Aero AT Sp.z o.o. is a Polish light aircraft manufacturer founded by Tomasz Antoniewski in Warsaw in 1994. It is unrelated to the Czech Aero company.
58-561: The company is organized as a Spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością (Sp.z o.o.), a Polish private limited company . The company was founded to develop and market a two-seat aircraft specifically for the flight training and touring market. The result of this venture was the Aero AT-3 , type certified by European Aviation Safety Agency in May 1999 under the EASA CS-VLA rules, only
116-462: A Sp. z o.o. The third step is the appointment of the board and possibly other organs of the Sp. z o.o.. The Board of Directors or the first board members can already be appointed at formation. Once all deposits are paid in full, the board may register for entry into the business register . The application is inter alia accompanied by a statement of all board members that the deposits were placed to cover
174-410: A legal capacity subject, the company prior registration. The second step requires the full payment of the share capital as codified by the articles of incorporation. Where required the payment includes the agreed surplus over the nominal value of the company share. The share capital may be covered by cash or contribution in kind. Inalienable rights, e.g. work or services cannot place as a deposit in
232-418: A non-privileged share). The dissolution of a Sp. z o.o and the associated deletion in the business register takes place after carrying out the liquidation. Further steps are governed by Article 274 ff. KSH. Causes for dissolution may result from the law as well as the articles of incorporation. Notable examples: Resolution of the shareholders to dissolve the company or to transfer the registered office abroad,
290-429: A notarized resolution of the shareholders' meeting and the entry into the business register. Without changing the articles of incorporation, the capital increase can be carried out only if this is expressly permitted by the articles of incorporation. The exact height to which the share capital can be raised and the exact date to which the increase take place is also a requirement have to be regulated. The capital increase
348-527: A supervisory board or audit committee is mandatory for a Sp. z o.o. that has capital stock of more than 500,000 zloty (approximately €125,000) and also more than 25 existing shareholders. Otherwise the shareholders are responsible for including an agreement in the articles of incorporation on the appointment of a supervisory board or audit committee. Both organs consist of at least three members who are appointed or dismissed by shareholders' resolution. The duties and responsibilities of those supervisory organs include
406-419: A supervisory body is provided, Article 213 § 3 KSH). Deviation from the equality in principle envisaged in terms of rights and duties of all shareholders may be prerogatives recognized under the special relation of the articles of incorporation. In particular, those prerogatives may affect the right to vote (more than three votes per share) and the right to dividend (maximum of 150% of the dividend to be paid to
464-409: Is carried out either by increasing the nominal value of existing shares or by issuing new shares (ordinary capital increase). In case of the ordinary capital increase the company's assets is increased by the new deposits, which is provided from the old or new shareholders. In principle, the existing shareholders are entitled to acquire the new shares. The take-over declaration needs to be notarized. In
522-465: Is the legal title of a limited liability company in Poland . The necessary steps for establishing a Sp. z o.o. (spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością) are determined by Article 163 KSH (Kodeks spółek handlowych, eng. Commercial Companies Code). It first requires the notarization of the articles of incorporation. It must take place in Poland . The conclusion of the articles of incorporation creates
580-524: Is the official currency and legal tender of Poland . It is subdivided into 100 grosz ( gr ). It is the most traded currency in Central and Eastern Europe and ranks 21st most-traded in the foreign exchange market . The word złoty is a masculine form of the Polish adjective 'golden', which closely relates with its name to the guilder whereas the grosz subunit was based on the groschen , cognate to
638-559: The 19 złotych note was released. In 2021, Adam Glapiński, president of the National Bank of Poland, announced that a 1000zł note will be introduced in the near future. One of the conditions of Poland's joining the European Union in May 2004 obliges the country to eventually adopt the euro, though not at any specific date and only after Poland meets the necessary stability criteria . Serious discussions regarding joining
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#1732790527468696-711: The Eurozone have ensued. Article 227 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland will need to be amended first. While opinion on the euro has not always been in favor, 2022 opinion polling on behalf of the European Commission found around 60% support for adopting the Euro. The banknotes range from 12 to 15 centimetres in length and from 60 to 75 millimetres in width. The length increases by 6mm and
