The Batta of Zummo, Malabu and Holna in particular, embraced Islam and joined the Muslim force at Gurin. By 1810–1811, a considerable number of recent converts and refugees from Bornu, many of whom were Fulbe and Shuwa Arabs , were part of the jihad Army in Adamawa. Uthman dan Fodio ordered Adama not to engage in war with the Batta and Verre: I enjoin you not to conquer

5808-476: The jihad. They appointed Modibbo Adama , a learned teacher who was familiar with Sokoto, as the leader of the delegation.The delegation reached the Shehu after months of travel and presented him with their message. After reviewing the situation, Uthman instructed them to launch the jihad in Fombina ('southlands of Sokoto and Bornu'). Furthermore, he chose Adama as the leader, appointing him Lamido Fombina . The reason for Uthman's decision to pick Adama, according to

5896-430: The jihadists in Adamawa . They also provided military training and support. Despite their few numbers, the Adamawa Muslims were able to be successful in their jihad mostly because of the decentralised organisation of the non-Muslims in the region. Non-Muslim ethnic groups were dispersed and lacked the unity the Muslims jihadists had. The organised non-Muslim ethnic groups like the Mandara proved to be tough adversaries for

5984-477: The jihadists with their war with Mandara proving to be the most difficult. Modibbo Adama's first priority was to strengthen this unity. He appealed to the Fulbe Ardo'en to drop differences and inter-clan conflicts and to unite as Muslims. Adama preached to non-Muslim leaders and their people to convert to Islam and join the new Muslim confederation where there would not be discrimination based on race or ethnic background. Many non-Muslims converted to Islam and joined

6072-443: The lake chad basin. The southern regions of the emirate is characterized by thin forest of broad leaved savannah woodland or orchard vegetation type. The country becomes more and more of open grasslands towards the north. The vegetation was a strong inducement to Fulani settlement in Adamawa, and during the jihad, it offered no serious obstacle to the extension of military power based on cavalry. The earliest reference of Fulbe around

6160-406: The language, just as to the Fula people . They call their language Pulaar or Pular in the western dialects and Fulfulde in the central and eastern dialects. Fula , Fulah and Fulani in English come originally from Manding (esp. Mandinka, but also Malinke and Bamana) and Hausa , respectively; Peul in French, also occasionally found in literature in English, comes from Wolof . Fula

6248-461: The language: Ɓ/ɓ [ ɓ ] , Ɗ/ɗ [ ɗ  ] , Ŋ/ŋ [ ŋ ] , Ɲ/ɲ [  ɲ ] , Ƴ/ƴ [ ʔʲ ] . The letters c , j , and r , respectively represent the sounds [ c ~ tʃ ], [ ɟ ~ dʒ ], and [ r ]. Double vowel characters indicate that the vowels are elongated. An apostrophe (ʼ) is used as a glottal stop. It uses the five vowel system denoting vowel sounds and their lengths. In Nigeria ʼy substitutes ƴ, and in Senegal Ñ/ñ

6336-408: The leaders were within 200 yards" before he have the order for the maxim guns to be fired. After this attack, Morland's forces went on the offensive. They advanced through the town till they reached the Lamido's palace and Friday mosque which were heavily defended. Morland himself was wounded by an arrow. After this battle, the casualties Morland's forces suffered were 2 men killed and 37 wounded while

6424-532: The local populations. They generally avoided conflicts and built relationships with the local populations sometimes through inter-marriages. Trade also helped improve these relationships as the local communities provided supplies like honey, fish and grain and in turn the Fulani provided milk, meat, butter and hide. It was tasked on the Ardo to facilitate building of relationships with the local populations. Herder-farmer conflicts inevitably occurred, but these cases were typically resolved on an individual level between

6512-442: The migrations into this region, like earlier in the other regions, were peaceful. As a French colonial administrator, M. Masson puts it: Since the fifteenth century, they had introduced themselves into the country in the most harmless manner, soliciting permission from the natives of the soil to graze and water their flock. Attracted by the rich pastures, several of the heads of the families settled in these territories as customers of

6600-450: The occupation of Yola on 2 September 1901. They travelled using steamboats on the lake Njuwa and were anchored near a baobob tree locally called Bokki Hampeto. Colonel Morland sent a Shuwa Arab resident of Yola to send a letter to the Lamido containing their terms. The messenger came back three minutes later with the message that Lamido Zubayru refused to receive the letter. Upon receiving this message, Morland moved his troops closer to

6688-480: The pagans of the Batta end Verre or enslave their children. Because even if they oppress you, you are forbidden to retaliate in force and recover by force what they seized from you. But if God grants you victory over then you must let them live their own lives and not disperse them completely, and if they ask for peace you should agree. Many Fulbe lived among the Batta people . The Batta had large numbers and were well organised socially and politically. They were seen as

