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33-518: Adelantados were granted directly by the monarch the right to become governors and justices of a specific region, which they were charged with conquering, in exchange for funding and organizing the initial explorations, settlements and pacification of the target area on behalf of the Crown of Castile . These areas were usually outside the jurisdiction of an existing audiencia or viceroy , and adelantados were authorized to communicate directly with

66-537: A member when the organization received its charter. A chartered member (British English) is a member who holds an individual chartered designation authorized under that organization's royal charter. Anglo-Saxon charters are documents from the early medieval period in Britain which typically make a grant of land or record a privilege. They are usually written on parchment , in Latin but often with sections in

99-819: A splendid entourage: his wife, Doña Maria, the first gran dama of the New World, the Duke of Alba's niece, with her own suite of doncellas ; and his immediate relatives - Fernando his half-brother, his two uncles, Diego and Bartolomé , and his cousins, Andrea and Giovanni. Also on the expedition were his criados and his father's old retainers: Marcos de Aguilar , his forthright alcalde mayor , Diego Mendez, his business manager, and Gerónimo de Agüero, his former tutor. Other loyal Colombistas met him at Santo Domingo - his uncle by marriage, Francisco de Garay , whom he named alguacil mayor , and Bartolomé's criados , Miguel Díaz, Diego Velázquez , and Juan Cerón . His coming represented

132-427: A university. The form of charter used varies by period and jurisdiction. A charter of " Inspeximus " (Latin, literally "We have inspected") is frequently a royal charter, by which an earlier charter or series of charters relating to a particular foundation (such as a monastery or a guild) was recited and incorporated into a new charter, usually in order to confirm and renew its validity under present authority. Where

165-545: Is that sense which is retained in modern usage of the term. In early medieval Britain, charters transferred land from donors to recipients. The word entered the English language from the Old French charte , via Latin charta , and ultimately from Greek χάρτης ( khartes , meaning "layer of papyrus"). It has come to be synonymous with a document that sets out a grant of rights or privileges. The term

198-400: Is used for a special case (or as an exception) of an institutional charter. A charter school , for example, is one that has different rules, regulations, and statutes from a state school. Charter can be used as a synonym for "hire" or "lease", as in the "charter" of a bus , boat or plane . A charter member (US English) of an organization is an original member; that is, one who became

231-577: The Council of the Indies . The term has its origins in the reconquista and comes from the phrase por adelantado ( Spanish : 'in advance', although translations stating 'one who goes before' and 'the forward man' are also found). It is a calque of Arabic Muqaddam ( مقدم ) which has the exact same meaning. According to the Siete Partidas , the office of adelantado was the equivalent of

264-641: The United States Congress that states the mission, authority, and activities of a group. Congress issued federal charters from 1791 until 1992 under Title 36 of the United States Code . A municipal corporation is the legal term for a local governing body , including (but not necessarily limited to) cities , counties , towns , townships , charter townships , villages , and boroughs . Municipal incorporation occurs when such municipalities become self-governing entities under

297-707: The conquest of the Canary Islands and was confirmed to members of his family. The term became modified over time. During the colonization of the Americas and the Spanish East Indies (Asia), each charter specified different powers to each adelantado , sometimes in a vague manner, which often led to confusion as in the case between Juan de Oñate and the Viceroy of New Spain. The title was granted both as an inheritable title and one that lasted for

330-406: The terms of reference ) is provided by the sponsor to formally authorize the existence of a project. It provides a preliminary delineation of roles and responsibilities, outlines the project purpose and objectives, identifies key stakeholders, and defines the authority of the project manager. It serves as a reference of authority for future planning of the project. The project scope is developed from

363-739: The Indies , the post his father had held, arriving in Santo Domingo in July 1509. He established his home (the Alcázar de Colón ), which still stands in Santo Domingo, in what is now the Dominican Republic . In 1511 as Viceroy of the Indies, Diego Columbus commissioned Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar to go on an expedition from Santo Domingo to the newly acquired Spanish island of Cuba. According to Floyd, Diego "...was accompanied by

