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69-430: (Redirected from Standards ) Standard may refer to: Symbols [ edit ] Colours, standards and guidons , kinds of military signs Standard (emblem) , a type of a large symbol or emblem used for identification Norms, conventions or requirements [ edit ] Further information: Canon (basic principle) Standard (metrology) , an object that bears

138-525: A 1998 album by jazz guitarist Grant Green first released in Japan in 1980 as Remembering Standards (Into It. Over It. album) Standards, Vol. 1 , a 1983 album by jazz pianist Keith Jarrett Standards, Vol. 2 , a 1985 album by jazz pianist Keith Jarrett Standards (Lee Morgan album) , a 1998 album by jazz trumpeter Lee Morgan released on the Blue Note label Standards (Tortoise album) ,

207-602: A 2008 album by Take 6 The Standards , a 2013 studio album by Gloria Estefan Songs [ edit ] "Standard" (The View song) , a song by the View "Standards", a song by the Jam from the album This Is the Modern World Periodicals [ edit ] Standard (magazine) , a defunct Serbian magazine Der Standard , an Austrian newspaper Dunoon Observer and Argyllshire Standard ,

276-529: A Scottish newspaper London Evening Standard , a London newspaper often referred to as "The Standard" Mornington Standard , newspaper of Frankston, Victoria Standard (Frankston) , a later name The Port Melbourne Standard newspaper of Port Melbourne, Victoria The Standard (Port Melbourne) an earlier name Standard (Thailand) , a defunct weekly newspaper published in Thailand St. Catharines Standard ,

345-625: A St. Catharines, Ontario, newspaper Toronto Standard online newspaper, also an historical (1848–1849) paper The Standard (Hong Kong) , a business newspaper in Hong Kong The Standard (Kenya) , a Kenyan newspaper The Standard (Zimbabwe) , a weekly newspaper in Zimbabwe The Weekly Standard , an American neoconservative magazine, sometimes abbreviated as The Standard Television [ edit ] The Standard (TV series) ,

414-523: A battlefield, soldiers needed to be able to determine where their regiment was. Regimental flags are generally awarded to a regiment by a head of state during a ceremony. They were therefore treated with respect as they represented the honour and traditions of the regiment. Colours may be inscribed with the names of battles or other symbols representing former achievements (see battle honours ). Regiments tended to adopt " colour guards ", composed of experienced or élite soldiers, to protect their colours. As

483-558: A common design: the unit heraldic arms is featured in the obverse while the emblem of its reporting formation is featured in the reverse side. All colours are gold fringed and carry a Garuda finial based on the national arms. Within the TNI , Police and Municipal Police , the speciality colours are: The Korean People's Army is the overall body for the entire armed forces of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea . Until 1993

552-572: A dark blue canton in the centre until the 1980s, the honour guard company's colours only use both dark blue and the Navy seal, which are the same colours used today in other ROCN units. For the Republic of China Marine Corps , its unit battle colours, since 1960, mirrors that of the USMC but since the 1980s the unit name is on the white stripe near the hoist (just as the rest of the armed forces, formerly it

621-399: A defined relationship to a unit of measure used for calibration of measuring devices Standard (timber unit) , an obsolete measure of timber used in trade Breed standard (also called bench standard), in animal fancy and animal husbandry BioCompute Standard , a standard for next generation sequencing De facto standard , product or system with market dominance Gold standard ,

690-462: A division of the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul Railroad , hired John Cherry in 1905 to sink a new mine. They set up a new railroad between Granville and Oglesby to service the shaft. The village was called Berry until 1908 when it was changed to Taft. Then in 1914 it was renamed Standard because of confusion with another town named Taft. Initially the town was just two large boarding houses for

759-473: A female householder with no husband present, and 40.9% were non-families. 35.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.91. In the village, the population was spread out, with 24.2% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age

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828-416: A global provider of air conditioning systems and services, bath and kitchen products, and vehicle control systems Chevron Corporation , an American multinational energy corporation that is also called Standard in sixteen U.S. states Standard Bank , one of South Africa's largest financial operators Standard Fruit Company , an American company Standard Glass and Paint Company Building , listed on