754-621: The Kraków złoty , with the coins actually being made in Vienna , it remained legal until 1857. During World War I , the rouble and krone were replaced by the Polish marka , a currency initially equivalent to the German mark . The marka stayed in use after Poland regained its independence in 1918, but was extremely unstable, disrupted the whole economy , and triggered galloping inflation . The złoty
812-515: The Partitions of Poland and Napoleon 's Duchy of Warsaw issued coins denominated in grosz, złoty and talars, with the talar (thaler) of 6 złoty slightly reduced in value to the Prussian thaler of 16.704 g fine silver (hence 2.784 g silver in a złoty). Talar banknotes were also issued. In 1813, while Zamość was under siege, the town authorities issued 6 grosz and 2 złoty coins. Following
870-408: The annual audit and the examination of the annual report of the board of directors. Finally, there is the shareholders meeting. The shareholders' meeting is furnished with extensive authorities and at the same time is the supreme decision-making body of the Sp. z o.o. itself. By operation of law, the decisions on important matters are reserved for the shareholders' meeting. The authorities include
928-545: The noun " złoto ", which in the Polish language denotes gold . A literal translation of the currency's name would be "golden" or "the golden one". There are two plural forms – złote [ˈzwɔtɛ] as well as złotych [ˈzwɔtɨx] , and their correct usage is as follows: Fractions should be rendered with złotego [zwɔˈtɛɡɔ] and grosza [ˈɡrɔʂa] , for example 0.1 złotego ; 2.5 złotego and so on. Native English speakers or English-language sources tend to avoid
986-633: The pound , with one grzywna being equivalent to 240 denars. From the 1300s to the mid-16th century, the Prague groschen (or groat) dominated the market and its high supply reduced the demand for a national currency across Central Europe . Certain cities and autonomous regions of the Polish Kingdom held the privilege of minting its own currency, for instance the shilling ( szeląg ) in the Duchy of Prussia , which Poland co-adopted in 1526. Initially,
1044-472: The "grosz" subunit is represented by lowercase gr . The first form of tangible currency in Poland was the denarius ( denar ), which circulated since the 10th century. During this period, Polish coinage had a single face value and was minted from bullion , primarily silver, but also compounded with copper and other precious metals. The standard unit of mass used at the time was the grzywna rather than
1102-526: The 1815 Congress of Vienna , Austrian and Russian sectors of partitioned Poland continued to use the złoty for some time; whereas the German sector replaced the talar and złoty with the Prussian thaler and afterwards the German gold mark . On 19 November O.S. (1 December N.S.) 1815, the law regarding the monetary system of Congress Poland (in Russia) was passed, which pegged the złoty at 15 kopecks (0.15 Imperial roubles , or almost 2.7 g fine silver) and
1160-552: The Board of Directors has to register the company at the company's financial authorities and obtain the so-called "NIP"-Number (Taxpayer Identification Number) and the VAT number. The granting of the NIP requires the submission of a lease or other proof that the company has any accommodation, also a bank account contract is required. For these reasons it is recommended that already with formation
1218-471: The Board of Directors is appointed. In this way, in the start-up phase before registration in the business register the company is already able to open a bank account and sign a lease agreement. Since 2012 - it is possible to register a Sp. z o.o. online via S24 system. Sp. z o.o. registration is available only to users that hold qualified electronic signature or Polish Trusted Profile. Registration takes approx. 3-5 days. The minimum content to be regulated
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#17327905274681276-562: The English word groat . It was officially introduced to replace its predecessor, the Polish marka , on 28 February 1919 and began circulation in 1924. The only bodies permitted to manufacture or mint złoty coins and banknotes are Polish Security Printing Works (PWPW), founded in Warsaw on 25 January 1919, and Mennica Polska , founded in Warsaw on 10 February 1766. As a result of inflation in
1334-410: The Sp. z o.o.. In addition, Article 14 § 4 KSH contains a setoff of maturing share payments. The access rights of the shareholders at the company's assets are generally restricted to the distribution of certain portion of the profits. The capital increase is governed by Articles 255 ff. KSH. Basically, the increase in share capital demanded the change of the articles of incorporation. This requires
1392-440: The amount of approximately zl 1,500 (about €370). Finally, within 14 days after formation of the articles of incorporation, the so-called tax on civil law transactions (PCC) is to pay. This is 0.5% of the share capital. The share capital amounts to at least zl 5,000 (about €1,230). The shares can either be of equal or unequal height, depending on the articles of incorporation. If a shareholder can have more than one share,