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396-458: The Ordinances are useful because they illustrate the powers adelantados often had. The Ordinances established that adelantados , in their capacity as governors and justices of the new territories, had the right to hear civil and criminal cases in appeal, to name the regidores and employees of the cabildos of any towns founded, to name interim treasury officials, to issue ordinances on

429-623: The Roman praefectus urbi ( transl.  urban prefect ). The earliest definitively known adelantado was appointed by Alfonso X in 1253 in the recently conquered territory of La Frontera ( Andalusia ). However the office had precedents in the duties and rights held by some officers of the Navarrese dynasty of Castile and León, and Álvar Fáñez or Fortún Sánchez in the Ebro valley performed similar services in detached territories beyond

462-528: The earth. These three types were royal colonies, proprietary colonies , and corporate colonies. A charter colony by definition is a "colony chartered to an individual, trading company, etc., by the British crown ." Although charter colonies were not the most prevalent of the three types of colonies in the British Empire, they were by no means insignificant. A congressional charter is a law passed by

495-463: The frontier. It was during this time that the Siete Partidas , commissioned by Alfonso X, more precisely defined the powers of the office. That law code created the position of an adelantado mayor , who was at the same time an intermediary appellate judge, located in the judicial hierarchy between local justices and the king's court, and an executive officer, who as a direct representative of

528-491: The grantee's life only. With the publication of the Ordinances Concerning Discoveries ( Ordenanzas de descubrimientos, nueva población y pacificación de las Indias ) in 1573, the attributes of adelantados became regularized, although the title was granted much less often after this date, especially since the institutions of audiencias , governors and viceroys had been developed. Nevertheless,

561-590: The island of Jamaica as a fief , an estate of 25 square leagues on the Isthmus of Panama , then called Veragua , and the titles of Duke of Veragua and Marquess of Jamaica. After Columbus's death on February 23, 1526, in Spain, the rents , offices and titles in the New World went into dispute by his descendants. He initially planned to marry Mencia de Guzman, daughter of the Duke of Medina Sidonia ., but he

594-549: The king was charged with implementing royal orders in his assigned area. Most appointees were from the upper nobility or the royal family. After its success in Andalusia, the institution was introduced in the northern areas of the peninsula, merging with and becoming indistinguishable from an older judicial office, the Royal Merinos . Beyond the peninsula, the term adelantado was granted to Alonso Fernández de Lugo in

627-505: The laws of the state or province in which they are located. Often, this event is marked by the award or declaration of a municipal charter, a term used because municipal power was historically granted by the sovereign, by royal charter . Charters for chivalric orders and other orders, such as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta . In project management , a project charter or project definition (sometimes called

660-466: The legal fiction that the King had granted it "voluntarily, and by the free exercise of [his] royal authority", in the manner of medieval charters. At one time a royal charter was the only way in which an incorporated body could be formed, but other means (such as the registration process for limited companies ) are generally now used instead. A university charter is a charter issued to create or recognise

693-433: The loss of the king's confidence. That loss, plus Diego's defiance of royal power on Cuba, forced Charles to reprimand Diego in 1523 and recall him back to Spain. The first major slave rebellion in the Americas occurred in Santo Domingo on 26 December 1522, when enslaved Jolof laborers working on Diego's sugar plantation started a revolt . During the rebellion, many formerly enslaved insurgents managed to escape into

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726-634: The midst of a native revolt against Spanish rule in the area of the Franciscan missions on the Cumana River , which was the site of Spanish slave raids , alongside the salt and pearl trades. Diego sent Gonzalo de Ocampo on a punitive expedition with 200 men and 6 ships. Then in 1521, Diego invested in Bartolomé de las Casas ' enterprise to settle the Cumana area. That failure, blamed on Diego, meant