897-543: A high level of recognition Pop standards , particularly the songs comprising the Great American Songbook Albums [ edit ] Standard (Scandal album) , the fifth studio album by Japanese pop rock band, Scandal Standard (Witness album) , a gospel music album by Witness Standards (Sonny Clark album) , 1998 Standards (Lloyd Cole album) , a 2013 rock album by Lloyd Cole released Standards (Grant Green album) ,

966-493: A man's Soul, 'Tis the deeds that were done 'neath the moth-eaten rag, When the pole was a staff, and the rag was a flag. Sir Edward Hamly on seeing some old Colours of the 32nd Foot in Monmouth Church. So long as its colors remain, and there is one man left to carry them, a regiment can never die; they can recruit it again around that one man, and the regiment will continue on its road to future glory with

1035-510: A monetary system based on gold; also used metaphorically for the best of several options, against which the others are measured Internet Standard , a specification ratified as an open standard by the Internet Engineering Task Force Learning standards , standards applied to education content Standard displacement , a naval term describing the weight and status of a warship Standard language ,

1104-466: A part of their vast armies. It was formalized in the armies of Europe in the High Middle Ages , with standards being emblazoned with the commander's coat of arms . As armies became trained and adopted set formations, each regiment 's ability to keep its formation was potentially critical to its, and therefore its army's, success. In the chaos of battle, due to the amount of dust and smoke on

1173-444: A particular variety of a language accepted as the institutionalized norm in a community Standard solution , in chemistry, a solution of known concentration Standard of care , the degree of prudence and caution required of an individual who is under a duty of care Technical standard , an established norm or requirement about technical systems International standard , standards suitable for worldwide use Open standard ,

1242-537: A rap trio formed by Nas , Common and Q-Tip Musical terms and concepts [ edit ] Standard (music) , the most popular and enduring songs from a particular genre or style Adult standards , a radio format that includes pop standards Jazz standards , musical compositions which are an important part of the musical repertoire of jazz musicians, in that they are widely known, performed, and recorded by jazz musicians, and widely known by listeners List of blues standards , blues songs that have attained

1311-564: A restaurant complex in central Copenhagen, Denmark The Standard, East Village , a hotel in New York City The Standard, High Line , a hotel in New York City Computing and technology [ edit ] Standards (software) Standard cell , a voltage reference, or a building block for electronic integrated circuits Plants and plant husbandry [ edit ] Standard (tree) ,

1380-418: A result, the capture of an enemy's standard was considered as a great feat of arms. They are never capriciously destroyed – when too old to use they are replaced and then laid up in museums, religious buildings and other places of significance to their regiment. However, in most modern armies, standing orders now call for the colours to be intentionally destroyed if they are ever in jeopardy of being captured by

1449-463: A standard that is publicly available Standard operating procedure , a step-by-step instruction to achieve a desired result Standardization , the process of establishing technical standards Standards organization , an entity primarily concerned with maintaining standards Standard-gauge railway (SGR) Mathematics [ edit ] Standard algorithms , long-taught methods of computation such as long division Standard deviation ,

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1518-471: A statistical measure of variation Standard score , a statistics term Standard part function , used to define the derivative of a function Standard Young tableaux , a type of combinatorial object Standardized rate , a statistical measure of any rates in a population Military [ edit ] Standard-type battleships produced by the U.S. Navy Standard Missile Standard operating procedure , an established method of accomplishing

1587-424: A task United States Military Standard , a specification used to help achieve standardization objectives by the U.S. Department of Defense Places [ edit ] United States [ edit ] Standard, Illinois , a village Arts, entertainment, and media [ edit ] Music [ edit ] Groups [ edit ] The Standard (band) , an American indie rock band The Standard,

1656-634: A television series Sports [ edit ] FK Standard Sumgayit , a former Azeri association football team Standard Liège , a Belgian association football team that is often abbreviated as Standard Vehicles [ edit ] Automotive [ edit ] Standard (1904 automobile) (1904–1906), an American automobile Standard (1911 automobile) (1911–1912), a German automobile Standard (1912 automobile) (1912–1923), an American automobile manufactured in Butler, Pennsylvania Standard (Indian automobile) (1957–1987), mostly based on

