Aeropark is an open-air aviation museum next to Ferenc Liszt International Airport , Budapest , Hungary . It is dedicated to the history of Hungarian civil aviation, featuring several types used by the now-defunct national airline Malév .
70-543: Aeropark also has a flight simulator for visitors and a gift shop with plane models and various Malév-memorabilia. Most of the planes of Aeropark are accessible for visitors with wheelchairs. Aeropark is a regular participant in the annual event Long Night of Museums . The history of Aeropark (originally Ferihegy Aircraft Park; Ferenc Liszt Airport was named Ferihegy International Airport then) goes back to February 23, 1988 when Hungary received an Ilyushin Il-14T aircraft from
140-449: A simulation model are the equations of motion for the aircraft. As the aircraft moves through atmosphere it can exhibit both translational and rotational degrees of freedom . To achieve perception of fluent movement, these equations are solved 50 or 60 times per second. The forces for motion are calculated from aerodynamical models, which in turn depend on state of control surfaces, driven by specific systems, with their avionics, etc. As
210-466: A stick shaker . Another form of tactile input from the pilot are instruments located on the panels in the cockpit. As they are used to interact with various aircraft systems, just that may be sufficient for some forms of procedure training. Displaying them on a screen is sufficient for the most basic BITD simulators and amateur flight simulation , however most classes of certified simulators need all buttons, switches and other inputs to be operated in
280-520: A day), and 180,000 first officers evolving to captains . The largest manufacturer is Canadian CAE Inc. with a 70% market share and $ 2.8 billion annual revenues, manufacturing training devices for 70 years but moved into training in 2000 with multiple acquisitions. Now CAE makes more from training than from producing the simulators. Crawley-based L3 CTS entered the market in 2012 by acquiring Thales Training & Simulation 's manufacturing plant near Gatwick Airport where it assembles up to 30 devices
350-581: A dozen Army pilots were killed. The Army Air Force hierarchy remembered Ed Link and his trainer. Link flew in to meet them at Newark Field in New Jersey, and they were impressed by his ability to arrive on a day with poor visibility, due to practice on his training device. The result was that the USAAF purchased six Link Trainers, and this can be said to mark the start of the world flight simulation industry. The principal pilot trainer used during World War II
420-476: A flat surface, as well as brightness in regions with overlapping projections. There are also different shapes of screens used, including cylindrical, spherical or ellipsoidal. The image can be projected on the viewing side of the projection screen , or alternatively "back-projection" onto a translucent screen. Because the screen is much closer than objects outside aircraft, the most advanced flight simulators employ cross-cockpit collimated displays that eliminate
490-402: A horizontal beam on which are mounted 40 ft rails, allowing lateral movement of a simulator cab of +/- 20 feet. A conventional 6-degree of freedom hexapod platform is mounted on the 40 ft beam, and an interchangeable cabin is mounted on the platform. This design permits quick switching of different aircraft cabins. Simulations have ranged from blimps, commercial and military aircraft to
560-425: A limit on maximum latency between pilot input and aircraft reaction. Because of that, tradeoffs are made to reach the required level of realism with a lower computational cost. Flight simulators typically don't include full computational fluid dynamics models for forces or weather, but use databases of prepared results from calculations and data acquired in real flights. As an example, instead of simulating flow over
630-411: A military aircraft or hoist operators. Separate simulators have also been used for tasks related to flight, like evacuating the aircraft in case of a crash in water. With high complexity of many systems composing contemporary aircraft, aircraft maintenance simulators are increasingly popular. Before September 2018, when a manufacturer wished to have an ATD model approved, a document that contains
700-571: A new place, between runway 31L and the 2B terminal building; the three planes were towed to their new places in October, and a Tesla landing radar was added to the collection. The planes and other equipment became property of the Transportation Museum, while preserving and exhibiting them was done by LRI. The latter was divided into two companies (Budapest Airport and HungaroControl) in 2002. Neither LRI nor its successor Budapest Airport