6776-487: The situation. Unlike Uthman in Gobir , the Adamawa jihad was not found on self-defence. The Muslims of the Adamawa region were not prohibited from practicing Islam. They did not engage in any major conflicts with the local populations. The region was highly diverse ethnically, linguistically, and religiously. Even the Adamawa Fulani Muslims were not highly knowledgeable about the religion, and even today,

6864-447: The speaker and those being spoken to, while the exclusive pronouns exclude the listeners. The pronoun that corresponds to a given noun is determined by the noun class. Because men and women belong to the same noun class, the English pronouns "he" and "she" are translated into Fula by the same pronoun. However, depending on the dialect, there are some 25 different noun classes, each with its own pronoun. Sometimes those pronouns have both

6952-579: The support of the Bornu aristocracy. Mai Hamdan ibn Dunama failed to honour the tax agreement and the Fulbe were openly harassed in the kingdom. Due to this and other factors like famine and the general decline of the Kanem-Bornu empire , many Fulbe decided to find new homes elsewhere which led to many to migrate to Hausaland and the Adamawa region. The early Fulbe settlers in the Adamawa region were not driven by religious zeal or intention to conquer or dominate. Because these early Fulbe were not warlike,

7040-453: The throne, they visit Dulo to don the leopard skin and other symbols associated with Gayae, the legendary founder of the kingdom. During this time, the Fulani gained control over the eastern part of Mandara. Settlements such as Mubi , Moda , Madagali , Michika , Guidder , and others firmly came under Adama's domain, with each having its own lamido . By 1901, the emirates of Bida , Ilorin , Agaye , Lapai and Kontagora had fallen to

7128-444: The town and then sent his messenger once again to the Lamido with threat that if his letter is refused again he would take steps to compel him to open it. Before the return of his messager, people riding on horses came out of the town to block the British. The messenger returned once again failing to deliver the letter to Lamido Zubairu as he was sent back and was told by the Lamido to warn Morland to retreat. More horsemen streamed out of

7216-411: The town to confront Morland and his forces. Morland calculated that it would be to their advantage to allow the people of Yola to attack first in the open. He felt it was much better than fighting in the narrow streets of Yola. He waited for the first attack from 10am to 1pm "after much shouting and exhorting from their mallams". Despite the battle starting, Morland ordered his men to "reserve our fire till

7304-502: Was also described as "an honest man, God fearing and unambitious for possessions". These qualities likely influenced the Ardo'en to choose him as the leader of the delegation that was sent to Sokoto . They probably thought that a man with such humble origins would not be chosen to lead the jihad. However, to Uthman , these qualities made him the ideal leader for such a cause. These qualities also made Adama trustworthy in Uthman's eyes, which

7392-420: Was an important quality to him as he expected reports from Adama regarding the jihad and affairs of his new emirate. On Adama's arrival to Gurin, he was eagerly welcomed with many people waiting to receive Uthman's message and directive. As he relayed the message and informed them on his appointment as 'Lamido of Fombina', his audience started reacting differently with even one Ardo Gamawa loudly proclaiming "This

7480-525: Was influenced by his hatred for the Europeans who divided and plan to further divide his emirate. By 1901, the Germans had already taken his sub-emirate Tibati and had been making moves towards taking the sub-emirates of Ngoundere and Bamnyo . His strong respect for the Sokoto Caliphate and its ideals also influenced his decision to resist. In a letter to Sultan Abdurrahman announcing the fall of Yola to

7568-612: Was launched after careful planning by Bukar. However, the Fulani forces had entrenched themselves behind high palisade barriers and unleashed a barrage of poisoned arrows on the allied Bornu and Mandara forces. The Fulani defense proved too formidable, forcing the allied forces to retreat. This battle was witnessed by the explorer Dixon Denham , and his firsthand account can be found in Clapperton 's journal, Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa . Following

7656-471: Was the son of an Ardo named Modibbo Hassana. Early in his life he left his relatives and clan in Adamawa to attain knowledge. His pursuit led him to Bornu where he studied under a renowned Mallam (Islamic teacher) called Kiari. He was there for many years learning and teaching Islam. After his study in Bornu, Adama returned to his people in Adamawa who were now settled in Gurin , a new settlement they established

7744-655: Was unsuccessful and forced to retreat. Adama pursued them to Dulo, the capital of Mandara, which fell with little resistance. However, Mai Bukar retreated further east to Mora , a location with better defenses against cavalry. Dulo suffered extensive devastation at the hands of Adama's army. Adama then faced challenges in establishing a stable government in the city as most of its able-bodied inhabitants had either perished in battle or fled with Bukar. It became clear that Adama would need to remain in Mandara for an extended period to establish any form of governance. Complicating matters,

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