1725-824: A type of fruit tree form Coppice with standards , the retention of some mature trees in a wood mainly of trees which are coppiced Other uses [ edit ] Standard (typeface) Standard (warez) , rules for unauthorized public release of copyrighted material Standard (mail collar) , also called a pizaine, a chain mail collar often worn with plate armor See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Wikiquote has quotations related to Standard . Canon (disambiguation) Industry standard (disambiguation) National standards (disambiguation) Standardbred , an American horse breed best known for its ability in harness racing Standart (disambiguation) STD (disambiguation) The Standard (disambiguation) Usual (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

1794-521: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Colours, standards and guidons In military organizations, the practice of carrying colours , standards , flags , or guidons , both to act as a rallying point for troops and to mark the location of the commander, is thought to have originated in Ancient Egypt some 5,000 years ago. The Roman Empire also made battle standards reading SPQR

1863-761: Is steeped in Buddhist and Brahmic heritage; it symbolizes and cements the King's role as Chief Kshatriya (กษัตริย์) or Warrior ruler of his realm. It also emphasizes his constitutional role as Head and Chief of the Thai Armed Forces (จอมทัพไทย: Chomthap Thai). These colours are similar to the Flag of Thailand and therefore are treated like the State Colours of the Commonwealth, but are not lowered to

1932-576: Is the overall body for the entire armed forces of the People's Republic of China , and is represented by a single flag, which serves as a ceremonial colour for all regiments and larger formations. This is based on the national flag , but has instead of the four smaller gold stars the Chinese characters for the numerals '8' and '1', which stand for 1 August , the day in 1927 that the PLA was founded. When paraded,

2001-409: Is used as a National Colour by all formations of battalion level above within the People's Army of Vietnam . It is fringed in gold, and when used in ceremonies, often has the gold motto Quyết thắng ("determination to win") at the top right corner of the colour near the hoist, with any decorations and/or medals attached to it. A moth-eaten rag on a worm-eaten pole, It does not look likely to stir

2070-873: Is used by the Republic of China Air Force Academy : In all events whenever the ROCAF is involved, the ROC flag is used as the National colour. In Indonesia , the Colours of the Indonesian National Armed Forces , Indonesian National Police and other uniformed institutions are known as Panji-panji . The Panji-panji is carried and escorted by a colour guard known as "Pataka", an abbreviation from Pasukan Tanda Kehormatan in Indonesian . During graduation and passing out parades, whenever

2139-526: The 70th anniversary of the People's Republic of China , a mobile colour guard unit debuted after many years the garrison colours awarded to every PLA formation and agency, which are red with the formation or agency name in Mandarin Chinese in white or gold lettering (but without the white fringe), with some colours bearing additional inscriptions bearing either battle honours or decorations awarded to

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2208-832: The Flag of the Philippines as the National Colour, the Organizational Colours, and the Unit Battle Colour. The Flag of the Philippines is the National Colour of the Armed Forces of the Philippines , but unlike the US colour has no markings on the flag. The Organizational Colours are the flags of the AFP's four Major Service Commands while the Unit Battle Colour differs per service arm and unit. Like

2277-634: The Ministry of National Defence sport an orange colour with the coast arms of the Ministry in the centre. Garrison colours are in blue with the Kuomintang emblem, a wheat wreath and 3 interlocked circles in yellow, red and blue respectively. Reserve units carry a red colour while the Taiwan Reserve uses a green one. Only the following military academies sport their colours as the ROCAF colour

2346-627: The 1948 arms and motto instead of the current one. The traditions of military unit and branch colours of the Republic of Korea Armed Forces are mostly derived from the Western practice with the Flag of South Korea treated as a National Colour. Today each of the ROKAF's service branches have branch regimental colours, all gold fringed, which are carried by colour guards following a mix of Western traditions. The colours are as follows: In major holiday parades two additional colours are paraded as part of

2415-459: The 425 number honouring the date (25 April) of the 1932 foundation of the People's Anti-Japanese Guerrilla Army, whose lineage is continued by the current service, but with the same colours as in the obverse, which also shows the 4.25 mark in gold numbering. The Guards units also had its badge beneath the 4.25 mark. In 2023, a new amended design based on the 1992-93 templates was adopted for the KPA with