770-551: A passenger aircraft. In 1987 it was repainted in the same livery as the Tu-134; it was painted in its current livery in 1993. In 2001 it was towed to the aviation museum. The plane is airworthy, in an excellent condition. Its interior can be visited during events. This Yakovlev Yak–40 aircraft arrived to Hungary in 1990, having previously flown in Czechoslovakia under the registration OK-EED. Between 1990 and 2001 it flew under
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#1732783229557840-430: A pilot license. Specific classes of simulators are also used for training other than obtaining initial license such as instrument rating revalidation, or most commonly obtaining type rating for specific kind of aircraft. During the aircraft design process , flight simulators can be used instead of performing some flight tests. Such "engineering flight simulators" can provide a fast way to find errors, reducing both
910-650: A range of simulators for disorientation training, that have full freedom in yaw. The most complex of these devices is the Desdemona simulator at the TNO Research Institute in The Netherlands, manufactured by AMST. This large simulator has a gimballed cockpit mounted on a framework which adds vertical motion. The framework is mounted on rails attached to a rotating platform. The rails allow the simulator cab to be positioned at different radii from
980-482: A screen Flight Navigation and Procedures Trainer (FNPT) : Representation of cockpit with all equipment and software to replicate function of aircraft systems Flight Training Devices (FTD) Full Flight Simulators (FFS) Flight simulators are an example of a human-in-the-loop system, in which interaction with a human user is constantly happening. From perspective of the device, the inputs are primary flight controls , instrument panel buttons and switches and
1050-420: A self-contained system with well-defined inputs and outputs. All classes of FSTD require some form of replicating the cockpit. As they are the primary means of interaction between the pilot and the aircraft special importance is assigned to cockpit controls . To achieve good transfer of skills, there are very specific requirements in the flight simulator regulations that determine how closely they must match
1120-503: A structured test schedule. For many years, it was believed that 6 DOF motion-based simulation gave the pilot closer fidelity to flight control operations and aircraft responses to control inputs and external forces and gave a better training outcome for students than non-motion-based simulation. This is described as "handling fidelity", which can be assessed by test flight standards such as the numerical Cooper-Harper rating scale for handling qualities. Recent scientific studies have shown that
1190-475: A year, then UK CTC training school in 2015, Aerosim in Sanford, Florida in 2016, and Portuguese academy G Air in October 2017. With a 20% market share, equipment still accounts for more than half of L3 CTS turnover but that could soon be reversed as it educates 1,600 commercial pilots each year, 7% of the 22,000 entering the profession annually, and aims for 10% in a fragmented market. The third largest
1260-708: A year: 85% FFSs and 15% FTD s. CAE supplied 56% of this installed base, L3 CTS 20% and FlightSafety International 10%, while CAE's training centres are the largest operator, with a 13% share. North America has 38% of the world's training devices, Asia-Pacific 25% and Europe 24%. Boeing types represent 45% of all simulated aircraft, followed by Airbus with 35%, then Embraer at 7%, Bombardier at 6% and ATR at 3%. Most flight simulators are used primarily for flight training . The simplest simulators are used to practice basic cockpit procedures, such as processing emergency checklists, and for cockpit familiarization. They are also used for instrument flight training, for which
1330-620: Is TRU Simulation + Training , created in 2014 when parent Textron Aviation merged its simulators with Mechtronix , OPINICUS and ProFlight , focusing on simulators and developing the first full-flight simulators for the 737 MAX and the 777X . The fourth is FlightSafety International , focused on general , business and regional aircraft . Airbus and Boeing have invested in their own training centres, aiming for higher margins than aircraft manufacturing like MRO , competing with their suppliers CAE and L3. In June 2018, there were 1,270 commercial airline simulators in service, up by 50 over
1400-410: Is known as "parallel simulation" or "distributed simulation". As military aircraft often need to cooperate with other craft or military personnel, wargames are a common use for distributed simulation. Because of that, numerous standards for distributed simulation including aircraft have been developed with military organisations. Some examples include SIMNET , DIS and HLA . The central element of