1450-559: The announcement of the insolvency of the company as well as a verdict of a court. The legal basis of the insolvency of a Sp. z o.o. regulates the Polish Bankruptcy and Restructuring Law of 2003. The bankruptcy must be applied if the company is illiquid, means the company is unable pay their liabilities. Polish zloty The Polish złoty (alternative spelling: zloty ; Polish : polski złoty , Polish: [ˈzwɔtɨ] ; abbreviation: zł ; code : PLN )
1508-413: The articles of incorporation determines Article 157 KSH. The articles of incorporation must contain information about the name of the company, place of business, the subject of the activity, the amount of registered capital, an indication of whether a shareholder is allowed to take over one or more company shares, the number and the nominal value of the company shares of each of the shareholders are taken and
1566-486: The banknotes received additional security features. The design does not differ greatly from the original 1994 series, but are distinguishable by the added white-coloured field with a watermark on the obverse. The updated notes also possess randomly arranged dotting, which are part of the EURion constellation . On 10 February 2017, a 500zł banknote with the likeness of John III Sobieski began circulating. On 2 October 2019,
1624-411: The case of the nominal capital increase the share capital will be increased by retained earnings or capital reserves. The capital reduction of share capital requires changing the articles of incorporation in general as well. The shareholders may decide either the recovery of shares or the reduction of the share value. The reduction decision has to determine the amount of the share capital reduction and
1682-430: The common stock in full by all shareholders in the company. The registration of the company in the business register takes about two to four weeks. By registering the company in the business register, the company becomes a legal entity . After registration in the business register, the Board of Directors has to request the so-called REGON number at the statistics agency. This is issued within one to two days. Subsequently
1740-440: The company or have to obtain an appropriate security for their claim. Each corporate action becomes effective upon its entry into the business register, and thus has a constitutive effect. The board consists of one or more individuals. To the board may be appointed both shareholders and third parties. Board members may be foreigners or persons resident abroad. The members of the Board are appointed and dismissed by resolution of
1798-399: The compensation of excessive determined contributions in kind and the reimbursement of unjustified payments (Art. 175, 198 KSH). Under the special relation of the articles of incorporation may accrue the following duties: acquisition of administrative or supervisory duties, the obligation to recurring contributions in kind (Art. 176 KSH) or to pay further margins (Article 177 KSH). Toward
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1856-494: The complexity of plural forms and in turn use "złoty" for all denominations, for instance 2 złoty and 100 złoty instead of 2 złote and 100 złotych. The official currency symbol is zł , composed of lowercase z and ł which are the two first letters of "złoty". It has no representation in the Unicode Standard as a single sign, but previously it had representation in Polish typewriters and computers. The symbol of
1914-441: The difference between share capital and zl 3,000, consequently 3% of zl 5,000. In result of this the total costs for the notary would be zl 250 (about €62). In addition the value added tax ( VAT ) at the legal rate from the current 23% has to be added. Furthermore, costs incur associated with registering the company in the business register and the publication in for this responsible "monitor Gospodarczy i Sądowy" in
1972-408: The duration of the company, if it is determined. Beyond the minimum content the shareholders are free to regulate their relationship to each other or to the company more extensive. Notable costs are first of all the notary fees, which are calculated in dependence to the share capital. If the share capital amounts e.g. 8,000 zlotys (about € 2,000), the maximum amount to pay is zl 100 plus 3% on
2030-454: The early 1990s, the currency underwent redenomination . Thus, on 1 January 1995, 10,000 old złoty (PLZ) became one new złoty (PLN). As a member of the European Union , Poland is obligated to adopt the euro when all specific conditions are met, however there is no time limit for fulfilling all of them. Currently, Poland is not in ERM II . The term " złoty " is an adjective derived from
2088-415: The examination and approval of the annual report of the board of directors, the profit and loss statement, the approval of the board of directors, the supervisory board and the audit committee, any decision on repayment of additional contributions, the sale or leasing out of a company and the assignment of limited real rights to it. The main duties of the shareholders include the provision of full deposit,
