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61-443: It was named in 1976, and examined in detail by Mars Express's HRSC camera in 2007. The Curiosity rover landed in the neighboring Gale Crater in 2012, and since then the area has received limited but continued attention from both ESA's HRSC and NASA's HiRISE cameras in orbit. In 2019, it was determined that Curiosity had detected methane originating from this region. Due to the wealth of information coming from Curiosity about

122-463: A lander designed to perform exobiology and geochemistry research. Although the lander failed to fully deploy after it landed on the Martian surface, the orbiter has been successfully performing scientific measurements since early 2004, namely, high-resolution imaging and mineralogical mapping of the surface, radar sounding of the subsurface structure down to the permafrost, precise determination of

183-447: A benign environment for the instruments and on-board equipment. Two instruments, PFS and OMEGA, have infrared detectors that need to be kept at very low temperatures (about −180 °C). The sensors on the camera (HRSC) also need to be kept cool. But the rest of the instruments and on-board equipment function best at room temperatures (10–20 °C). The spacecraft is covered in gold-plated aluminium-tin alloy thermal blankets to maintain

244-569: A clear positive impact in scientific returns. This inter-agency cooperation has proven effective, flexible and enriching for both sides. On the technical side, it has been made possible (among other reasons) thanks to the adoption of both Agencies of the Standards for Space Communications defined in CCSDS . Thermal control is maintained through the use of radiators, multi-layer insulation , and actively controlled heaters. The spacecraft must provide

305-652: A multinational team of engineers from ESA's Operation Centre ( ESOC ) in Darmstadt . The team began preparations for the mission about 3 to 4 years prior to the actual launch. This involved preparing the ground segment and the operational procedures for the whole mission. The Mission Control Team is composed of the Flight Control Team, Flight Dynamics Team, Ground Operations Managers, Software Support and Ground Facilities Engineers. All of these are located at ESOC but there are additionally external teams, such as

366-603: A planet other than Earth, behind only NASA's still active 2001 Mars Odyssey . The Mars Express mission is dedicated to the orbital (and originally in-situ) study of the interior, subsurface, surface and atmosphere, and environment of the planet Mars. The scientific objectives of the Mars Express mission represent an attempt to fulfill in part the lost scientific goals of the Russian Mars 96 mission, complemented by exobiology research with Beagle-2. Mars exploration

427-510: A significant amount of time. The new AI tool saves operator time, optimizes bandwidth use on the DSN , prevents data loss, and allows better use of the DSN for other space operations as well. The AI decides how to manage the spacecraft's 12 gigabits of storage memory, when the DSN will be available and not be in use by another mission, how to make the best use of the DSN bandwidth allocated to it, and when

488-472: A temperature of 10–20 °C inside the spacecraft. The instruments that operate at low temperatures to be kept cold are thermally insulated from this relatively high internal temperature, and emit excess heat into space using attached radiators. The spacecraft is run by two Control and Data management Units with 12 gigabits of solid state mass memory for storage of data and housekeeping information for transmission. The on-board computers control all aspects of

549-448: A volcanically active region, do not apply. Aeolis Mensae's landsides occur at high frequency on relatively stable slopes, and it is located more than 500 kilometres (310 mi) from the volcanic region of Elysium Mons - this is farther than the largest distance that any volcanic region on Earth has induced landslides over. This implies the feature may be partially made of volcanic ash, which would make sliding more likely. Aeolis Mensae

610-472: Is believed to be ice-rich. Sometimes boulders are found on concentric crater fill; it is believed they fell off the crater wall, then were transported away from the wall with the movement of the glacier. Erratics on Earth were carried by similar means. High resolution pictures taken with HiRISE reveal that some of the surfaces of concentric crater fill are covered with strange patterns called closed-cell and open-cell brain terrain . The terrain resembles

