95-572: The Atomic Weapons Establishment ( AWE ) is a United Kingdom Ministry of Defence research facility responsible for the design , manufacture and support of warheads for the UK's nuclear weapons . It is the successor to the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment ( AWRE ) with its main site on the former RAF Aldermaston and has major facilities at Burghfield , Blacknest and RNAD Coulport . AWE plc , responsible for
190-782: A golden share in AWE plc. In November 2020, it was announced that the Ministry of Defence had triggered a contractual break point and would take ownership of AWE Plc in July 2021. The establishment is the final destination for the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament 's Aldermaston Marches march from Trafalgar Square , London . The first Aldermaston March was conceived by the Direct Action Committee and took place in 1958. The British nuclear weapons programme, then operating under
285-658: A $ 531 million contract for systems engineering at NASA's Goddard Space Flight center in Maryland. KBR also houses the low pressure chamber designed to test the high altitude flying of the new X-59 research aircraft being designed by NASA. Scientists and engineers working for KBR also contributed to the development and deployment of the James Webb Space Telescope , which launched in 2022, as part of various Mechanical Integration Services and Technology contracts. KBR engages third party lobbyists to represent
380-525: A 2–1 ruling, and found that her alleged injuries were not, in fact, in any way related to her employment and thus, not covered by the contract. On July 8, 2011, a jury in the Southern District of Texas federal court in Houston found against Jones and cleared KBR of any wrongdoing. Jamie Leigh Jones's case led Senator Al Franken to propose an amendment to the defense appropriations bill, which
475-660: A competitive bid contract it won in July 2005 to provide debris removal and other emergency work associated with natural disasters, KBR started assessment of the cleanup and reconstruction of Gulf Coast Marine and Navy facilities damaged in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina . The facilities include: Naval Station Pascagoula , Naval Station Gulfport , the John C. Stennis Space Center in Mississippi , two smaller U.S. Navy facilities in New Orleans, Louisiana , and others in
570-543: A contract to provide astronaut medical support services for the European Space Agency's European Astronaut Center Space Medicine Office in Cologne , Germany. In May 2019, the company introduced new branding. In October 2021, KBR purchased UK and Australian systems, engineering and technology company Frazer-Nash Consultancy from Babcock International Group for a reported £293 million. The company
665-639: A corporate presence in Downtown Houston . In December KBR said that it would not continue with the plans due to a weakened economy. In January 2010 KBR announced plans to extend its lease and expand its presence in Downtown Houston. The downtown expansion replaced the Harris County plans. The new total of KBR leased space in downtown will be just over 1,200,000 square feet (110,000 m ) at completion. In 1996, Brown & Root
760-488: A critical component of early nuclear bombs, which led to the correct diagnosis. Further tests using spectroscopy designed to detect alpha radiation confirmed the result. In July 2015 the Office for Nuclear Regulation issued an improvement notice to AWE demanding that it demonstrate that it has a long-term strategy for managing Higher Active radioactive Waste in order to reduce the risk to the public and its employees. In 2011
855-676: A desire to curb interservice rivalries and followed the precedent set by the American National Security Act of 1947 . The Ministers in the Ministry of Defence are as follows, with cabinet ministers in bold: The Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS) is the professional head of the British Armed Forces and the most senior uniformed military adviser to the Secretary of State for Defence and
950-682: A larger contract with the U.S. government than any other firm in Iraq . The company's roughly 14,000 U.S. employees in Iraq provide logistical support to the U.S. military . Some U.S. Marines revived the Vietnam-era nickname 'Burn & Loot' as a name for the company during the Iraq War . In November 2012, a dozen Oregon National Guard soldiers sued KBR for knowingly exposing them to hexavalent chromium , and were awarded more than $ 85 million;
1045-429: A lawsuit against the company for allegedly being "inappropriately touched, stalked, intimidated and verbally harassed" during her time with the firm in 2003. According to Frederiksen, after she complained to the firm she was moved to an even more hostile location while some of her abusers were promoted. The lawsuit claimed "women are second-rate citizens provided for the pleasure of men" at the firm. Frederiksen also alleged
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#17327766535991140-593: A maximum total of $ 1 billion, to be awarded in October. However, the Army announced in October it would expand the contract ceiling to $ 2 billion and the solicitation period to December. As of October 16, 2003, KBR had performed nearly $ 1.6 billion worth of work. In the meantime, KBR has subcontracted with two companies to work on the project: Boots & Coots , an oil field emergency response firm that Halliburton works in partnership with (CEO Jerry L. Winchester