1470-472: Is the case with modelling, depending on the required level of realism, there are different levels of detail, with some sub-models omitted in simpler simulators. If a human user is part of the simulator, which might not be the case for some engineering simulators, there is a need to perform the simulation in real-time. Low refresh rates not only reduce realism of simulation, but they have also been linked with increase in simulator sickness . The regulations place
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#17327832295571540-432: The parallax effect between the pilots' point of view, and provide a more realistic view of distant objects. An alternative to large-scale displays are virtual reality simulators using a head-mounted display . This approach allows for a complete field of view, and makes the simulator size considerably smaller. There are examples of use in research, as well as certified FSTD . Visual simulation science applied from
1610-471: The "Link Trainer". Link also demonstrated his trainer to the U.S. Army Air Force (USAAF), but with no result. However, the situation changed in 1934 when the Army Air Force was given a government contract to fly the postal mail. This included having to fly in bad weather as well as good, for which the USAAF had not previously carried out much training. During the first weeks of the mail service, nearly
1680-519: The French commanders Clolus and Laffont and Lieutenant Clavenad, the first ground training aircraft for military aircraft were built. The "Tonneau Antoinette" (Antoinette barrel), created by the Antoinette company, seems to be the precursor of flight simulators. An area of training was for air gunnery handled by the pilot or a specialist air gunner. Firing at a moving target requires aiming ahead of
1750-650: The Hungarian Air Ambulance from January 1980. Until 1994 it was stationed in Székesfehérvár ; in August 1994 it was flown to Ferihegy for repairs, but due to a lack of funds it was withdrawn from service. Its total flight time is 2841. It was towed to the aviation museum in 1999. The helicopter can only be viewed from outside. This Antonov An-2 was made in Poland in 1979 and delivered to Hungary in
1820-649: The QTGs will be rerun during the year to prove during continuous qualification that the simulator is still in the tolerances approved by the CAA. These definitions apply to both airplanes and helicopters unless specified otherwise. Training devices briefly compared below are all different subclasses of Flight simulation training device (FSTD). Basic instrument training device (BITD) airplanes only : A basic student station for instrument flight procedures; can use spring loaded flight controls, and instruments displayed on
1890-533: The Singer Link Digital Image Generator (DIG) created in 1978 was considered one of the worlds first CGI system. Initially, the motion systems used separate axes of movement, similar to a gimbal . After the invention of Stewart platform simultaneous operation of all actuators became the preferred choice, with some FFS regulations specifically requiring "synergistic" 6 degrees of freedom motion. In contrast to real aircraft,
1960-659: The Soviet army, to be exhibited. István Veress, director general of the Hungarian Technical and Transportation Museum and Tamás Erdei, head of Aviation and Airport Directorate (LRI), announced the foundation of an aircraft museum. The three planes of the museum, the Il-14, an Ilyushin Il-18 and a Tupolev Tu-134 were originally placed in the airport proper, next to Malév's hangar. Ferihegy Aircraft Park opened in 1991 in
2030-680: The Space Shuttle. In the case of the Space Shuttle, the large Vertical Motion Simulator was used to investigate a longitudinal pilot-induced oscillation (PIO) that occurred on an early Shuttle flight just before landing. After identification of the problem on the VMS, it was used to try different longitudinal control algorithms and recommend the best for use in the Shuttle program. AMST Systemtechnik GmbH (AMST) of Austria and Environmental Tectonics Corporation (ETC) of Philadelphia, US, manufacture
2100-517: The addition of a Comfort class it was reconfigured as a 143-seater. Its last flight was from Heraklion International Airport . It was towed to the aviation museum in 1994. Its total flight time is 21,554 hours. Its interior, including the cockpit, can be visited. This Yakovlev Yak-40 plane arrived in Hungary in late 1975. It was ordered by LRI and was used to test and authenticate navigation equipment both in Hungary and abroad. It has never flown as
