38-757: The Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( ACA ) was a UK agency founded on 30 April 1909, to undertake, promote, and institutionalize aeronautical research. In 1919 it was renamed the Aeronautical Research Committee , later becoming the Aeronautical Research Council . Following the establishment of this committee, other countries created similar agencies, notably the French L’Etablissement Central de l’Aérostation Militaire in Meudon (now ONERA ),
76-615: A view to their practical solution". It was kept out of the political ambit of any one ministry, reporting directly to the Prime Minister and receiving its funds from the "Civil Service Estimate". This arrangement changed with the creation of the Royal Air Force , after which it reported to the Secretary of State for Air . "Annual Technical Reports" were produced by the committee from 1910 until 1919, at which time its name
114-575: Is served by Georges Millandy and Meudon la Forêt stations. Meudon is served by twelve lines of the RATP bus network, that have numerous stops in the city: The area was once served by the Bellevue funicular , a model of which is in the local Museum of Art and History. Public schools: Private schools: Meudon is twinned with: The Imperial Cedar ( Cèdre Impérial ), attracted the attention of Empress Eugénie and Queen Victoria . As of March 2021,
152-521: Is served by line C of the RER by Meudon – Val Fleury station. Meudon is also served by the Transilien Line N through Meudon station and Bellevue station . The T2 tramway line links Pont de Bezons station to Porte de Versailles station. It stops by La Défense . Meudon is served by Brimborion and Meudon-sur-Seine stations. The T6 tramway line runs from Châtillon to Viroflay . Meudon
190-628: Is today ONERA , a national aerospace research institute and wind tunnel has been present since the military opened its aerostatic (lighter-than-air) field in the Chalais park in 1877. From 1921 to 1981 the Air Museum was located here until it moved to Le Bourget Airport . CNRS has a campus in Bellevue . Meudon is well served by public transport operated jointly by the SNCF and the RATP . Meudon
228-582: The Battle of Fleurus . 'Hangar Y' (at 48°47′52″N 2°13′59″E / 48.7977°N 2.233°E / 48.7977; 2.233 ) was built in 1880 at the request of the military engineer Captain Charles Renard (1847–1905), for the construction of balloons and airships. The building is 70 m (230 ft) long, 24 m (79 ft) wide and around 26 m (85 ft) high. The airship La France , designed by Renard and Arthur Krebs ,
266-648: The Cold War era. Among the MoS research establishments (in addition to HERE and AWRE mentioned above) were : The bill to abolish the Ministry of Supply was passed on 12 November 1959 at which time the Ministry of Aviation was created to look after both civilian and military aviation interests. Under the order the Ministry of Supply took over the aviation interests of the Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation and
304-454: The Ministry of Supply . Annual reports were replaced by collections of R&Ms, the last issue appearing in 1972. The Aeronautical Research Council was disbanded in 1979. A brief history of the committee during its seventy years of existence is maintained online by Cranfield University , which also maintain an archive of the R&;M series, which shows the many aspects of aviation which were
342-551: The Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Supply . The Ministry of Supply was responsible for building and running the Royal Ordnance Factories, which produced explosives and propellants, filled ammunition, and constructed guns and rifles. However, the Ministry of Works and/or private building contractors acted as agents during their construction. The ministry was also responsible for
380-607: The Revolutionary sales , and finally burned in 1871 at the close of the Franco-Prussian War , while it was occupied by Prussian soldiers. A branch of the Paris Observatory was founded on the ruins in 1877. The Meudon town hall is about 43 m (141.08 ft) in altitude above that of Paris and the climb from there to the observatory offers some rewarding views of Paris. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot ,
418-525: The Admiralty to form the Ministry of Defence . The Ministry of Supply instigated the Rainbow Codes designation system. This assigned projects a two-word codename, the first word being a colour and the second a noun. As a result, secret weapon projects—including numerous nuclear weapons—were given lighthearted names such as Green Cheese , Blue Slug or Red Duster . The minister was assisted by
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#1732781089606456-496: The Ministry of Supply was in direct competition with the Ministry of Aircraft Production for labour and the two organisations had to reach agreement. Towards the end of the war, the Ministry of Supply released labour so that they could transfer to the Ministry of Aircraft Production. From the beginning of the Second World War , the army research establishments were put under the control of the Ministry of Supply. Through
494-698: The MoS, the essential connections were made between military requirements and the scientists and engineers of the civil service, industry, and academia (many academics were recruited into the civil service on a temporary basis). Examples include: Moreover, the Dutch Defence Chemical Laboratory escaped the German occupation of the Netherlands. On 14 May 1940 archives and key personnel were moved to London. The 'Centraal Laboratorium, afdeling Londen' (Central Laboratory, London department)