1235-456: A nearby stream and another for an incident where two workers inhaled plutonium . In 1999 Hunting-BRAE lost the contract to AWE Management Ltd (AWE ML), a consortium of BNFL , Lockheed Martin and Serco . AWE ML's subsidiary, AWE plc , assumed responsibility for the operation of all AWE sites on 1 April 2000. This was not full privatisation as the Ministry of Defence continued to own all
1330-479: A project named MENSA to construct a new warhead assembly and disassembly facility at Burghfield had been approved, to be completed in 2017 at a cost £734 million. In 2020, a National Audit Office report found that costs had increased by £1.07 billion to £1.8 billion and completion date had slipped to 2023. Construction was begun before design had been finalised and risk was not shared with contractors, so they were not incentivised to control costs. In November 2020, it
1425-486: A public inquiry. The report estimated these tests affected millions of people, including during one period between 1961 and 1968 where "more than a million people along the south coast of England, from Torquay to the New Forest , were exposed to bacteria including E.coli and Bacillus globigii , which mimics anthrax ." Two scientists commissioned by the Ministry of Defence stated that these trials posed no risk to
1520-594: A series of warships for the U.S. government . In 1947 Brown & Root built one of the world's first offshore oil platforms . According to Tracy Kidder 's book Mountains Beyond Mountains , Brown & Root was a contractor in the Péligre Dam project . The project was designed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and financed by the Export-Import Bank of the United States . Following
1615-500: A series of secret germ warfare tests on the public" and many of these tests "involved releasing potentially dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms over vast swathes of the population without the public being told." The Ministry of Defence claims that these trials were to simulate germ warfare and that the tests were harmless. However, families who have been in the area of many of the tests are experiencing children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps and many are asking for
1710-442: A shipping container for 24 hours without food or drink. Under questioning, Jones denied ever having claimed to have been gang-raped, even though her extensive media appearances say otherwise. Jones and her lawyers said that 38 women have contacted her reporting similar experiences while working as contractors in Iraq, Kuwait, and other countries. On September 15, 2009, the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in favor of Jones, in
1805-424: A significant loss of personnel and would have had adverse effects on recruitment. In 2013, it was found that the Ministry of Defence had overspent on its equipment budget by £6.5bn on orders that could take up to 39 years to fulfil. The Ministry of Defence has been criticised in the past for poor management and financial control. Specific examples of overspending include: In May 2024, the ministry's payroll system
1900-487: A symbol of war profiteering , dubbing the company "Burn & Loot". In 1989, Halliburton acquired another major engineering and construction contractor, C. F. Braun Inc., of Alhambra California, and merged it into Brown & Root. From 1995 to 2002, Halliburton KBR was awarded at least $ 2.5 billion to construct and run military bases, some in secret locations, as part of the U.S. Army's Logistics Civil Augmentation Program ( LOGCAP ). In September 2005, under
1995-462: A united ministry of defence was rejected by the coalition government of David Lloyd George in 1921, but the Chiefs of Staff Committee was formed in 1923, for the purposes of inter-service co-ordination. As rearmament became a concern during the 1930s, Stanley Baldwin created the position of Minister for Co-ordination of Defence . Ernle Chatfield, 1st Baron Chatfield held the post until the fall of
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#17327766535992090-536: A week over this period. The Health and Safety Executive took the decision to prosecute AWE plc on three charges relating to health and safety after their investigation into the fire in 2010, the first hearing in this case being held on 6 August 2012. On 16 May 2013 AWE pleaded guilty to a single offence contrary to the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974. In 2013 a whistleblower alerted the authorities to lapses in security caused by misconduct among police officers guarding
2185-561: Is about 1.8% of the UK land mass. The total annual cost to support the defence estate is "in excess of £3.3 billion". The defence estate is divided as training areas & ranges (84.0%), research & development (5.4%), airfields (3.4%), barracks & camps (2.5%), storage & supply depots (1.6%), and other (3.0%). These are largely managed by the Defence Infrastructure Organisation . The headquarters of
2280-415: Is approximately 1 mile west of the main AWE site. Blacknest's main function is to develop and maintain expertise in using seismic techniques to detect and identify underground explosions. This expertise and the techniques have been used in the past to provide assessments for the UK government on nuclear explosions carried out by other countries. The expertise is to be used as part of Britain's contribution to