671-455: Is crucial for a better understanding of the Earth from the perspective of comparative planetology . The spacecraft originally carried seven scientific instruments, a small lander, a lander relay and a Visual Monitoring Camera, all designed to contribute to solving the mystery of Mars' missing water. All of the instruments take measurements of the surface, atmosphere and interplanetary media, from

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732-443: Is redundant. During routine phase, the spacecraft's power consumption is in the range of 450–550   W. Attitude control (3-axis stabilization) is achieved using two 3-axis inertial measurement units, a set of two star cameras and two Sun sensors , gyroscopes , accelerometers , and four 12 N·m·s reaction wheels . Pointing accuracy is 0.04 degree with respect to the inertial reference frame and 0.8 degree with respect to

793-408: Is thought to be a better explanation for their formation. Lava flows are also expected to explain some of the features in the region, however in 2018 it was shown that the long-held conception that Aeolis Mensae was a flood-volcanic province was in fundamental error - volcanism cannot explain all of the features present at Aeolis Mensae. The Aeolis quadrangle is known for having wind-related features -

854-414: Is thought to have a composition more similar to Medussa Fossae than the highlands; Medussa Fossae is also expected to be made out of ash and other friable materials. Aeolis Mensae contains inverted reliefs - these are instances in which a stream bed is a raised feature (instead of a valley). The inversion may be caused by the deposition of large rocks or by cementation . In either case erosion lowered

915-452: Is used during nominal science phase around Mars. The low gain antennas are used during launch and early operations to Mars and for eventual contingencies once in orbit. Two Mars lander relay UHF antennas are mounted on the top face for communication with the Beagle 2 or other landers, using a Melacom transceiver. Although communications with Earth were originally scheduled to take place with

976-449: The atmospheric circulation and composition, and study of the interaction of the atmosphere with the interplanetary medium . Due to the valuable science return and the highly flexible mission profile, Mars Express has been granted several mission extensions. The latest was approved on March 7, 2023, consisting of a confirmed operating period until December 31, 2026, and a further provisional extension to December 31, 2028. Some of

1037-476: The lineated valley fill and lobate debris apron features, features present at many other fretted terrains. The presence of these features would indicate a Late Amazonian glacial origin. A fluvial origin of the valleys is unlikely, due to the low number of tributaries among other factors. Compared to other Martian mensae, such as Nilosyrtis Mensae , Aeolis Mensae has more frequent landslides. Traditional explanations, such as having unstable slopes or being near

1098-463: The 60 kg lander, and 457 kg of propellant. The main body is 1.5 m × 1.8 m × 1.4 m in size, with an aluminium honeycomb structure covered by an aluminium skin. The solar panels measure about 12 m tip-to-tip. Two 20 m long wire dipole antennas extend from opposite side faces perpendicular to the solar panels as part of the radar sounder. The Soyuz/Fregat launcher provided most of the thrust Mars Express needed to reach Mars. The final stage of

1159-544: The Aeolis quadrangle, and thus the adjacent features lie in all four nearby quadrangles. Remaining in the Aeolis quadrangle, Aeolis Planum runs alongside northeastern edge of Aeolis Mensae. In the Tyrrhenum quadrangle , Robert Sharp Crater lies to Aeolis Mensae's west. Aeolis Mensae lies on the transition between Elysium Planitia (north, Elysium quadrangle ) and Terra Cimmeria (south). The next geological figure along

1220-756: The Beagle 2 management board. An inquiry was held and its findings were published later that year. Mars Express arrived at Mars after a 400 million km journey and course corrections in September and in December 2003. On December 20 Mars Express fired a short thruster burst to put it into position to orbit the planet. The Mars Express orbiter then fired its main engine and went into a highly elliptical initial-capture orbit of 250 km × 150,000 km with an inclination of 25 degrees on December 25 at 03:00 UT (10:00 p.m., December 24 EST). First evaluation of

