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Eastern Lombard is a group of closely related variants of Lombard , a Gallo-Italic language spoken in Lombardy , mainly in the provinces of Bergamo , Brescia and Mantua , in the area around Cremona and in parts of Trentino . Its main variants are Bergamasque and Brescian.

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38-511: Adro ( Brescian : Àder ) is a town and comune in the province of Brescia , in Lombardy , with a traditional wine-growing vocation favored by its position in the Franciacorta area (northern Italy). The municipality of Adro is located at the foot of Monte Alto, in Franciacorta about six kilometers from Lago d'Iseo , in the southwestern part of province of Brescia . From what

76-499: A cold as there had never been before. The she-blackbird did not know how to cope with her brood in the nest, so she sheltered in the hood of a chimney, and the smoke turned all the birds black; so when they came out the blackbirds did not have white feathers anymore, but black ones. And January, very happy, said: "This time it was me that fooled you, blackbird: you were white and I turned you black, this will teach you to stop teasing me." tranvia Iseo-Rovato-Chiari From Misplaced Pages,

114-455: A consonant. For example: The approximants /j/ and /w/ are distinct phonemes from the vocalic sounds /i/ , /u/ . This can be seen in the following examples: Locally, the alveolar fricative [s] is replaced by the glottal fricative [h] . This mainly happens in the prealpine valleys of the provinces of Bergamo and Brescia; thus Brèssa ("Brescia") is pronounced [ˈbrɛhɔ] instead of [ˈbrɛsɔ] . However, even in areas where this phenomenon

152-598: A following consonant. Thus, the /n/ in /nk/ and /nɡ/ is a velar [ŋ] , the /n/ in /nv/ and /nf/ is a labiodental [ɱ] . Within a word, the phoneme /n/ is never transcribed before /p/ and /b/ , where /m/ is written instead. Nasal assimilation, including /n/ to /m/ , also takes place across word boundaries. For example: Eastern Lombard has 9 vocalic sounds: Only three vocalic phonemes occur in unstressed final syllables: /a/ in open syllables only, and /o/ and /e/ in both open and closed syllables. Other vowels can occur in final syllables in loanwords. Locally,

190-517: A further variant [ruˈba] is also possible, though in this case, a difference is noticed by speakers but it is considered a local variant and no loss of intelligibility results. The sounds [e] and [ɛ] also no longer contrast in unstressed syllables, and therefore the word vedèl ("calf") can be pronounced [veˈdɛl] or [vɛˈdɛl] . However, when affected by vowel harmony (see below ), the unstressed sounds [e] / [ɛ] , [o] / [ɔ] , and [ø] become [i] , [u] , and [y] respectively. In conclusion, it

228-814: A laud known as Mayor gremeza il mund no pothevela ancor aver , a manuscript found in Bovegno ( Trompia valley), and dating from the fourteenth century. Today, literary production has increased in volume and mainly consists in light comedies and poem collections (Angelo Canossi is an example for poetry in the Brescian dialect). The following tale is in Brescian: I mèrli 'na ólta i ghìa le pène biànche, ma chèl envéren lé l'éra stàt en bèl envéren e lé, la mèrla, la gà dìt: "Zenér de la màla gràpa, per tò despèt gó i uzilì 'ndela gnàta." A lü, 'l Zenér, gh'è nìt adòs 'n pó de ràbia, e 'l gà dìt: "Spèta, mèrla, che te la faró mé adès

266-411: A province of Brescia, the sounds [o] and [ø] are regularly replaced by [u] and [y] in pretonic position: Since in unstressed position these vocalic sounds are not contrastive, these local variants do not compromise reciprocal intelligibility. Certain varieties of Eastern Lombard (mostly in Brescian area) exhibit a process of regressive vowel harmony involving the feature of vowel height. When

304-414: A sequence of nasal+occlusive falls in contact with another occlusive or a fricative, the first occlusive is completely elided and the nasal undergoes partial assimilation. In this case no lengthening occurs. For example: But when an occlusive precedes /z/ , assimilation involves both consonants and the result is an affricate sound: The phoneme /n/ can undergo assimilation in place of articulation with