2170-447: The aircraft is an important cue for flying the aircraft, and is the primary means of navigation for visual flight rules operation. One of the primary characteristics of a visual system is the field of view . Depending on the simulator type it may be sufficient to provide only a view forward using a flat display. However, some types of craft, e.g. fighter aircraft , require a very large field of view, preferably almost full sphere, due to
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2240-536: The aircraft reacts to external factors such as air density , turbulence , wind shear, cloud, precipitation, etc. Flight simulation is used for a variety of reasons, including flight training (mainly of pilots), the design and development of the aircraft itself, and research into aircraft characteristics and control handling qualities. The term "flight simulator" may carry slightly different meaning in general language and technical documents. In past regulations, it referred specifically to devices which can closely mimic
2310-415: The behavior of aircraft throughout various procedures and flight conditions. In more recent definitions, this has been named " full flight simulator ". The more generic term "flight simulation training device" (FSTD) is used to refer to different kinds of flight training devices, and that corresponds more closely to meaning of the phrase "flight simulator" in general English. In 1910, on the initiative of
2380-544: The cockpit, can be visited. This Let L-410 Turbolet aircraft was built in Czechoslovakia in 1991, and immediately afterwards it was transferred to Hungary, where it flew in the Aviaexpress fleet. After the airline's demise in 2003, the aircraft was retired and transferred to Aeropark. Its interior can be visited. A Tesla RP-4G precision approach radar was placed next to taxiway B of runway 13R/31L in January 1975. In
2450-401: The cockpit, is open to visitors. This Il-18V arrived in Hungary in 1964. Unlike the previous one, it was not an overhauled Il-18 but a newly built Il-18V. Its first passenger flight was to Moscow. In 1967 its original engines were replaced with AI-20K engines. Its last passenger flight was in late 1978 between Sofia and Budapest, then it was converted into a cargo aircraft. Its last cargo flight
2520-401: The colours of Aviaexpress , then a partner of Malév. It was later retired. The interior is also available to view. This Antonov An-2 arrived in Hungary in late 1967 and was used as an agricultural aircraft . It was withdrawn from service and given to the aviation museum in 1994 where it was restored in 2005. This plane can only be viewed from outside. This Mil Mi-2 helicopter was used by
2590-445: The instructor's station, if present. Based on these, the internal state is updated, and equations of motion solved for the new time step. The new state of the simulated aircraft is shown to the user through visual, auditory, motion and touch channels. To simulate cooperative tasks, the simulator can be suited for multiple users, as is the case with multi-crew cooperation simulators. Alternatively, more simulators can be connected, what
2660-480: The interior continues to be in a bad condition. Its total flight time is 36,558 hours. This Tupolev Tu-134 arrived in Malév's fleet in 1969. Its first flight as a passenger plane was to Prague. In 1983, with the addition of a Comfort class the 72-seater plane was reconfigured as a 68-seater. Its last flight was from Warsaw-Okęcie Airport in 1987. In 1988 it was the first Tu-134 of Malév to be withdrawn from service;
2730-494: The manoeuvres that are performed during air combat. Similarly, since helicopters can perform hover flight in any direction, some classes of helicopter flight simulators require even 180 degrees of horizontal field of view. There are many parameters in visual system design. For a narrow field of view, a single display may be sufficient, however typically multiple projectors are required. This arrangement needs additional calibration, both in terms of distortion from not projecting on
2800-496: The museum temporarily closed down while it was relocated to a nearby site. The move was necessitated by the expansion of the parking lot. Relocation started on March 23, the museum opened again in the beginning of June. Lisunov Li-2 played an important role in Hungarian aviation, as it was the first type of passenger aircraft operated by Maszovlet and then its successor Malév. HA-LIQ arrived in Hungary on March 27, 1952 where it
2870-438: The next year it became one of the first three planes of the aviation museum. It is the oldest extant Tu-134 in Hungary, as the three older ones all perished in accidents. Its total flight time is 24,167 hours. Its interior, including the cockpit, can be visited. This Tupolev Tu-154B arrived in Malév's fleet in late 1975. In 1980 it went through an overhaul, and was converted into a CAT-II category aircraft (154B-2). In 1983, with