2375-549: Is disseminated after a contractor is found being in a state of "serious noncompliance", and is one step from suspending or terminating a contract. In 2011, KBR defended the lawsuit by claiming that Iraqi, not American, law should apply in determining a verdict. Despite these issues, KBR was awarded a $ 35 million contract for major electrical work in 2009. As of June 9, 2008, 81 American and foreign KBR employees and subcontractors have been killed, and more than 380 have been wounded by hostile action while performing services under
2470-691: Is flanked by two monumental statues, Earth and Water , by Charles Wheeler . Opposite stands the Gurkha Monument, sculpted by Philip Jackson and unveiled in 1997 by Queen Elizabeth II . Within it is the Victoria Cross and George Cross Memorial, and nearby are memorials to the Fleet Air Arm and RAF (to its east, facing the riverside). Henry VIII 's wine cellar at the Palace of Whitehall , built in 1514–1516 for Cardinal Wolsey ,
2565-645: Is heavily involved in mission support for several government agencies, including NASA , providing training and care for American astronauts. In April 2019, KBR's GICS code was reclassified as an IT consulting company by stock traders. MSCI , a New York firm that manages how companies are classified on various stock exchanges, reclassified KBR as a company specializing in "IT Consulting & Other Services." KBR has made shift away from engineering and construction projects to government contracts that include information technology and other support services. KBR's government services sector accounted for more than 70 percent of
2660-534: Is in the basement of Main Building, and is used for entertainment. The entire vaulted brick structure of the cellar was encased in steel and concrete and relocated nine feet to the west and nearly 19 feet (5.8 m) deeper in 1949, when construction was resumed at the site after World War II . This was carried out without any significant damage to the structure. The most notable fraud conviction has been that of Gordon Foxley , Director of Ammunition Procurement at
2755-579: Is mainly due to their work in the Dulles Greenway . Kellogg's entry into process engineering initially focused on the Fleming cracking process, but in the 1920s Kellogg partnered with The Texas Company ( Texaco ) and Standard Oil of Indiana to purchase the Cross thermal cracking process. Kellogg set up one of the first petroleum laboratories in the country in 1926 to commercialize and then license
2850-582: The Chamberlain government in 1940. His success was limited by his lack of control over the existing Service departments, and his lack of political influence. On forming his government in 1940, Winston Churchill created the office of Minister of Defence, to exercise ministerial control over the Chiefs of Staff Committee and to co-ordinate defence matters. The post was held by the Prime Minister of
2945-768: The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty which was signed in 1996, but which, as of 2015, has not come into force. Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) The Ministry of Defence ( MOD or MoD ) is a ministerial department of the Government of the United Kingdom . It is responsible for implementing the defence policy set by the government and serves as the headquarters of the British Armed Forces . The MOD states that its principal objectives are to defend
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3040-518: The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). A 22-page document filed in a Houston federal court alleged massive bribes in connection with the construction of a natural gas plant on Bonny Island requiring $ 7.5bn USD. KBR officials had no comment. KBR pleaded guilty and was ordered to pay $ 402m USD in criminal fines, nearly all of which was covered by Halliburton. KBR and Halliburton also paid $ 177m USD in disgorgement of profits to
3135-570: The General Accounting Office to investigate whether the U.S. Agency for International Development and The Pentagon were circumventing government contracting procedures and favoring companies with ties to the Bush administration . They also accused KBR of inflating prices for importing gasoline into Iraq. In June 2003, the Army announced that it would replace KBR's oil- infrastructure contract with two public-bid contracts worth
3230-721: The Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament . During the 1920s and 1930s, British civil servants and politicians, looking back at the performance of the state during World War I , concluded that there was a need for greater co-ordination between the three services that made up the armed forces of the United Kingdom: the Royal Navy , the British Army and the Royal Air Force . The formation of
3325-536: The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). On November 16, 2006, KBR shares were offered for the public in an initial public offering with shares priced at $ 17. The shares closed up more than 22 percent to $ 20.75 a share on the first trading day. On May 7, 2008, the company announced that it would acquire Birmingham, Alabama -based engineering and construction firm BE&K for $ 550 million. The company announced on November 7, 2017, that KBR secured