2146-506: The exercise of Executive Function. Board members are also free to withdraw from its role as manager. Unless otherwise agreed in the articles of incorporation, a board member can be dismissed at any time. However, the claims arising from the employment relationship persist. The Board conducts the business of the Sp. z o.o. and represents it externally. The legal representative of a board member cannot be confined in an external legal effect. The articles of incorporation certainly may determine
2204-402: The groszy at 1 ⁄ 2 kopeck, and with silver 1, 2, 5 and 10 złotych coins issued from 1816 to 1855. At the time of the 1830 November Uprising , the insurrectionists issued their own "rebel money" – golden ducats and silver coins in the denomination of 2 and 5 złoty, with the revolutionary coat of arms, and the copper 3 and 10 grosz. These coins were still traded long after the uprising
2262-452: The introduction of a new złoty with a revived coinage system. In 1950, the third złoty (PLZ) was introduced, replacing all notes issued up to 1948 at a rate of one hundred to one, while all bank assets were re-denominated in the ratio 100:3. The new banknotes were dated in 1948, while the new coins were dated in 1949. Initially, by law with effect from 1950 1 złoty was worth 0.222168 grams of pure gold. The banknotes went from 10 zlotych all
2320-509: The loss of approximately 200,000 square kilometres of land and precipitated an economic collapse. The widespread shortage of funds to finance the defense of remaining territories forced the insurrectionist government to look for alternatives. In June 1794, Tadeusz Kościuszko began printing paper money and issuing first Polish banknotes as a substitute for coinage, which could not be minted in required quantities. These entered circulation on 13 August 1794. The złoty remained in circulation after
2378-598: The new entity. Money exchange was limited per individual; the limits varied according to the status of the person. The fixed exchange rate was 2 złoty per 1 Reichsmark . A new issue of notes appeared in the years 1940–1941. On 15 January 1945 the National Bank of Poland was formed, and a new printing plant opened in Łódź . The series II and III notes were designed by Ryszard Kleczewski and Wacław Borowski . The first three series were taken out of circulation in line with legislation signed on 28 October 1950, covering
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2436-431: The obverse and on the reverse. Predominant colours used include shades of brown, pink or purple, blue, green and gold. Face value is given in numerals in the upper-left and upper-right corners on the obverse, and in the upper-right corner on the reverse. The written form of the nominal value is embedded vertically on the obverse and horizontally on the reverse. The notes are adorned by the shieldless coat of arms of
2494-460: The participation of corporate resolutions (Art. 227 ff KSH), the appeal of such resolutions (Article 250 KSH), minority protection, the action for dissolution of the Company and to the expulsion of shareholders (Article 271 No. 1, 266 § 1 KSH) and the individual right to obtain information and control of each shareholder (Art. 212 KSH, which can only be restricted or excluded if the appointment of
2552-486: The property rights primarily belongs the right to receive dividends (Art. 192 KSH), the subscription rights (Article 258 KSH), the participation of the net profits (Art. 191 ff KSH) and the settlement proceeds (Article 286 KSH), a claim for contributions in kind (Art. 176 KSH) and the repayment of the deposit for capital reduction and cancellation of the share and the right for repayment of unused further margins (Article 179 KSH). The administrative rights include especially
2610-401: The required share capital covering the company's assets is not possible for the shareholders under any title. The shareholders are also prohibited from referring to or from the assets contributed their rightful share interest. Claims of the shareholder from a granted loan of the Sp. z o.o. applies as a contribution to the company if the loan was granted within two years before the insolvency of
2668-480: The shareholders, unless the articles of incorporation provides otherwise, such as the appointment by the Supervisory Board . Board members are generally appointed for one year. An excess of this one-year term of office may also be agreed. The term of office generally terminates with the date of holding of the shareholders’ meeting, which approved the financial statements for the last full financial year of
2726-440: The shares must be equal and indivisible. The minimum nominal value of a share amounts to zl 50 (approx. €12.5). The Polish legislator has various instruments to ensure the protection of creditors. The share capital must be maintained throughout the life of the company. It may be reduced only in the manner allowed by law, e.g. through a capital reduction. The ban also applies to the hidden distribution of profits. A payment from