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2940-460: The outside view is less important. Certain aircraft systems may or may not be simulated, and the aerodynamic model is usually extremely generic if present at all. Depending on the level of certification, instruments that would have moving indicators in a real aircraft may be implemented with a display. With more advanced displays, cockpit representation and motion systems, flight simulators can be used to credit different amount of flight hours towards
3010-516: The plane was in a very good condition even after 25 years of disuse, repairs were done on both engines and visitors can watch them being started once a month. This Il-18 plane arrived in Hungary in 1960, and soon started to fly regular Malév routes, the first one to Moscow. It was subject to several overhauls which converted it into the more modern Il-18V variant. In 1964 it received a TG-16 auxiliary power unit , in 1968 its original engines were replaced by Ivchenko AI-20 engines, later this year it
3080-433: The platform, providing yaw cues. A generic replica cockpit with working instruments was mounted on the motion platform. When the cockpit was covered, pilots could practice flying by instruments in a safe environment. The motion platform gave the pilot cues as to real angular motion in pitch (nose up and down), roll (wing up or down) and yaw (nose left and right). Initially, aviation flight schools showed little interest in
3150-574: The real aircraft. These requirements in case of full flight simulators are so detailed, that it may be cost-effective to use the real part certified to fly, rather than manufacture a dedicated replica. Lower classes of simulators may use springs to mimic forces felt when moving the controls. When there is a need to better replicate the control forces or dynamic response, many simulators are equipped with actively driven force feedback systems. Vibration actuators may also be included, either due to helicopter simulation requirements, or for aircraft equipped with
3220-424: The risks and the cost of development. Additionally, this allows use of extra measurement equipment that might be too large or otherwise impractical to include during onboard a real aircraft. Throughout different phases of the design process, different engineering simulators with various level of complexity are used. Flight simulators may include training tasks for crew other than pilots. Examples include gunners on
3290-432: The route of the 200E bus of Budapest. It also has a parking lot. Flight simulator A flight simulator is a device that artificially re-creates aircraft flight and the environment in which it flies, for pilot training, design, or other purposes. It includes replicating the equations that govern how aircraft fly, how they react to applications of flight controls, the effects of other aircraft systems, and how
3360-463: The same month it was severely damaged by Malév's Ilyushin Il-18 (HA-MOH), arriving from Berlin and crashing next to the taxiway. The PAR was repaired and used until the early 1990s, then given to the aviation museum in 1991. The collection also includes a Soloviev D-30KP low-bypass turbofan engine, an Aerotrak pushback tractor , Douglas DC12-44 heavy aircraft tug, follow me cars and several buses in retro Malév liveries. Aeropark has its own stop on
3430-400: The same way as in the aircraft cockpit. The necessity for a physical copy of a cockpit contributes to the cost of simulator construction, and ties the hardware to a specific aircraft type. Because of these reasons, there is ongoing research on interactions in virtual reality , however lack of tactile feedback negatively affects users' performance when using this technology. Outside view from
3500-548: The same year. Its first registration mark was HA-MDK, it was used for agricultural duties. It was withdrawn from service in 1995 and was displayed in the car park of a McDonald's restaurant in District XVIII, Budapest.. After the closure of the restaurant in 2014, the aircraft was transported to Aeropark, where it was painted in the colours of the former An-2 aircraft of the Malév Aero Club. Its interior, including
3570-689: The simulated motion system has a limited range in which it is able to move. That especially affects the ability to simulate sustained accelerations, and requires a separate model to approximate the cues to the human vestibular system within the given constraints. Motion system is a major contributor to overall simulator cost , but assessments of skill transfer based on training on a simulator and leading to handling an actual aircraft are difficult to make, particularly where motion cues are concerned. Large samples of pilot opinion are required and many subjective opinions tend to be aired, particularly by pilots not used to making objective assessments and responding to