3420-586: The Permanent Secretary ) is the senior civil servant at the MOD. Their role is to ensure that it operates effectively as a government department and has responsibility for the strategy, performance, reform, organisation and the finances of the MOD. The role works closely with the Chief of the Defence Staff in leading the organisation and supporting Ministers in the conduct of business in the department across
3515-659: The Prime Minister . The CDS is supported by the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff (VCDS) who deputises and is responsible for the day-to-day running of the armed services aspect of the MOD through the Central Staff, working closely alongside the Permanent Secretary. They are joined by the professional heads of the three British armed services ( Royal Navy , British Army and Royal Air Force ) and
3610-574: The Republic of Georgia . KBR has also been actively involved in the development of works in Cuba. Most notably sections of the U.S. Naval base in Guantanamo , completed in 2006. Camp 6, the newest facility built for detainees at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay , is designed after a maximum-security penitentiary in the U.S. In the 2000s, KBR employed more American private contractors and had
3705-569: The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) due a civil complaint filed by the SEC relating to the FCPA charges. Former CEO Albert Jackson Stanley, who ran KBR when it was a subsidiary to Halliburton , was sentenced to 30 months in prison via plea agreement. The Army's actions came under fire from California Congressman Henry Waxman , who, along with Michigan Congressman John Dingell , asked
3800-546: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and its interests and to strengthen international peace and stability. The MOD also manages day-to-day running of the armed forces, contingency planning and defence procurement . The expenditure, administration and policy of the MOD are scrutinised by the Defence Select Committee , except for Defence Intelligence which instead falls under
3895-562: The 1960s saw the growth in helium recovery, ethylene , and the development of Kellogg's ammonia process. Kellogg maintained New York offices at 225 Broadway in the Transportation Building until 1956 when it moved to 711 Third Avenue in Midtown. In 1970, Kellogg moved from New York City to Houston, Texas , and in 1975, they completed the move by relocating the research and development lab. The 1970s saw Kellogg become
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3990-561: The AWE sites as well as a golden share in AWE plc. Critics pointed out that BNFL and Lockheed Martin did not have perfect safety records either. BNFL suffered embarrassing revelations of falsified quality checks in nuclear fuels and Lockheed was the subject of scathing reports on the operation of US nuclear facilities. Lockheed's failings included safety concerns at the Y-12 facility at Oak Ridge, Tennessee , an American weapons plant similar in certain ways to Aldermaston. In December 2008,
4085-618: The BNFL share in AWE Management Ltd was sold to Jacobs Engineering Group , an American engineering services company. Since about 2013 the Office for Nuclear Regulation (ONR) has given both AWE sites enhanced regulatory attention due to "safety and compliance concerns, and the continued undertaking of operations in ageing facilities due to delays to the delivery of modern standard replacement facilities." The ONR anticipated AWE would move back to normal regulatory attention in 2021 after
4180-520: The Commander of Strategic Command . All personnel sit at OF-9 rank in the NATO rank system . Together the Chiefs of Staff form the Chiefs of Staff Committee with responsibility for providing advice on operational military matters and the preparation and conduct of military operations. The current Chiefs of Staff are as follows. The Chief of Defence Staff is supported by several Deputy Chiefs of
4275-821: The Defence Staff and senior officers at OF-8 rank. Additionally, there are a number of Assistant Chiefs of Defence Staff , including the Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom , who is also the Assistant Chief of Defence Staff (Personnel). Permanent Secretary and other senior officials The Ministers and Chiefs of the Defence Staff are supported by several civilian, scientific and professional military advisors. The Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Defence (generally known as
4370-544: The Gulf Coast region. Halliburton announced on April 5, 2007, that it had separated from KBR, which had been its contracting, engineering, and construction unit as a part of the company for 44 years. The move was prefaced by a statement registered with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission on April 15, 2006, stating that Halliburton planned to sell up to 20 percent of its KBR stock on
4465-719: The MOD (not to be confused with DEFCON as used by the United States Armed Forces , which refers to a level of military "defence readiness condition"). Examples include: A full set of the DEFCONs can be accessed via the MoD's Defence Gateway (registration required). The government noted in 2013 that the MoD's third-party expenditure was characterised by "complex, high-value contracts". Defence purchasing contributes to government ambitions to make supply chains more accessible to small and medium-sized enterprises , but
4560-641: The MOD are in Whitehall and is known as MOD Main Building . This structure is neoclassical in style and was originally built between 1938 and 1959 to designs by Vincent Harris to house the Air Ministry and the Board of Trade . A major refurbishment of the building was completed under a Private Finance Initiative contract by Skanska in 2004. The northern entrance in Horse Guards Avenue