380-480: A tiˌram en ˈdʒir] Once upon a time blackbirds had white feathers, but in that time winter had been mild and a she-blackbird scorned January saying: "Bad-headed January, in spite of you I have got a brood in my nest." Hearing this, January got angry and he said: "Just wait a bit, you she-blackbird, I will fool you and I will turn you from white into black." Then he said: "I have got two, and I will borrow one, and I will turn you from white to black." And he brought forth

418-637: A té, e se te sét biànca mé te faró ègner négra." E pò dòpo 'l gà dit amò: "Dù ghe i ó e giü 'n prèstet el töaró e se te sét biànca, mé te faró ní négra." E alùra 'l gà fàt nì fò 'n frèt che se n'ìa mài vést giü compàgn. Lé la mèrla la saìa piö che fà cói sò uzilì ndèla gnàta, e isé l'è nàda a rifügiàs endèla càpa del camì; dré al camì va sö 'l föm e lùr i uzilì i è déentàcc töcc négher, e quànche i è nicc fò de là, la mèrla la gh'ìa mìa piö le pène biànche, ma la ghe i éra négre. Alùra Zenér, töt sudisfàt, el gà dìt: "Tò mèrla, che te l'ó fàda mé staólta: se te se stàda biànca mé t'ó fàt ní négra e isé te làset lé de seghetà

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456-759: Is twinned with: The football club A.S.D. Adrense 1909, who played in regional amateur championships. Eastern Lombard In Italian-speaking contexts, Eastern Lombard is often called as dialetti ( lit. ' dialects ' ), understood to mean not a variety of Italian , but a local language that is part of the Romance languages dialect continuum that pre-dates the establishment of Tuscan-based Italian. Eastern Lombard and Italian have only limited mutual intelligibility , like many other Romance languages spoken in Italy. Eastern Lombard does not have any official status either in Lombardy or anywhere else:

494-809: Is also present in Eastern Lombard and is represented in this article with the sequence of signs ⟨-sgi-⟩ , for example: The grammatical system of Eastern Lombard is similar to other those of other Romance languages. The word order is SVO (subject–verb–object) and it has a moderate inflection system: verbs are declined for mood , tense and aspect and agree with their subject in person and number . Nouns are classified as either masculine or feminine and can be marked as singular or plural. Adjectives and pronouns agree with any nouns they modify in gender and number. Eastern Lombard also prefers prepositions over case marking . The oldest known text written in Eastern Lombard consists of fragments of

532-437: Is called final devoicing . The phoneme /ʃ/ only occurs in loanwords, often borrowings from Italian. For example, scià , "to ski" (from Italian sciare ) is pronounced /ʃiˈa/ . The phoneme /tʃ/ is pronounced [j] before a consonant. This never occurs inside a word as the segment /tʃ/ + consonant doesn't exist in Eastern Lombard. However, it does occur when /tʃ/ appears word-finally preceding another word which begins with

570-570: Is named as ' vicus and not as castrum . Both under the domination of the Visconti and under that of Venice, Adro administratively belonged to the quadra ( Town Square ) of Palazzolo . During the Venetian domination – popularly known as Domini di Terraferma – of the territory (from 1426 to 1797) the Bargnani family gained importance in the village, important in the life of the town between

608-415: Is possible to say that only five contrastive vowel qualities are found in unstressed syllables: [o] / [ɔ] / [(u)] , [ø] / [(y)] , [a] , [e] / [ɛ] , [i] (but with the [i] not completely separated from [e] / [ɛ] ). Some examples: The situation can differ for other Eastern Lombard varieties, however, and the rules of the unstressed vowel system vary according to the area. For example, in Franciacorta ,

646-450: Is rendered by means of the usual Italian orthography rules: ⟨c⟩ before front vowels and ⟨ci⟩ before non-front vowels). A consonant sequence that is peculiar to Lombard is that of a voiceless alveolar fricative followed by a voiceless postalveolar affricate , [stʃ] . This article adopts the convention of representing this sound as ⟨s·c⟩ , although other texts may follow different traditions (so

684-424: Is reported by Mazza (1986), the origins of the toponym are uncertain: Dante Olivieri claims that it would come from Latin ater or atro ("black", "dark", "obscure"), while Paolo Guerrini suggested the derivation from acer , demonstrating the ancient presence of maple woods. In a document of 822 it is called Atro . The oldest evidence of anthropization in the municipality of Adro are Neolithic finds found in