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#17327832295573640-515: The specifications for the model line and that proves compliance with the appropriate regulations is submitted to the FAA. Once this document, called a Qualification Approval Guide (QAG), has been approved, all future devices conforming to the QAG are automatically approved and individual evaluation is neither required nor available. The actual procedure accepted by all CAAs (Civil Aviation Authorities) around
3710-564: The surfaces and transition from one level of image detail to the next one in a smooth manner. Real-time computer graphics visualization of virtual worlds makes some aspects of flight simulator visual systems very similar to game engines , sharing some techniques like different levels of details or libraries like OpenGL . Many computer graphics visionaries began their careers at Evans & Sutherland and Link Flight Simulation, Division of Singer Company, two leading companies in flight simulation before today's modern computing era. For example,
3780-699: The target (which involves the so-called lead angle) to allow for the time the bullets require to reach the vicinity of the target. This is sometimes also called "deflection shooting" and requires skill and practice. During World War I , some ground-based simulators were developed to teach this skill to new pilots. The best-known early flight simulation device was the Link Trainer , produced by Edwin Link in Binghamton, New York , United States, which he started building in 1927. He later patented his design, which
3850-527: The use of technology such as vibration or dynamic seats within flight simulators can be equally effective in the delivery of training as large and expensive 6-DOF FFS devices. The largest flight simulator in the world is the Vertical Motion Simulator (VMS) at NASA Ames Research Center , south of San Francisco. This has a very large-throw motion system with 60 feet (+/- 30 ft) of vertical movement (heave). The heave system supports
3920-617: The visual systems developed in flight simulators were also an important precursor to three dimensional computer graphics and Computer Generated Imagery (CGI) systems today. Namely because the object of flight simulation is to reproduce on the ground the behavior of an aircraft in flight. Much of this reproduction had to do with believable visual synthesis that mimicked reality. Combined with the need to pair virtual synthesis with military level training requirements, graphics technologies applied in flight simulation were often years ahead of what would have been available in commercial products. When CGI
3990-404: The wings, lift coefficient may be defined in terms of motion parameters like angle of attack . While different models need to exchange data, most often they can be separated into a modular architecture, for better organisation and ease of development. Typically, gear model for ground handling would be separate input to the main equations of motion. Each engine and avionics instrument is also
4060-582: The world is to propose 30 days prior qualification date (40 days for CAAC) a MQTG document (Master Qualification Test Guide), which is proper to a unique simulator device and will live along the device itself, containing objective, and functional and subjective tests to demonstrate the representativeness of the simulator compare to the airplane. The results will be compared to Flight Test Data provided by aircraft OEMs or from test campaign ordered by simulator OEMs or also can be compared by POM (Proof Of Match) data provided by aircraft OEMs development simulators. Some of
4130-400: Was 13.7 m (45 ft) high and capable of accommodating the navigation team of a bomber crew. It enabled sextants to be used for taking "star shots" from a projected display of the night sky. In 1954 United Airlines bought four flight simulators at a cost of $ 3 million from Curtiss-Wright that were similar to the earlier models, with the addition of visuals, sound and movement. This
4200-628: Was able to expand the collection. In 2003 Budapest Airport got rid of all its divisions which were not essential to running the airport itself, including the museum. It supported the creation of a foundation which took over the management of the museum. The Cultural Foundation for Ferihegy Aircraft Park managed the museum between 2004 and 2014, when it was taken over by a nonprofit organization named Aviation Cultural Center. The organization, founded in 2010, aims to preserve and exhibit aircraft and other mementoes of Hungarian aviation. The museum uses its current name, Aeropark since June 19, 2014. In early 2017