4655-717: The MOD is responsible for the administration of the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia in Cyprus. Competitive procurement processes are used whenever possible, and all new direct tender and contract opportunities valued over £10,000 are advertised on a system called the Defence Sourcing Portal. A separate internal policy generally operates in respect of low value purchasing below this threshold. DEFCON contract conditions are numbered defence contract conditions are in contracts issued by
4750-422: The Ministry of Defence from 1981 to 1984. Police claimed he received at least £3.5m in total in corrupt payments, such as substantial bribes from overseas arms contractors aiming to influence the allocation of contracts. A government report covered by The Guardian newspaper in 2002 indicated that between 1940 and 1979, the Ministry of Defence "turned large parts of the country into a giant laboratory to conduct
4845-489: The UK government announced its intention to find a suitable private company to run AWE under a Government Owned/Contractor Operated (GO‑CO) arrangement. In 1993 the government awarded a contract to Hunting-BRAE, a consortium of Hunting Engineering , Brown and Root and AEA Technology . During Hunting-BRAE's management AWE decommissioned the RAFs WE177 freefall nuclear bomb. In 1998 the company suffered two prosecutions for safety breaches, one for discharge of tritium into
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#17327766535994940-485: The United States and other American nuclear weapons laboratories in carrying out subcritical nuclear tests at the Nevada underground test site to obtain scientific data to maintain the safety and reliability of nuclear weapons. Subcritical tests are not banned by the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty on nuclear weapons. The most recent test took place in February 2006. The cost of decommissioning AWE facilities when they become redundant, including nuclear waste disposal,
5035-441: The United States intelligence community and Department of Defense, from Arlington Capital Partners. In 2008, the firm announced that a new office facility would appear at the intersection of the Grand Parkway and Interstate 10 in unincorporated western Harris County, Texas , between Houston and Katy . The new complex would have been in close proximity to the Energy Corridor area of Houston. KBR planned to continue to have
5130-408: The United States. Kellogg underwent numerous acquisitions and name changes through until 1987, when it was acquired by Dresser Industries, a provider of integrated services and project management for the oil and gas industry. Ten years later, Halliburton acquired Dresser, and combined Kellogg with Brown & Root to create a new, larger subsidiary – Kellogg Brown & Root (KBR). Brown & Root
5225-436: The army. In August 2019, A Commons Defence Select Committee report revealed that several female and BAME military staff have raised concerns regarding discrimination, bullying and harassment. In September 2019, two former British army soldiers Nkululeko Zulu and Hani Gue won a racial discrimination claim against the Ministry of Defence (MoD). In November 2019, mixed race soldier Mark De Kretser sued MoD for £100k claiming he
5320-442: The base. The MoD said that security was never threatened, but MoD police considered it a "critical" incident. Six officers were dismissed for gross misconduct and 25 resigned. Formerly part of the Ministry of Defence , AWE Blacknest has, for over 40 years, specialised in forensic seismology , researching techniques to distinguish the seismic signals generated by underground nuclear explosions from those generated by earthquakes. It
5415-413: The building and found serious electrical problems a full 11 months before his death. KBR noted "several safety issues concerning the improper grounding of electrical devices". But KBR's contract did not cover "fixing potential hazards;" It covered repairing items only after they broke down. Maseth's family has sued KBR. In January 2009, the U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command investigator assigned to
5510-406: The case recommended that Maseth's official cause of death should be changed from "accidental" to "negligent homicide". KBR supervisors were blamed for failing to ensure electrical and plumbing work were performed by qualified employees, and for failure to inspect the work. In late January 2009, the Defense Contract Management Agency handed down a "Level III Corrective Action Request" to KBR. This
5605-488: The company in jurisdiction where they have business interests. For example, in South Australia, KBR is represented by lobbying firm MCM Strategic Communications. In June 2008, Charles M. Smith, the senior civilian Defense Department official overseeing the government's multibillion-dollar contract with KBR during the early stages of the war in Iraq said he was forced out of his job in 2004 for refusing to approve $ 1 billion in questionable charges by KBR. Smith refused to approve