2484-868: The British Standard cars Standard (Italian automobile) (1906–1908), an Italian automobile manufactured by the Fabbrica Automobili Standard of Torino Standard Electric (automobile) (1911-1915) an American electric automobile manufactured in Jackson, Michigan Standard Motor Company (1903–1963), an English car and aircraft manufacturer Standard Motor Products , a manufacturer and distributor of aftermarket automotive parts Standard Six (1909–1910), an American automobile manufactured in St Louis, Missouri Standard Steam Car (1920–1921), an American steam car manufactured by

2553-710: The British military. Only the Navy and Air Force sport President's Service Colours which are their respective naval ensign and air force flag which are gold fringed with modifications: Standard, Illinois Standard is a village in Putnam County, Illinois , United States. The population was 220 at the 2010 census, down from 256 in 2000. It is part of the Ottawa Micropolitan Statistical Area . The B.F. Berry Coal Company,

2622-530: The Ground Forces. The 1948 and 1992 design colours, since the celebrations of the 60th anniversary of the conclusion of the Korean War in 2013, have been brought out only by guards units and KPA battalions sporting historical dress uniforms of the 1940s and early 1950s, the 1992 colours have a gold Guards Badge outline in the reverse to denote Guards status of the unit's colour while the colours only use

2691-628: The Imperial era, that was used by Sumunjang or royal palace guards with its traditional military band, Daechwita . They are only brought out during state visits to the republic and on major holidays. In Laos , the Colours of the Military and other uniformed institutions follow North Korean practice. It is basically a large version of the Laotian flag with the unit name below in white in the top and bottom red stripe. Philippine military colours are

2760-461: The KPA was represented by a single flag, which served as a ceremonial colour for all regiments, educational institutions and larger formations. The colour is on the basis of the national flag but with the national emblem replacing the star and on parades the colours were surrounded by gold fringe. The gold lettering in Hangul until 1992 was "For the unification and independence of the motherland and

2829-748: The Korean War and the 45th since the founding of the DPRK, the old colour was replaced by the designs seen for over three decades in major holiday parades. All the colours shared the same reverse with the emblem of the Workers' Party of Korea in gold and, save for the Worker-Peasant Red Guards, have identical gold letting in Hangul which states "Revolutionary armed forces of the Workers' Party of Korea, Korean People's Army [unit name] / No.425 unit (in ceremonies)" ( 조선로동당의 혁명적무장력인 조선인민군 제425 군부대 ),

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2898-707: The National Register of Historic Places in Polk County, Iowa Standard Hotel , a hotel chain originating in Los Angeles Standard Insurance Company , an American insurance and financial company Standard Oil (1863–1911), a large integrated oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing organization Standard Steel Casting Company , an American company Standard Talking Machine Company , an early twentieth century record label The Standard, Copenhagen ,

2967-596: The Navy carry no fringe, the rest have gold fringe. All carry the reigning monarch's cypher on the top right corner near the hoist. Before their presentation, the colours are ceremonially blessed in a religious ceremony attended by Buddhist monks and other high ranking dignitaries inside the Temple of the Emerald Buddha in Bangkok . During the ceremony amidst the chanting of the monks, the King will personally hammer

3036-635: The Northern Theater Command which took part in the joint military exercise "Vostok 2018" with the Russian Armed Forces carried red colours with the unit name on the white fringe nearest the flagpole. Test battle colours had been given to the People's Armed Police some years before the practice was adopted by the PLA Ground Forces on an experimental period. During the 1 October 2019 civil military parade marking

3105-534: The Organizational Colours are: Each unit of the Royal Thai Armed Forces is given a colour called the " Thong Chai Chalermphol " ( Thai : ธงชัยเฉลิมพล ) or Victory Colours. These are presented to each unit personally by the King of Thailand . The colours are divided into four different designs, for: Royal Thai Army , Royal Thai Navy , Royal Thai Air Force and King's Guard units. Colours of