532-678: The Russian "Aerodynamic Institute of Koutchino" and the U.S.A.'s National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics , founded in 1915. The Aeronautical Research Council was disbanded in 1979. The idea for the creation of the ACA originated with the then Secretary of State for War , R.B.Haldane (later First Viscount Haldane), who was supported in his efforts by the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom H. H. Asquith . Asquith announced
570-475: The Seine, is known as Bellevue ("beautiful view"). The neighboring communes are: Sèvres ( North-west ), Boulogne-Billancourt ( North ); Issy-les-Moulineaux ( northeast ), Clamart (east and southeast), Vélizy (south and southwest) and Chaville (west). The town includes several districts: Meudon-sur-Seine, Val Fleury, Meudon-Centre, Bellevue and Meudon-La-Forêt. At Meudon, the argile plastique clay
608-511: The War Office general staff, so had no clear conception of their requirements. The answer in the ministry to reports of problems was to "shoot the messenger". Industry outsiders Robotham was dealing with had the attitude that he would be "gone tomorrow", so he resigned in August 1943. He thought (which turned out to be true) that any improvements would not reach the firing line before the end of
646-672: The committee was given fresh impetus with the appointment of Sir Henry Tizard . He formed the Committee for the Scientific Survey of Air Defence . One of the committee's most important decisions was to speed the development of a national system of air defence based on radar . In 1945 after the Second World War the committee's name was changed to " Aeronautical Research Council " and the Council reported directly to
684-700: The committee's appointment in a statement to the House of Commons on 5 May 1909, in which he stated: "With a view to securing that the highest scientific talent shall he brought to hear on the problems which will have to be solved in the course of the work of the two departments, the National Physical Laboratory has been requested to organize at its establishment at Teddington a special department for continuous investigation, experimental and otherwise,of questions which must from time to time be solved to obtain adequate guidance in construction. "For
722-406: The construction of a large number of "agency factories", which were run on its behalf by private companies, such as Nobel Industries . These were similar to the Royal Ordnance Factories, but were not part of that organisation. The Ministry of Supply was also responsible for the labour force of these factories, although the Ministry of Labour did the recruitment. From the middle of the war onwards,
760-521: The duchess of Galliera for the care of aged persons and orphans. The buildings were completed in 1885. The old castle of Meudon was rebuilt in Renaissance style in the mid-sixteenth century. It was bought by Louis XIV as a residence for his son Louis, the Dauphin under whom Meudon became a center of aristocratic life. After the death of the Dauphin in 1711, the château was neglected, emptied in
798-404: The inventor of the 'world's first automobile' , is reported to have carried out some early trials at Meudon in the early 1770s. Chalais-Meudon was important in the pioneering of aviation, initially balloons and airships , but also the early heavier-than-air machines. A Corps d'Aérostatiers under the command of Jean-Marie-Joseph Coutelle was established in 1794, its balloons being used at
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#1732781089606836-641: The new department remained basically the same as its predecessors. Later in the same year, the MoS took over the responsibility for atomic weapons research. Lord Portal was appointed as Controller of Production (Atomic Energy); and in 1950 the High Explosive Research Establishment at Fort Halstead was renamed the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment (AWRE), with William Penney as its first director. The atomic energy research function
874-772: The premier British learned society for science, the Royal Society , founded in 1660). To these criticisms Asquith replied in the House of Commons: "It is no part of the general duty of the Advisory Committee For Aeronautics either to construct or invent. Its function is not to initiate, but to consider what is initiated elsewhere, and is referred to it by the executive officers of the Navy and Army Construction Departments. The problems which are likely to arise ... for solutions are numerous, and it will be
912-469: The southwestern suburbs of Paris , France. It is in the département of Hauts-de-Seine . It is located 9.1 km (5.7 mi) from the center of Paris . The city is known for many historic monuments and some extraordinary trees. The town of Meudon is built on the hills and valleys of the Seine . The wood of Meudon lies for the most part to the west of the town. The north-west part of Meudon, overlooking
950-402: The subject of research during the period. From the time of its appointment on 30 April 1909 until the publication of its first report, the committee's members were as follows: The committee and its successor agencies published several series of reports which could be purchased from HMSO : Meudon Meudon ( French pronunciation: [mødɔ̃] ) is a municipality in