1281-732: The ESA 35-meter wide Ground Station in New Norcia (Australia) New Norcia Station , the mission profile of progressive enhancement and science return flexibility have triggered the use of the ESA ESTRACK Ground Stations in Cebreros Station , Madrid , Spain and Malargüe Station , Argentina . In addition, further agreements with NASA Deep Space Network have made possible the use of American stations for nominal mission planning, thus increasing complexity but with

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1342-517: The Fregat was fired again at 19:14 UT to put the spacecraft into a Mars transfer orbit. The Fregat and Mars Express separated at approximately 19:17 UT. The solar panels were then deployed and a trajectory correction manoeuvre was performed on June 4 to aim Mars Express towards Mars and allow the Fregat booster to coast into interplanetary space. The Mars Express was the first Russian-launched probe to successfully make it out of low Earth orbit since

1403-533: The Mars orbital frame. Three on-board systems help Mars Express maintain a very precise pointing accuracy, which is essential to allow the spacecraft to use some of the science instruments. The communications subsystem is composed of three antennas: A 1.6 m diameter parabolic dish high-gain antenna and two omnidirectional antennas. The first one provide links (telecommands uplink and telemetry downlink) in both X-band (8.4 GHz) and S-band (2.1 GHz) and

1464-547: The Martian surface with unprecedented resolution and has acquired multiple images. Concentric crater fill A concentric crater fill (CCF) is a landform where the floor of a crater is mostly covered with many parallel ridges. It is common in the mid-latitudes of Mars, and is widely believed to be caused by glacial movement. Areas on Mars called Deuteronilus Mensae and Protonilus Mensae contain many examples of concentric crater fill. Concentric crater fill, like lobate debris aprons and lineated valley fill ,

1525-731: The Project and Industry Support teams, who designed and built the spacecraft. The Flight Control Team currently consists of: The team build-up, headed by the Spacecraft Operations Manager, started about four years before launch. He was required to recruit a suitable team of engineers that could handle the varying tasks involved in the mission. For Mars Express the engineers came from various other missions. Most of them had been involved with Earth orbiting satellites. Since orbit insertion Mars Express has been progressively fulfilling its original scientific goals. Nominally

1586-523: The Soviet Union fell. The Near Earth commissioning phase extended from the separation of the spacecraft from the launcher upper stage until the completion of the initial check out of the orbiter and payload. It included the solar array deployment, the initial attitude acquisition, the declamping of the Beagle-2 spin-up mechanism, the injection error correction manoeuvre and the first commissioning of

1647-496: The Soyuz, Fregat was jettisoned once the probe was safely on a course for Mars. The spacecraft's on-board means of propulsion was used to slow the probe for Mars orbit insertion and subsequently for orbit corrections. The body is built around the main propulsion system, which consists of a bipropellant 400 N main engine. The two 267-liter propellant tanks have a total capacity of 595 kg. Approximately 370 kg are needed for

1708-493: The agency. "Express" originally referred to the speed and efficiency with which the spacecraft was designed and built. However, "Express" also describes the spacecraft's relatively short interplanetary voyage, a result of being launched when the orbits of Earth and Mars brought them closer than they had been in about 60,000 years. Mars Express consists of two parts, the Mars Express Orbiter and Beagle 2 ,

1769-471: The atmospheric composition, study the subsurface structure, the global atmospheric circulation, and the interaction between the atmosphere and the subsurface, and the atmosphere and the interplanetary medium. The total mass budgeted for the science payload is 116 kg. The payload scientific instruments are: For more than 20,000 orbits, Mars Express payload instruments have been nominally and regularly operated. The HRSC camera has been consistently mapping

1830-462: The boom did not lock fully into place; however, exposing it to sunlight for a few minutes on May 10 fixed the glitch. The second 20 m boom was successfully deployed on June 14. Both 20 m booms were needed to create a 40 m dipole antenna for MARSIS to work; a less crucial 7-meter-long monopole antenna was deployed on June 17. The radar booms were originally scheduled to be deployed in April 2004, but this