3174-598: The Party's Central Committee headed by Dear Comrade Kim Jong Un with our lives!" ( 경애하는 김정은동지를 수반으로 하는 당중앙위원회를 목숨으로 사수하자! ) at the top. These colours are in gold fringe when brought out in public parades in Pyongyang , the national capital, and during state visits by the honour guards of the Supreme Guard Command , which is an inter-service formation unlike the rest of the command whose personnel are drawn from

3243-638: The Standard Engineering Company of St Louis, Missouri Standard Superior , and automotive manufacturer, e.g., of the Standard automobile (1933–1935, 1950–1954), produced from 1933 to 1935 by Standard Fahrzeugfabrik of Ludwigsburg, Germany Standard transmission , a type of transmission used in motor vehicles Aviation [ edit ] FAI Standard Class , for glider competition Prue Standard , glider Other businesses [ edit ] American Standard Companies ,

3312-630: The US, it also has 2nd order guidons for companies and troops, but these are also based on the Spanish military guidons and banners, not on the American ones, reflecting the long history of the military establishment here. These guidons are therefore not swallow tailed save for the PMA, the Philippine Army's Escort and Security Btn and some other units under the Philippine Army. The color facings of

3381-508: The bottom blue stripe was used as the King's Colour of RCAF formations before being reassigned as the National Colour for parades and ceremonies. In 2023, a new Chinese-derived design but also harking to the days of the old kingdoms on Cambodian territories, debuted - it's a unified design with the insignia of the unit or formation at the center and the unit name in Khmer below but with the colors differing per service: The People's Liberation Army

3450-469: The brass nails into the staff of each colour using a silver hammer. Each colour contains about 32–35 nails, in which the cloth is attached to the wooden staff. Within the same ceremony, the King will also take a strand of his own hair and conceal it within a compartment at the top of the staff, which is closed by a round silver screw top. The King will also attach each colour with its own ceremonial Buddha image, and bless each colour with holy water. The ceremony

3519-419: The enemy. Due to the advent of modern weapons, and subsequent changes in tactics, colours are no longer carried into battle, but continue to be used at events of formal character. In Cambodia , the Colours of the Military and other uniformed institutions follow British, US, and French practice. Until 2022, what was essentially a large version of the Flag of Cambodia with the unit name below in white in

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3588-808: The enlistment or commissioning pledge is taken, the flag of Indonesia is used as a national colour. Mostly seen in parades are the service colours of the Indonesian National Armed Forces or TNI, the Indonesian National Police and the Municipal Police units (known as the Panji-Panji Kesatuan/Lambang-Lambang Kesatuan ). Within the TNI, service colours exist for all three service branches. Panji-panji means

3657-514: The flag is fringed in gold and mounted on a red-and-gold pole. Each branch of the PLA has its own flag, based on the Army Flag ( Banners of the PLA ): These, too, are not paraded publicly except with the same gold fringe as the Army flag. Individual unit colours based on the PLA service colour would be introduced only from 2018 (and that, only on a test basis), when mobile contingents of units of

3726-465: The formation or agency concerned. The army of the Republic of China (Taiwan) also has a single flag that it uses, which is red, with a banner of the Blue Sky with a White Sun in the centre. It has a red flagpole with silver spearhead finial and red tassels immediately underneath. Individual units use a variation of the Army Flag as their own identifying Colour; this features a white strip next to

3795-424: The fourth album by the American post-rock band Tortoise Standards (Ken Vandermark album) , 1995 Standards (Seal album) , a 2017 album by Seal Standards (Bernie Worrell album) , solo album by former Parliament-Funkadelic keyboardist Bernie Worrell Standards , music album by Blaggards The Standard (Tommy Flanagan album) , a 1980 album by The Super Jazz Trio The Standard (Take 6 album) ,

3864-403: The ground but kept above it to the tune of Sansoen Phra Barami (the Royal Anthem) when salutes are rendered by these Colours to the Thai Royal Family (most especially the King and Queen) in all military events that they attend. The Flag of Turkey is used by the Turkish Armed Forces as a National Colour, and thus has distinguishing features: Similar to Chinese practice, the Flag of Vietnam