2784-796: The sixth aircraft type to receive this certification. The first five production aircraft were delivered to customers in 2002. A version for the light-sport aircraft market was accepted by the Federal Aviation Administration and marketed as the Gobosh 700 in the United States . This aeronautical company–related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Sp%C3%B3%C5%82ka z ograniczon%C4%85 odpowiedzialno%C5%9Bci%C4%85 Spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością ( lit. ' company with limited liability ' ), abbreviated Sp. z o.o. ,
2842-451: The term "złoty" (lit. the golden one) was used in the 14th and 15th centuries for a number of foreign gold coins , most notably Venetian ducats , florins and guldens . In 1496, the Sejm parliament debated on the creation of a domestic currency and approved the złoty, which until then acted as a unit of account . An exchange rate of 30 grosz was imposed for one gold piece, which remained
2900-471: The traditional subdivision until the 19th century. In the years 1526–1535, as part of an extensive monetary reform proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus and Justus Decius , king Sigismund I defined the złoty as a legal tender in the minting ordinance on 16 February 1528. The Polish monetary system stayed complex and intricate from the 16th to 18th centuries until a monetary reform was done by Stanisław II Augustus which removed all other monetary units except
2958-414: The way by which the capital should be reduced. The minimum share capital and the minimum nominal value of shares may not be affected by the reduction. The reduction of the share capital needs to declare immediately to the creditors of the company with the request to object within three months, if they do not agree with the reduction. Creditors, which contradict the deadline, are generally to be satisfied by
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#17327905274683016-415: The way of representation. The legal base case therefore regulates by a multi-person board that for issuing statements on behalf of the Sp. z o.o. the interaction of two board members or one board member along with a registered manager is required. The supervisory board performs constant supervision of the affairs of the company, while the audit committee the periodic supervision over . The appointment of
3074-657: The way to 5 million zlotych . With the fall of communism in 1989 and successive hyperinflation in 1990, the złoty had to be redenominated . On 11 May 1994, a redenomination project from the NBP was approved; the act allowing the project to come into force was ratified on 7 July 1994. Thus, on 1 January 1995 the old 10,000 PLZ became the new 1 PLN. Redesigned coins and banknotes were released, featuring Polish monarchs , which were printed by De La Rue in London (until 1997) and PWPW in Warsaw (from 1997). Between 2013 and 2014,
3132-454: The width by 3mm with every higher denomination. The obverse features the left profile of a Polish monarch clothed in armour or royal regalia ; the sovereigns are arranged chronologically based on the period of reign. The reverse illustrates important landmarks, early coinage or important objects from Poland's history . Architectural elements comprising portals, columns, windows or flower motifs are scattered throughout each banknote, both on
3190-677: The złoty divided into 30 groszy. Polish currency was then linked to that of the Holy Roman Empire by setting the Conventionsthaler = 8 złoty = 23.3856 g fine silver and the North German thaler = 6 złoty = 17.5392 g silver (hence 2.9232 g silver in a złoty). Radical changes to the currency were made during the Kościuszko Uprising . The second partition of the vast Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth resulted in
3248-588: Was quelled. As a consequence of the uprising, the rubel became the sole legal tender of Congress Poland since 1842, although coins marked as złoty in parallel with ruble were minted in Warsaw until 1865 and remained legal until 1890. In 1892 the Austro-Hungarian krone was introduced in Austrian Galicia . Between 1835 and 1846, the Free City of Kraków also used its own independent currency,
3306-679: Was re-set on the dollar-złoty rate 50% higher than in 1924. Up to 1933 the złoty was freely exchanged into gold and foreign currency. Based on these developments, the Polish government made the decision to adopt the gold standard and maintain it for a significant period to attract global investors. Under the occupation during World War II , the Germans created an Emissary Bank ( Bank Emisyjny ) in Kraków , as Polish bank officials fled to Paris in France. It started operating on 8 April 1940, and in May old banknotes from 1924 to 1939 were overstamped by
3364-750: Was reintroduced by the Minister of Finance , Władysław Grabski , in April 1924. It replaced the marka at a rate of 1 złoty equaling 1,800,000 marks and was subdivided into 100 grosz, instead of the traditional 30 grosz, as it had been earlier. Following its inauguration, the second złoty was pegged to the United States dollar through a stabilization loan provided by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York . The budget deficit ballooned and out-of-control inflation ensued. The złoty began to stabilise in 1926 (chiefly due to significant exports of coal), and
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