4270-425: Was also a pilot, but dissatisfied with the amount of real flight training that was available, he decided to build a ground-based device to provide such training without the restrictions of weather and the availability of aircraft and flight instructors. His design had a pneumatic motion platform driven by inflatable bellows which provided pitch and roll cues. A vacuum motor similar to those used in player pianos rotated
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#17327832295574340-881: Was donated to the Transport Museum. It was restored in 1980 and stood in storage at Farkashegy Airport . It was moved to the aircraft museum in 1993. Its interior is completely restored, and can be visited during events. This Il-14 originally belonged to the 226th Independent Mixed Aviation Regiment, of the Southern Army Group of the Soviet Red Army. In 1981 it was withdrawn from service and stored for six years in Mirhorod (today in Ukraine ), then in Tököl Airport , Hungary. In late 1987 it
4410-504: Was first available for sale in 1929. The Link Trainer was a basic metal frame flight simulator usually painted in its well-known blue color. Some of these early war era flight simulators still exist, but it is becoming increasingly difficult to find working examples. The Link family firm in Binghamton manufactured player pianos and organs, and Ed Link was therefore familiar with such components as leather bellows and reed switches. He
4480-469: Was first owned by the Hungarian Air Force (1954-1957) then by Malév where it received a civilian registration mark but continued to use its green military livery. After 1958 Malév used it as a cargo aircraft. In 1964 Malév returned it to the army where it got its military registration number (206) back, and was used until 1974. Its total flight time is 3829 hours. After being written off, it
4550-514: Was first used to train pilots, early systems proved effective for certain simple training missions but needed further development for sophisticated training tasks as terrain following and other tactical maneuvers. Early CGI systems could depict only objects consisting of planar polygons. Advances in algorithms and electronics in flight simulator visual systems and CGI in the 1970s and 1980s influenced many technologies still used in modern graphics. Over time CGI systems were able to superimpose texture over
4620-435: Was flown to Ferihegy where it became the first plane of the newly founded aviation museum. Since then it was moved twice, in 1991 and in 2017, when the museum moved to a new place. Its total flight time is 5928 hours. In 2009-2010 it has been restored. Originally it was only planned to be repainted in period Malév livery (while this specific plane has never been owned by Malév, the airline had Il-14 planes in its fleet), but since
4690-531: Was in October 1988 between Constantine, Algeria and Budapest. The next day one of its engines was damaged by a fire and the plane, which was planned to be written off in December, was written off after the fire. Between 1993 and 2006 it was used by Malév for training. In 2006 a petition was started against the demolition of the plane, and it was moved to the aviation museum. Its exterior was restored in June 2014, but
4760-422: Was reconfigured from an 89-seat plane into a 105-seat one. Its last flight as a passenger plane was from Prague to Budapest on April 1, 1977, exactly 17 years after its arrival in the fleet. It was converted into a cargo aircraft, was withdrawn from service in 1987 and given to the museum in October 1991, as one of the first three planes in its collection. Its total flight time is 37,197 hours. Its interior, including
4830-609: Was the Link Trainer. Some 10,000 were produced to train 500,000 new pilots from allied nations, many in the US and Canada because many pilots were trained in those countries before returning to Europe or the Pacific to fly combat missions. Almost all US Army Air Force pilots were trained in a Link Trainer. A different type of World War II trainer was used for navigating at night by the stars. The Celestial Navigation Trainer of 1941
4900-527: Was the first of today's modern flight simulators for commercial aircraft. A simulator for helicopters existed as the Jacobs Jaycopter as means of “Cutting helicopter training cost.”. The simulator was later sold as a funfair ride in the 1964-65 New York World's Fair . The simulator manufacturers are consolidating and integrate vertically as training offers double-digit growth: CAE forecast 255,000 new airline pilots from 2017 to 2027 (70
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