722-526: Is the rule, there are some interesting exceptions to take in account. Words like grassie ("thanks") are never pronounced [ˈɡrahje] . At present, the most common pronunciation is [ˈɡrasje] but a more genuine outcome (and often preferred by aged people) would be [ˈɡrahtʃe] . Other examples for this feature: Regressive assimilation at word boundaries is common in Eastern Lombard. Assimilation can be either complete or partial. Complete assimilation occurs when two occlusive sounds fall in contact. In this case

760-460: The article wizard to submit a draft for review, or request a new article . Search for " Tranvia Iseo-Rovato-Chiari " in existing articles. Look for pages within Misplaced Pages that link to this title . Other reasons this message may be displayed: If a page was recently created here, it may not be visible yet because of a delay in updating the database; wait a few minutes or try

798-423: The umlaut is adopted to represent the rounded vowels /ø/ and /y/ : Note that grave and acute accents are also used to indicate the stressed syllable in non-monosyllabic words. Since unstressed vowels are less distinctive, it is not necessary to discriminate the open/close quality. The digraph ⟨-cc⟩ is used at the end of the word to represent the sound /tʃ/ (in other positions this sound

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836-471: The 17th and 18th centuries, to whom the Dandolo counts succeeded. The town's coat of arms is formed by a capital "A" with a rounded top, of silver color on a green field, which is surrounded by three bunches of grapes with its branches and tendrils. Of these clusters, two are at the top, while the other is at the larger tip; the vine is golden, loading the bunch. The oldest form of this coat of arms appears in

874-439: The area around Crema . The varieties spoken in these regions are generally mutually intelligible for speakers of neighboring areas, but this is not always true for distant peripheral areas. For instance, an inhabitant of the alpine valleys of Bergamo can hardly be understood by a rural inhabitant of the plains of Mantua . Differences include lexical, grammatical and phonetic aspects. The following notes are essentially based on

912-412: The first occlusive is completely absorbed by the second and the resulting sound has all the features of the second consonant but is notably lengthened. For example: The same phenomenon occurs when an occlusive consonant precedes a nasal or a liquid consonant. For example: Complete assimilation can also occur when an occlusive precedes a fricative. For example: l'è ni t v ért = [ˌlɛ ni‿ˈvːert] . When

950-929: The 💕 Look for Tranvia Iseo-Rovato-Chiari on one of Misplaced Pages's sister projects : [REDACTED] Wiktionary (dictionary) [REDACTED] Wikibooks (textbooks) [REDACTED] Wikiquote (quotations) [REDACTED] Wikisource (library) [REDACTED] Wikiversity (learning resources) [REDACTED] Commons (media) [REDACTED] Wikivoyage (travel guide) [REDACTED] Wikinews (news source) [REDACTED] Wikidata (linked database) [REDACTED] Wikispecies (species directory) Misplaced Pages does not have an article with this exact name. Please search for Tranvia Iseo-Rovato-Chiari in Misplaced Pages to check for alternative titles or spellings. You need to log in or create an account and be autoconfirmed to create new articles. Alternatively, you can use

988-445: The frescoes sixteenth century of the ancient parish church. Buildings of interest in the municipality of Adro: Foreigners residing in the municipality are 651, that is 9.19% of the population. The following are the most consistent groups: In the local dialect ( Brescian [ it ] ) there is the phrase Laurà per la césa de Ader , or to work for the church of Adro. With this statement we mean generally to work for free:

1026-578: The hamlet of Torbiato [ it ] . The finds of tombs with grave goods from the late imperial period (III century) and Longobardi date back to a later period. The oldest news of the village of Adro is present in the document in which it is mentioned as Atro , dated April 10, 822. In it, the Abbess Eremperga gave a vico con corte to a certain Rampergo. The castle was built between 13th and 14th century: in acts of 1006 and 1050 Adro

1064-424: The largest number of workers is the manufacturing industry (which, in 2001, employed 48% of the employed) followed by construction (23%) and commerce (9%); agriculture (which accounted for 4% of employees in 2001) has grown in recent years due to the wine-growing vocation of the area and occupies a prestigious position in the panorama of the production of Franciacorta . Construction covers 46% of artisan businesses as