3933-407: The hoist, which has the unit's name in black characters, as well as a golden fringe (as is the case since 1961 for all units of the Republic of China Armed Forces , but since 1947 were limited only to Army units above the regimental level). The army honour guard colour is in gold with the unit coat of arms in the centre. The Republic of China Navy 's colours were red but with the seal of the Navy in

4002-455: The military/service colours in Indonesian. Non-military: Tunggul and Pataka are terms used to identify colours below the command or service specialty level within the Armed Forces, National Police and Municipal Police. The former are for battalion/squadron level units and military territorial commands or equivalents, the latter for brigades/regiments, divisions/regional commands and service specialty and operational commands. They share

4071-464: The miners, but later the company built houses for those with families. The mine closed in 1924. Standard is located at 41°15′23″N 89°10′44″W  /  41.25639°N 89.17889°W  / 41.25639; -89.17889 (41.256450, -89.179014). According to the 2010 census, Standard has a total area of 0.7 square miles (1.81 km ), all land. As of the census of 2000, there were 256 people, 115 households, and 67 families residing in

4140-432: The monarch or his vice-regal representative. The design based on the flag of Canada reflects the custom established for infantry line regiments in the mid-18th century, when the sovereign's colour was based on the national flag, as was the practice in British and French units in Canada. Given its Commonwealth heritage as a former British colony, the Indian Armed Forces sports colours which are equivalent to those used in

4209-409: The motto kept, and the 4.25 mark was finally removed, with the date of the service branch or unit raising now replacing it. Guards formations retained their official emblem below the foundation date. The reverse of these colours was updated with the graphic pattern consist of a silhouette of the KWP headquarter and a red shield bearing the emblem of KWP in the middle, and additional motto "Let us defend

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4278-444: The national colour guard. Unit and specialty colours follow a mix of the Western models with influences from the Western model, sharing since the 1990s a common design with the unit name in Hangul below the emblem (in the Navy, the unit/command name is on a white scroll below following US precedence). In addition, the traditional guard unit under the 3rd Infantry Division of the ROKA carries replica colours similar to those used during

4347-409: The ordinary soldier would be able to identify straight away. The naval and air forces of all three of these countries also have similar colours based on their own ensigns. Rules stipulated by the Canadian Department of Defence state that the First, or Senior Colours symbolizes the unit's loyalty to the Crown ; authorization to possess a king's colour may only be granted, and the colour presented, by

4416-402: The people" ( 조국의 통일 독립과 인민을 위하여 ), then replaced by the second motto "For the unification and independence of the motherland, and the freedom and happiness of the people" ( 조국의 통일, 독립과 인민의 자유와 행복을 위하여 ). From 2023 the motto is "For the endless prosperity of the fatherland and the security of the people! ( 조국의 무궁한 번영과 인민의 안녕을 위하여 )". In 1993, as part of the 40th anniversary of the conclusion of

4485-440: The same old traditions behind it and the same atmosphere surrounding it that made brave men of its forbears. So although the colors are not exactly the soul of a regiment, they are the concrete embodiment of it, and are even more sacred than the person of a reigning sovereign. Talbot Mundy , The Soul of a Regiment The colours of the infantry and standards of the cavalry are a set of large flags, unique to each regiment, that

4554-413: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Standard . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard&oldid=1253477000 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

4623-478: The village. The population density was 453.2 inhabitants per square mile (175.0/km ). There were 119 housing units at an average density of 210.7 per square mile (81.4/km ). The racial makeup of the village was 98.44% White , and 1.56% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.95% of the population. There were 115 households, out of which 25.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.4% were married couples living together, 6.1% had

4692-414: Was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.2 males. The median income for a household in the village was $ 35,972, and the median income for a family was $ 41,875. Males had a median income of $ 35,179 versus $ 22,917 for females. The per capita income for the village was $ 17,453. About 5.8% of families and 5.8% of the population were below

4761-423: Was on a scroll similar to the USMC's). The colours used by the Republic of China Air Force are in sky blue with the air force seal in the centre (formerly it was red with the sky blue canton featuring the coat of arms, the old design only used today by the honour guard). Units of the Republic of China Military Police , formerly using a blue colour, now use a brown colour with the ROCMP arms. Units reporting to

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