988-565: The superintendence of the investigations at the National Physical Laboratory and general advice on the scientific problems arising in connection with the work of the Admiralty and War Office in aerial construction and navigation, I have appointed a special Committee...." Haldane was criticised for what some considered the undue preponderance of academics on the committee (7 of the original 10 members were Fellows of
1026-676: The supply of tanks and other armoured fighting vehicles. W. A. Robotham of Rolls-Royce was appointed chief engineer of tank design in the ministry in November 1941. He went on the 1942 tank mission to America. Most of the technicians in the Department of Tank Design in Ivy Bridge House had been recruited at the start of hostilities, and few had the experience to advise the industry design teams. They were spread over an "immense number" of projects, and lacked clear directives from
1064-622: The supply of equipment to all three British armed forces, headed by the Minister of Supply . A separate ministry, however, was responsible for aircraft production, and the Admiralty retained responsibilities for supplying the Royal Navy . During the war years the MoS was based at Shell Mex House in The Strand , London. The Ministry of Supply also took over all army research establishments in 1939. The Ministry of Aircraft Production
1102-577: The tree is in good condition, but it is threatened by real estate speculation. Another real estate project is planned for the historic park of the Napoleon III villa built by Charles Schacher . Both projects are controversial and have aroused local opposition. Ministry of Supply The Ministry of Supply ( MoS ) was a department of the UK government formed on 1 August 1939 by the Ministry of Supply Act 1939 ( 2 & 3 Geo. 6 . c. 38) to co-ordinate
1140-486: The war. Edward Brisch worked in the Department of Tank Design from 1942. Tanks were designed and built by private arms, engineering, and manufacturing companies, e.g. the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company , English Electric in their Stafford Works, Leyland Motors , Nuffield Mechanizations , Vauxhall Motors , and Vickers-Armstrongs . The Ministry of Supply also arranged for
1178-469: The work of the Committee to advise on these problems, and to seek their solution by the application of both theoretical and experimental methods of research". The Advisory Committee For Aeronautics proceeded to coordinate research in the following years and produced a series of annual reports, the first of which summarised the purpose of the committee as "the scientific study of the problems of flight, with
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1216-640: Was abolished in 1946, and the MoS took over its responsibilities for aircraft, including the associated research establishments. In the same year, it also took on increased responsibilities for atomic weapons , including the H-bomb development programme. The Ministry of Supply was abolished in late 1959 and its responsibilities passed to the Ministry of Aviation , the War Office , and the Air Ministry . The latter two ministries were subsequently merged with
1254-532: Was built in Hangar Y in 1884 and was the first airship which was controllable during flight and which could return to its starting point. Although a choice residential district, access to the railway ( RER ) and the Seine river have made Meudon a manufacturing center since the 1840s. Metal products and military explosives have been continuously produced there since then. In addition to the Observatory, what
1292-452: Was changed to the " Aeronautical Research Committee ". From 1920 reports were made to the Air Ministry . In addition, technical papers known as "Reports & Memoranda" (R&M) were produced. The Aeronautical Research Committee's scope was both military and civil applications. During the deteriorating international situation of the 1930s (see Events preceding World War II in Europe ),
1330-452: Was established and fell under the supervision of the Dutch authorities on the one hand, and on the other hand under the Ministry of Supply which provided housing and materials. Following the Second World War, the postwar MoS was created on 1 April 1946 as a result of the amalgamation of the former Ministry of Supply and the Ministry of Aircraft Production. The functions and responsibilities of
1368-551: Was extensively mined in the 19th century. The first fossil of the European diatryma Gastornis parisiensis was discovered in these deposits by Gaston Planté . Archaeological sites show that Meudon has been populated since Neolithic times. The Gauls called the area Mol-Dum (sand dune), and the Romans Latinized the name as Moldunum . The handsome Galliera Institutions, on the hill of Fleury, were founded by
1406-494: Was relinquished in 1954 when the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority was set up, although the Ministry of Supply retained responsibility for the control of atomic weapons. The AWRE moved from Fort Halstead to Aldermaston in 1955. Immediately after the war, aviation research establishments joined the army ones under MoS control, and further new research establishments were developed during
1444-470: Was renamed the Ministry of Aviation , this enabling it to look after both civil and military aviation interests (across army, navy and RAF) as well as guided missiles, radar, nuclear weapons and munitions for aircraft. The bulk of other procurement functions including cross-service procurement were transferred out of the new Ministry of Aviation to the War Office . The Air Ministry regained procurement powers (except for aircraft) that had been transferred to
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