5700-477: The company's $ 4.9 billion revenue in 2018. In February 2018, KBR announced that it would acquire Stinger Ghaffarian Technologies, a provider of technological solutions as well as mission operations in the aerospace sector, for $ 355 million. The acquisition was completed April 25, 2018. In October 2020, KBR announced it had completed the acquisition of Centauri, LLC, a leading independent provider of space, directed energy, and other advanced technology solutions to
5795-434: The company's government contracts in Iraq , Afghanistan and Kuwait . Family members of injured or killed employees have sued the company in relation to the 2004 Iraq KBR convoy ambush . Jamie Leigh Jones testified at a Congressional hearing that she had been gang-raped by as many as seven coworkers in Iraq in 2005 when she was an employee of KBR (a subsidiary of Halliburton at the time), and then falsely imprisoned in
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#17327766535995890-448: The control of the MOD. Top level budgets The MOD comprises seven top-level budgets . The head of each organisation is personally accountable for the performance and outputs of their particular organisation. These are: Executive agencies Executive non-departmental public bodies Advisory non-departmental public bodies Ad-hoc advisory group Other bodies Public corporations Enabling organisation In addition,
5985-512: The day until Clement Attlee 's government introduced the Ministry of Defence Act of 1946 . After 1946, the three posts of Secretary of State for War , First Lord of the Admiralty , and Secretary of State for Air were formally subordinated to the new Minister of Defence , who had a seat in the Cabinet. The three service ministers – Admiralty, War, Air – remained in direct operational control of their respective services, but ceased to attend Cabinet. From 1946 to 1964, five Departments of State did
6080-422: The day-to-day operations of AWE, is owned by the Ministry of Defence and operated as a non-departmental public body . Until June 2021, AWE plc was owned by a consortium of Jacobs Engineering Group , Lockheed Martin UK , and Serco through AWE Management Ltd, which held a 25‑year contract (until March 2025) to operate AWE, although all the sites remained owned by the Government of the United Kingdom which had
6175-624: The death of Herman Brown, Halliburton Energy Services acquired Brown & Root in December 1962. According to Dan Briody , who wrote a book on the subject, the company became part of a consortium called RMK-BRJ that built about 85 percent of the infrastructure needed by the U.S. Armed Forces during the Vietnam War. In 1967, the Government Accounting Office alleged that Brown & Root had been unaccountable with public funds and allowed materials to be stolen. Donald Rumsfeld expressed concern that their contracts were not adequately audited. At this time, protesters derided Brown & Root as
6270-504: The direction of the Army Corps of Engineers. KBR was awarded a $ 100 million contract in 2002 to build a new U.S. embassy in Kabul , Afghanistan , from the U.S. State Department. KBR has also been awarded 15 Logistics Civil Augmentation Program ( LOGCAP ) task orders worth more than $ 216 million for work under Operation Enduring Freedom , the military name for operations in Afghanistan . These include establishing base camps at Kandahar and Bagram Air Base and training foreign troops from
6365-431: The federal government did not own, a decision that had to go all the way to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt . After other very profitable construction projects for the federal government, Brown & Root gave massive sums of cash for Johnson's first run for the U.S. Senate in 1941. During World War II , Brown & Root built the Naval Air Station Corpus Christi and its subsidiary Brown Shipbuilding produced
6460-470: The first American contractor to receive contracts from China. Kellogg's international work expanded with the major ammonia complexes in China, Indonesia, and Mexico as well as LNG liquefaction plant in Algeria and two receiving terminals in the United States, the world's largest LPG plant in Kuwait and four fluid catalytic cracking units in Mexico. The 1980s saw continuation of global activity in LNG and ethylene with millisecond furnaces starting up in
6555-464: The full range of responsibilities. The Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015 included £178 billion investment in new equipment and capabilities. The review set a defence policy with four primary missions for the Armed Forces: The review stated the Armed Forces will also contribute to the government's response to crises by being prepared to: Defence is governed and managed by several committees. The following organisational groups come under
6650-399: The government commented that it had yet to secure good insight into the supply chain role of SMEs. The Ministry of Defence is one of the United Kingdom's largest landowners, owning 227,300 hectares of land and foreshore (either freehold or leasehold) at April 2014, which was valued at "about £20 billion". The MOD also has "rights of access" to a further 222,000 hectares. In total, this
6745-510: The island only in computer files in an office. KBR admitted that the companies were set up "in order to allow us to reduce certain tax obligations of the company and its employees". But KBR does claim the workers as its own with regards to the legal immunity extended to employers working in Iraq . On February 6, 2009, the Justice Department announced KBR had been charged with paying "tens of millions of dollars" in bribes to Nigerian officials in order to win government contracts, in violation of