1891-425: The cause of this terrain. The shape of the valleys of Aeolis Mensae support the latter hypothesis; they tend to be u-shaped rather than v-shaped , which indicates a period of glaciation in the past. U-shaped valleys may also be explained by sapping , although this would not explain other (glacier-indicating) features such as the system of concentric lobate ridges and the presence of cirques . Aeolis Mensae lack

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1952-510: The existence of an ocean which produced them. However, (non-submarine) cyclic steps can form due to wind-related erosion instead, as is the case for some features in the Martian polar ice caps. Mars Express Mars Express is a space exploration mission being conducted by the European Space Agency (ESA). The Mars Express mission is exploring the planet Mars , and is the first planetary mission attempted by

2013-402: The high gain antenna will be pointed towards Earth for uplink and downlink. After 100 days the apoapsis was lowered to 10,107 km and periapsis raised to 298 km to give an orbital period of 6.7 hours. On May 4, 2005, Mars Express deployed the first of its two 20-metre-long radar booms for its MARSIS (Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding) experiment. At first

2074-473: The instruments on the orbiter, including the camera systems and some spectrometers , reuse designs from the failed launch of the Russian Mars 96 mission in 1996 (European countries had provided much of the instrumentation and financing for that unsuccessful mission). The design of Mars Express is based on ESA's Rosetta mission , on which a considerable sum was spent on development. The same design

2135-476: The interaction and interfaces between all elements of the system (software, hardware and human) had to run smoothly for this to happen: The spacecraft was launched on June 2, 2003, at 23:45 local time (17:45 UT, 1:45 p.m. EDT) from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan , using a Soyuz-FG / Fregat rocket. The Mars Express and Fregat booster were initially put into a 200 km Earth parking orbit , then

2196-527: The lack of minerals formed in the presence of water indicates that the rivers were not sustained over long periods. The water is thought to have originated from local ice rather than groundwater or precipitation. The fourth delta, known simply as Aeolis Mensae Delta ( 5°08′56″S 132°40′52″E  /  5.149°S 132.681°E  / -5.149; 132.681 ), is an ancient delta near Aeolis Mensae proper and Robert Sharp Crater. Deltas naturally move over their lifetime due to erosion, but this motion

2257-531: The lander was declared lost. A Commission of Inquiry on Beagle 2 identified several possible causes, including airbag problems, severe shocks to the lander's electronics which had not been simulated adequately before launch, and problems with parts of the landing system colliding; but was unable to reach any firm conclusions. The spacecraft's fate remained a mystery until it was announced in January 2015 that NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, using HiRISE, had found

2318-408: The local region, as well as the suspected presence of subsurface water, nitrates, aluminum, and iron, Aeolis Mensae has been considered as a candidate for a Martian habitat as early as 2016. To Aeolis Mensae's south and west is Gale Crater , with the site of Curiosity rover's landing at Aeolis Pallus being between it and Mount Sharp (Aeolis Mons). Aeolis Mensae lies in the northwest corner of

2379-425: The main spacecraft in polar orbit, which will allow it to gradually cover the whole planet. The total initial Mars Express budget excluding the lander was € 150 million. The prime contractor for the construction of Mars Express orbiter was EADS Astrium Satellites . In the years preceding the launch of a spacecraft numerous teams of experts distributed over the contributing companies and organisations prepared

2440-476: The nominal mission. Pressurized helium from a 35-liter tank is used to force fuel into the engine. Trajectory corrections will be made using a set of eight 10 N thrusters, one attached to each corner of the spacecraft bus. The spacecraft configuration is optimized for a Soyuz/Fregat, and was fully compatible with a Delta II launch vehicle. Spacecraft power is provided by the solar panels which contain 11.42 square meters of silicon cells. The originally planned power