759-457: The mountainous interior of the colony, where they established independent maroon communities amongst the surviving Taíno . However, a lot of rebels were captured, and the Admiral had them hanged. After his death, a compromise was reached in 1536 in which his son, Luis Colón de Toledo , was named Admiral of the Indies and renounced all other rights for a perpetual annuity of 10,000 ducats ,

792-542: The original documents are lost, an inspeximus charter may sometimes preserve their texts and lists of witnesses. See Articles of association . In the context of a political uprising, a charter might lay out the basic principles and goals of the movement, define the organizational structure of the movement, and describe the roles and responsibilities of its members. Diego Col%C3%B3n Diego Columbus ( Portuguese : Diogo Colombo ; Spanish : Diego Colón ; Italian : Diego Colombo ; 1479/1480 – February 23, 1526)

825-494: The permanent establishment of the most titled and notable family in the islands, at least for many years." In 1511, a royal council declared Hispaniola , Puerto Rico, Jamaica and Cuba under Diego's power "by right of his father." However, Uraba and Veragua were deemed excluded, since the council regarded them as being discovered by Rodrigo de Bastidas . The council further confirmed Diego's titles of Viceroy and admiral were hereditary, though honorific. Furthermore, Diego had

858-478: The project charter. In medieval Europe, royal charters were used to create cities (i.e., localities with recognised legal rights and privileges). The date that such a charter was granted is considered to be when a city was "founded", regardless of when the locality originally began to be settled. The Charter of 1814 , France's constitution during the Bourbon Restoration , was thus called to promote

891-414: The right to one-tenth of the net royal income. However, factions soon formed between those loyal to Diego and Ferdinand's royal officials. Matters deteriorated to the point that Ferdinand recalled Diego in 1514. Diego then spent the next five years in Spain "futilely pressing his claims." Finally, in 1520, Diego's powers were restored by Charles . Diego returned to Santo Domingo on 12 November 1520 in

924-439: The title include: Charter A charter is the grant of authority or rights , stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified. It is implicit that the granter retains superiority (or sovereignty ), and that the recipient admits a limited (or inferior) status within the relationship, and it is within that sense that charters were historically granted, and it

957-505: The titles and privileges granted to his father for his explorations and then denied in 1500. He was greatly aided in this goal by his marriage to María de Toledo y Rojas , niece of the 2nd Duke of Alba , who was the cousin of King Ferdinand . Diego was made a page at the Spanish court in 1492, the year his father embarked on his first voyage . Diego had a younger half-brother, Fernando , by Beatriz Enríquez de Arana. Diego Columbus

990-417: The use of land and mines, to establish districts, and to organize militias and name their captains. The first use of the title adelantado in the Americas was by Bartholomew Columbus , brother of Christopher Columbus , who governed Hispaniola under this title during his brother's absence from 1494 to 1498. It was later inherited by Diego Colón after much litigation. Other conquistadors who were granted

1023-492: The vernacular, describing the bounds of estates, which often correspond closely to modern parish boundaries. The earliest surviving charters were drawn up in the 670s; the oldest surviving charters granted land to the Church , but from the 8th century surviving charters were increasingly used to grant land to lay people . The British Empire used three main types of colonies as it sought to expand its territory to distant parts of

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1056-663: Was a navigator and explorer under the Kings of Castile and Aragón. He served as the 2nd Admiral of the Indies, 2nd Viceroy of the Indies and 4th Governor of the Indies as a vassal to the Kings of Castile and Aragón. He was the eldest son of Christopher Columbus and his wife Filipa Moniz Perestrelo . He was born in Portugal , either in Porto Santo in 1479/1480, or in Lisbon in 1474. He spent most of his adult life trying to regain

1089-465: Was taught by Christopher Columbus's mistress, Beatriz De Arana, until he transferred to the Franciscan monastery of La Rabida, at the urging of Father Juan Perez and friar Horacio Crassocius, prominent Franciscans and occasional priests to his father. Ferdinand and Diego had been pages to Prince Don Juan , then became pages to Queen Isabella in 1497. In August 1508, he was named Governor of

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