6840-466: The new facilities are completed. Scientists at AWE were involved in testing for radioactive poison after the poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko . No gamma rays were detected; however, the BBC reported that a scientist at AWE, who had worked on Britain's early atomic bomb programme decades before, recognised a small spike at an energy of 803 kilo-electron volts (keV) as the gamma ray signal from polonium-210,
6935-438: The payments because Army auditors determined that KBR lacked credible records to support more than $ 1 billion in spending. Smith stated, "They had a gigantic amount of costs they couldn't justify." He said that following this action he was suddenly dismissed and according to one New York Times source "his successors — after taking the unusual step of hiring an outside contractor to consider KBR's claims — approved most of
7030-636: The payments he had tried to block." In March 2008, The Boston Globe reported that KBR had avoided paying hundreds of millions of dollars in federal Medicare and Social Security taxes by hiring workers through shell companies based in the tax haven of the Cayman Islands . More than 21,000 people working for KBR in Iraq ;– including about 10,500 Americans – are listed as employees of two companies, Service Employees International Inc., and Overseas Administrative Services, which exist on
7125-562: The project name ' High Explosive Research ' within the Ministry of Supply , established operations on 1 April 1950 at the former RAF Aldermaston airfield. The airfield was constructed in World War II and had been used by the Royal Air Force and the United States's Eighth and Ninth Air Force as a troop carrier (C‑47) group base, and was assigned USAAF station No 467. In 1952, the High Explosive Research project
7220-503: The public. This was confirmed by Sue Ellison, a representative of the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory at Porton Down who said that the results from these trials "will save lives, should the country or our forces face an attack by chemical and biological weapons." In February 2019, former soldier Inoke Momonakaya won £458,000 payout after a legal battle for the racial harassment and bullying he received while serving in
7315-526: The soldiers were providing security to civilian workers at the Qarmat Ali water facility in 2003. In January 2019, a case brought against KBR by hundreds of veterans, who claimed the company's practice of burning trash near barracks had sickened them, was refused by the Supreme Court, which let stand a lower court's ruling against the veterans. In 2021, NASA awarded KBR and Aerodyne Industries
7410-412: The technology. This led to Kellogg building some 130 units in the United States and abroad. In the 1930s and 1940s, Kellogg worked with leading refiners on various technologies. For the war effort, these developments led to the construction of six hydroreformer units, twenty fluid catalytic cracking units, and the only complete refinery built during World War II. Even bigger than the refining work
7505-602: The three-year period from 2005 to 2008, of about £350 million per year, to provide assurance that the existing Trident missile warhead is reliable and safe throughout its intended in-service life. The new facilities and extra supporting infrastructure are required in the absence of live nuclear testing no longer allowed under the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty . AWE co-operates with the Los Alamos National Laboratory in
7600-521: The work of the modern Ministry of Defence: the Admiralty , the War Office , the Air Ministry , the Ministry of Aviation , and an earlier form of the Ministry of Defence. Those departments merged in 1964, and the defence functions of the Ministry of Aviation Supply were merged into the Ministry of Defence in 1971. The unification of all defence activities under a single ministry was motivated by
7695-734: Was K-25 , the gaseous diffusion plant at Oak Ridge, Tennessee , developed by Kellogg subsidiary the Kellex Corporation , built as part of the Manhattan Project . This period also included the development of the Benedict–Webb–Rubin (BWR) equation of state which has since become an industry mainstay and provided the basis for Kellogg's lead in cryogenics . The 1950s Kellogg technology expanded into steam pyrolysis , Orthoflow fluid catalytic cracking , phenol -from- cumene and coal -to-synthetic fuels technologies and
7790-578: Was privatised in 1987. ROF Burghfield and ROF Cardiff remained within the Procurement Executive and came under the control of AWRE. In 1987, AWRE was combined with ROF Burghfield and ROF Cardiff to form the Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE), these sites being renamed AWE Burghfield and AWE Cardiff (the latter was closed in 1997). It remained with the Ministry of Defence, Procurement Executive. However, in 1989,
7885-565: Was a former Halliburton manager) and Wild Well Control . Both firms are based in Texas. KBR's maintenance work in Iraq has been criticized after reports of soldiers electrocuted from faulty wiring. Specifically, KBR has been charged by the Army for improper installation of electrical units in bathrooms throughout U.S. bases. CNN reported that an Army Special Forces soldier, Staff Sergeant Ryan Maseth, died by electrocution in his shower stall on January 2, 2008. Army documents showed that KBR inspected