2501-407: The northeast direction there are also fractures which have split smaller mensae off of the main plateau. A study from 2019 showed that the area of Aeolis Mensae is the most likely source of methane which was previously detected by Curiosity . While Martian methane levels are known to fluctuate seasonally, the spike of methane observed by Curiosity cannot be explained by this. The exact cause of

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2562-407: The orbital insertion showed that the orbiter had reached its first milestone at Mars. The orbit was later adjusted by four more main engine firings to the desired 259 km × 11,560 km near-polar (86 degree inclination) orbit with a period of 7.5 hours. Near periapsis (nearest to Mars) the top deck is pointed down towards the Martian surface and near apoapsis (farthest from Mars in its orbit)

2623-430: The path of ancient rivers has cut oxbows into the mensae. There are at least 4 deltas at Aeolis Mensae. The first three have been numbered 1 through 3 and were investigated by Hauber et al. All three drain from south to north, and are fed by deep canyons that lack tributaries. Aeolis Mensae Delta 1 ( 5°37′S 140°29′E  /  5.62°S 140.49°E  / -5.62; 140.49 , henceforth just Delta 1)

2684-463: The probe intact on the surface of Mars. It was then determined that an error had prevented two of the spacecraft's four solar panels from deploying, blocking the spacecraft's communications. Beagle 2 was the first British and first European probe to achieve a landing on Mars. The scientific objectives of the Mars Express payload are to obtain global high-resolution photo-geology (10 m resolution), mineralogical mapping (100 m resolution) and mapping of

2745-484: The space and ground segments. Each of these teams focussed on the area of its responsibility and interfacing as required. A major additional requirement raised for the Launch and Early Orbit Phase (LEOP) and all critical operational phases was that it was not enough merely to interface; the teams had to be integrated into one Mission Control Team. All the different experts had to work together in an operational environment and

2806-482: The spacecraft and payload (final commissioning of payload took place after Mars Orbit Insertion). The payload was checked out one instrument at a time. This phase lasted about one month. This five month phase lasted from the end of the Near Earth Commissioning phase until one month prior to the Mars capture manoeuvre and included trajectory correction manoeuvres and payloads calibration. The payload

2867-482: The spacecraft functioning including switching instruments on and off, assessing the spacecraft orientation in space and issuing commands to change it. Another key aspect of the Mars Express mission is its artificial intelligence tool (MEXAR2). The primary purpose of the AI tool is the scheduling of when to download various parts of the collected scientific data back to Earth, a process which used to take ground controllers

2928-415: The spacecraft points to Mars while acquiring science and then slews to Earth-pointing to downlink the data, although some instruments like Marsis or Radio Science might be operated while spacecraft is Earth-pointing. The Mars Express orbiter is a cube-shaped spacecraft with two solar panel wings extending from opposite sides. The launch mass of 1223 kg includes a main bus with 113 kg of payload,

2989-402: The spacecraft will be oriented properly to transmit back to Earth. The Beagle 2 lander objectives were to characterize the landing site geology, mineralogy, and geochemistry, the physical properties of the atmosphere and surface layers, collect data on Martian meteorology and climatology, and search for possible signatures of life on Mars . However, the landing attempt was unsuccessful and

3050-588: The spike is unknown; possible hypotheses suggest either a geological or biological origin. Aeolis Mensae is thought to have possessed an aquifer which was, along with the Elysium Planitia basin, a source of water for a lake in Gale Crater during the Amazonian period of Mars' development. The surfaces of the mesas are between 3.5 and 3.7 billion years old. This is in contrast to the materials on

3111-445: The surrounding land, but left the old channel as a raised ridge due to the stream bed's resistance to erosion. An image taken by HiRISE shows a ridge that may be old channels that have become inverted. Despite this evidence of a wet history, most erosion caused by ancient rivers is expected to have been completely masked by other erosive forces from later on in Mars' geologic history. Large scale fluvial features still remain, however;