1102-666: The location of the municipality is in the urbanized area of Lombardy. The municipality is served by the Borgonato-Adro station , located along the Brescia-Iseo-Edolo railway , served by regional trains operated by Trenord as part of the service contract stipulated with Lombardy region . Between 1897 and 1915 Torbiato also hosted a station of the Iseo-Rovato-Chiari tramway . Below is the list of mayors elected directly by citizens (since 1995): Adro

1140-655: The normal unstressed vowel variability. Verbs are affected by this process in their conjugation, when the inflection contains a stressed /i/ (there are no verbal suffixes containing a stressed /u/ ). For example: Adjectives formed with the suffix -ùs (feminine -ùza ) also exhibit this rule: Since Eastern Lombard is still principally an oral language, a commonly accepted orthography has not been established. While in recent years there has been an increasing production of texts (mainly light comedies and poem collections), each author continues to follow their own spelling rules. The most problematic and controversial issues seem to be

1178-642: The only official language in Lombardy is Italian . Eastern Lombard is a Romance language of the Gallo-Italic branch, closer to Occitan , Catalan , French , etc. than to Italian , with a Celtic substratum. Eastern Lombard is primarily spoken in Eastern Lombardy (Northern Italy ), in the provinces of Bergamo and Brescia , in the Northern region of the province of Mantua and in

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1216-431: The origin of the saying goes back to the great voluntary work in which the people of Adriano applied themselves when they decided to build their church, also engaging on holidays without any compensation. The municipal statute recognizes the existence of two localities: Adro and Torbiato. This last fraction was an autonomous municipality until 1928, when it was abolished with royal decree no. 1679. The sector that absorbs

1254-457: The phoneme /a/ is pronounced [ɔ] when it appears as last sound of the word in an unstressed syllable (actually slightly more close than cardinal [ɔ] ). For example: Some vowel contrasts are eliminated in unstressed syllables. For example, in the urban Brescian variety, [ɔ] and [o] no longer contrast. Thus, the word robà ("to steal") can be pronounced both [roˈba] and [rɔˈba] , with almost no difference noticed by speakers. In addition,

1292-556: The representation of intervocalic /s/ and /z/ (rendered by different authors with ⟨-ss-⟩ , ⟨-s-⟩ or ⟨-z-⟩ ) and final /tʃ/ vs. /k/ (rendered with ⟨-cc⟩ , ⟨-c⟩ or ⟨-ch⟩ ). This article follows the rules of the Italian orthography , with the following exceptions. Diacritic marks are utilized for vowel sounds to distinguish /e/ from /ɛ/ and /o/ from /ɔ/ in stressed syllables. Furthermore,

1330-490: The same sequence can also be spelled ⟨s'c⟩ or ⟨s-c⟩ or even the ambiguous ⟨sc⟩ ; some authors use ⟨scc⟩ ). This sequence, which is absent in Italian, can occur at the beginning of word, as in s·cèt ("son, boy") /stʃɛt/ ; in the middle, as in brös·cia ("brush") /ˈbrøstʃa/ ; or at the end, as in giös·cc ("right, correct", plural) /ˈdʒøstʃ/ . The sequence /zdʒ/

1368-434: The stress falls on a close vowel ( /i/ or /u/ ) the preceding vowels shift their height, becoming close as well ( /ɛ/ and /e/ become [i] , while /ɔ/ and /o/ become [u] ). The vowel /a/ is not affected by this process and acts as opaque vowel blocking the harmonization process. In Camuno, harmonization occurs almost only where the stressed vowel is an /i/ and not where it is an /u/ . This phenomenon affects all

1406-479: The variety of Eastern Lombard spoken in Brescia . The basic principle are generally valid also for the other varieties but local discrepancies can be found. Eastern Lombard has 9 vowels and 20 consonants . The voiced consonants /b/ , /d/ , /ɡ/ , /v/ , /z/ , /dʒ/ never occur at the end of a word. This phenomenon, common to other languages (including German , Catalan , Dutch , Turkish and Russian ),

1444-557: The words independent of the word's function. Because the diminutive and augmentative are formed with the suffixes -ì and -ù (feminine -ìna and -ùna ) respectively, this process is easily observable in nouns: As already mentioned, the vowel /a/ acts as opaque vowel which blocks the harmonization process: But vowels that occur after the /a/ and before the stressed vowel are still affected: In these cases variants like funtanì and üspedalì (but not üspidalì ) or murtadilìna are accepted (or locally preferred) but fall under

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