7980-416: Was announced that the Ministry of Defence had triggered a contractual break point and would take ownership of AWE Plc in July 2021. Sir John Manzoni was announced as chair-designate, and he formally took on the role of chair of the board on 1 July 2021. AWE is tasked to help the United Kingdom maintain a credible and effective minimum nuclear deterrent: A significant programme of investment took place over
8075-612: Was awarded a contract to support U.S. and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) troops as part of the SFOR operation in the Balkan region. This contract was extended to also include KFOR operations in Kosovo starting in 1999. Camp Bondsteel in Ferizaj , Kosovo , was constructed by the 94th Engineer Construction Battalion together with the private Kellogg Brown & Root (KBR) under
8170-593: Was building a dam on the Texas Colorado River near Austin during the Depression years. For assistance in federal payments, the company turned to the local Congressman , Lyndon Johnson . Brown & Root was the principal source of campaign funds after Johnson's initial run for Congress in 1937, in return for persuading the Bureau of Reclamation to change its rules against paying for a dam on land
8265-646: Was created in 1998 when M.W. Kellogg merged with Halliburton's construction subsidiary, Brown & Root, to form Kellogg Brown & Root. In 2006, the company separated from Halliburton and completed an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange. The company's corporate offices are in the KBR Tower in downtown Houston . In 1901, Morris Woodruff Kellogg founded The M. W. Kellogg Company in New York City. The company
8360-401: Was estimated at £3.4 billion in 2005. On 3 August 2010 a fire broke out in the explosives processing area at AWE Aldermaston, resulting in the evacuation of nearby residents from their homes. Investigations by a local newspaper revealed that from 1 April 2000, to 5 August 2011, 158 fires broke out at AWE sites, with the fire brigade being called out to deal with alarms on average four times
8455-466: Was founded in Texas in 1919 by Herman Brown and Daniel Root, with money provided by Root (Brown's brother in law). Root soon died and Herman Brown's younger brother, George R. Brown , joined the company in 1922 (according to Robert A. Caro's The Path to Power ). The company began its operations by building roads in Texas. One of its first large-scale projects, according to the book Cadillac Desert ,
8550-419: Was incorporated in 1905 and its headquarters was moved to Jersey City, New Jersey . Initially Kellogg's main business was power plant construction and fabrication of power plant components, but the development of hammer forge welding techniques helped ready the company to move into refining as the petroleum industry developed. Kellogg was announced the number one construction company for years 1993 to 1995. This
8645-487: Was passed in October 2009, to allow employees of firms with government contracts access to the courts. Jones's case received an unfavorable verdict and her alleged fabrication caused a subsequent media scandal. Mary Beth Kineston, an Ohio truck driver, alleged she was sexually harassed and groped by several KBR employees, and was later fired after reporting to the company the threats and harassment endured by female employees. Jo Frederiksen, another female employee, filed
8740-591: Was renamed the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment (AWRE), with William Penney appointed as the first director. In 1954 AWRE was transferred to the newly created United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA). In 1971, under the provisions of the Atomic Energy Authority Act 1971 , the production activities of UKAEA were transferred to the newly created British Nuclear Fuels Ltd. (BNFL). In 1973 AWRE
8835-641: Was reportedly targeted multiple times in a cyberattack in which personnel and their bank details were compromised. While initial reports attributed the cyberattack to China , the Minister of Defence Grant Shapps said it would take some time to conclude who was to blame. Brown and Root KBR, Inc. (formerly Kellogg Brown & Root ) is a U.S. based company operating in fields of science, technology and engineering. KBR works in various markets including aerospace, defense, industrial and intelligence. After Halliburton acquired Dresser Industries , KBR
8930-684: Was subjected to "grindingly repetitive" racist taunts from colleagues. In October 2009, the MOD was heavily criticised for withdrawing the bi-annual non-operational training £20m budget for the Territorial Army (TA), ending all non-operational training for six months until April 2010. The government eventually backed down and restored the funding. The TA provides a small percentage of the UK's operational troops. Its members train on weekly evenings and monthly weekends, as well as two-week exercises generally annually and occasionally bi-annually for troops doing other courses. The cuts would have meant
9025-489: Was transferred to the Procurement Executive of the Ministry of Defence , see Atomic Energy Authority (Weapons Group) Act 1973 . Parts of AWRE's weapons production processes were carried out at two Royal Ordnance Factories (ROFs): ROF Burghfield and ROF Cardiff. In 1984 these two ROFs were separated from the other ROFs, which were then formed into a government-owned defence company, Royal Ordnance plc and
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