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3172-493: The transition zone, to Aeolis Mensae's northwest, is Nepenthes Menthae in the Amenthes quadrangle . This transition zone marks the boundary between the Martian highlands and lowlands, one of the defining features of the planet. The linear escarpments mark the boundary between plains and plateau materials, and are parallel to fault lines in Elysium Planitia (such as Cerberus Fossae ). These escarpments run northwest, although in

3233-416: The valley floors, which are at least 600 million years old. These ages were derived from crater-counting methods; the valley floors have been subject to much resurfacing and thus some craters may have been eroded. This would make the 600 million year estimate an underestimate; the valleys may have been carved earlier. The valleys of Aeolis Mensae resemble glacial grooves on Earth, however tectonic activity

3294-465: The yardangs are an example of this. Water erosion has also played a role in the formation of features in the region. There are multiple competing theories about the origin of the fretted terrain . One hypothesis states that it was formed during the late Noachian period of Mars' development, via wind erosion. However, more recent studies favor an explanation in which Hesperian -aged glaciers, 1.5 to 2.5 kilometres (0.93 to 1.55 mi) in height, were

3355-440: Was also used for ESA's Venus Express mission in order to increase reliability and reduce development cost and time. Because of these redesigns and repurposings, the total cost of the project was about $ 345 million- less than half of comparable U.S. missions. Arriving at Mars in 2003, 20 years, 11 months and 3 days ago (and counting), it is the second longest surviving, continually active spacecraft in orbit around

3416-507: Was blocked by the mensae of Aeolis Mensae. This delta is of scientific interest as it provides strong evidence of an ancient lowlands ocean in Mars’ northern hemisphere, by way of submarine cyclic steps. Submarine cyclic steps are “rhythmic, upstream-migrating bedforms bounded by internal hydraulic jumps in overriding turbidity currents” according to Kostic and Parker. They occur on the ocean floor on Earth, and thus their existence on Mars implies

3477-528: Was delayed out of fear that the deployment could damage the spacecraft through a whiplash effect. Due to the delay it was decided to split the four-week commissioning phase in two parts, with two weeks running up to July 4 and another two weeks in December 2005. The deployment of the booms was a critical and highly complex task requiring effective inter-agency cooperation ESA, NASA, industry and public universities. Nominal science observations began during July 2005. Operations for Mars Express are carried out by

3538-492: Was formed approximately 1 billion years ago, and Delta 3 ( 6°29′S 141°41′E  /  6.49°S 141.69°E  / -6.49; 141.69 ) was formed approximately 0.47 billion years ago. Delta 2 ( 6°32′S 141°07′E  /  6.54°S 141.12°E  / -6.54; 141.12 ) is much older; while the upper lobe is only 0.4 billion years old, the lower lobe is approximately 3.46 billion years old. The deltas are suspected to have formed in short bursts;

3599-428: Was mostly switched off during the cruise phase, with the exception of some intermediate check-outs. Although it was originally meant to be a "quiet cruise" phase, It soon became obvious that this "cruise" would be indeed very busy. There were star tracker problems, a power wiring problem, extra manoeuvres, and on October 28, the spacecraft was hit by one of the largest solar flares ever recorded. The Beagle 2 lander

3660-504: Was released on December 19, 2003, at 8:31 UTC (9:31 CET) on a ballistic cruise towards the surface. It entered Mars' atmosphere on the morning of December 25. Landing was expected to occur at about 02:45 UT on December 25 (9:45 p.m. EST December 24). However, after repeated attempts to contact the lander failed using the Mars Express craft and the NASA Mars Odyssey orbiter, it was declared lost on February 6, 2004, by

3721-541: Was to be 660   W at 1.5   AU but a faulty connection has reduced the amount of power available by 30%, to about 460   W. This loss of power does significantly impact the science return of the mission. Power is stored in three lithium-ion batteries with a total capacity of 64.8   Ah for use during eclipses. The power is fully regulated at 28   V , and the Terma power module (also used in Rosetta )

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