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160-583: Ahmet Ertegun ( / ˈ ɑː m ɛ t ˈ ɛər t ə ɡ ən / AH -met AIR -tə-gən ; Turkish: Ahmet Zahrettin Sebuhi Ertegün , pronounced [ahˈmet eɾteˈɟyn] ; July 31, 1923 – December 14, 2006) was a Turkish-American businessman, songwriter, record executive and philanthropist . Ertegun was the co-founder and president of Atlantic Records . He discovered and championed many leading rhythm and blues and rock musicians. Ertegun also wrote classic blues and pop songs. He served as
320-650: A Light , about The Rolling Stones ' concert at the Beacon Theatre in New York at which Ertegun sustained the injury that ultimately ended his life, contains a dedication to Ertegun. Andrea Corr 's solo album Ten Feet High is also dedicated "To the memory of Ahmet Ertegun". In honor of the barriers the Ertegun brothers broke during their time in segregated Washington, the Turkish Ambassador to
480-409: A Swedish-American actress, fashion model, and set designer, who was the daughter of Carl Enstam and the former wife of Edward Walter Rathbun . She and Ertegun had no children and divorced in about 1956. In 1961 he married Ioana Maria " Mica " Grecianu, the former wife of Stefan Grecianu and a daughter of Gheorghe Banu , a Romanian doctor and statesman. Mica later became a well-known interior designer,
640-562: A chapel on 128th Street in 2005. Many of the area's churches are " storefront churches ", which operate in an empty store, or a basement, or a converted brownstone townhouse. These congregations may have fewer than 30–50 members each, but there are hundreds of them. Others are old, large, and designated landmarks. Especially in the years before World War II, Harlem produced popular Christian charismatic "cult" leaders, including George Wilson Becton and Father Divine . Mosques in Harlem include
800-479: A co-founder of the decorating firm MAC II. The couple had no children. In the 1960s, Atlantic, often in partnerships with local labels like Stax Records in Memphis , helped to develop the growth of soul music , with artists such as Ben E. King, Solomon Burke , Otis Redding , Sam and Dave , Percy Sledge , Aretha Franklin and Wilson Pickett . Ertegun helped introduce America to The Rascals when he discovered
960-505: A collection of over 15,000 jazz and blues 78s , and became acquainted with musicians such as Ellington, Lena Horne and Jelly Roll Morton . Ahmet and Nesuhi staged concerts by Lester Young , Sidney Bechet and other jazz giants. They also traveled to New Orleans and to Harlem to listen to music and develop a keen awareness of developing musical tastes. Ertegun graduated from St. John's College in Annapolis in 1944. In November of
1120-550: A different world from his wealthy peers. Ertegun would later say: "I began to discover a little bit about the situation of black people in America and experienced immediate empathy with the victims of such senseless discrimination, because, although Turks were never slaves, they were regarded as enemies within Europe because of their Muslim beliefs." Ertegun and his brother frequented Milt Gabler 's Commodore Music Shop , assembled
1280-438: A jazz sensibility (and many jazz artists) into R&B, successfully combining blues and jazz styles from around the country. Atlantic helped challenge the primacy of the major labels of the time by discovering, developing, and nurturing new talent. It became the premier rhythm and blues label in a few years and, with the help of innovative engineer/producer Tom Dowd , set new standards in producing high-quality recordings. Atlantic
1440-631: A lengthy battle by Ruth Brown and other Atlantic artists to obtain unpaid past royalties from the company; other record companies later also contributed. Among early recipients of payments were John Lee Hooker , Bo Diddley , Johnny "Guitar" Watson , Ruth Brown and the Staple Singers . In 1988, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement . Ertegun received an honorary doctorate in music from
1600-580: A new independent record label for gospel , jazz , and R&B music . Financed by family dentist Dr. Vahdi Sabit, they formed Atlantic Records in September 1947 in New York City. The first recording sessions took place that November. In 1949, after 22 unsuccessful record releases, including the first recordings by Professor Longhair , Atlantic had its first major hit with Stick McGhee 's " Drinkin' Wine Spo-Dee-O-Dee ". The company expanded through
1760-570: A place to stay, many staying in boarding houses. There was also cooperation between ethnic Turks and other Ottomans such as the Greeks, Jews, and Armenians, although ethnic conflicts were also common and carried to some parts of the United States, such as in Peabody, Massachusetts , where there was tension between Greeks, Armenians, and Turks. Unlike the other Ottoman ethnic groups living in
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#17327906079541920-461: A record company to distribute their independent Rolling Stones Records label. Ertegun personally conducted the negotiations with Mick Jagger , successfully completing the deal between the Stones and Atlantic, when other labels had actually offered the band more money. He took a personal interest in the progressive rock band Yes , and took a strong stand with bassist Chris Squire on the direction of
2080-771: A result of the Cyprus conflict , the American military embargo targeting Turkey, the efforts to achieve recognition of the Armenian genocide and Greek genocide from the members of the Armenian American and Greek American diaspora, and the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia 's targeting of Turkish diplomats in the United States and elsewhere. Thus, this became a turning point for
2240-754: A significant number of ethnic Turkish people coming to the US from the modern Turkish diaspora (i.e. outside the former Ottoman territories), especially from the Turkish Meskhetian diaspora in Eastern Europe (e.g. from Krasnodar Krai in Russia ) and " Euro-Turks " from Central and Western Europe (e.g. Turkish Germans etc.). The earliest known Turkish arrivals in what would become United States arrived in 1586 when Sir Francis Drake brought at least 200 Muslims , identified as Turks and Moors , to
2400-477: A significant number of ethnic Turkish people coming to the US from the modern Turkish diaspora , especially from the Turkish Meskhetian diaspora in Krasnodar Krai in Russia and other former Soviet states in Eastern Europe . There is also a growing number of " Euro-Turks " from Central and Western Europe (e.g. Turkish Austrian , Turkish British , and Turkish German communities) which have settled in
2560-411: A start at the school. By the 2010s, new dining hotspots were opening in Harlem around Frederick Douglass Boulevard. At the same time, some residents fought back against the powerful waves of gentrification the neighborhood is experiencing. In 2013, residents staged a sidewalk sit-in to protest a five-days-a-week farmers market that would shut down Macombs Place at 150th Street. Uptown Night Market
2720-619: A valuation of $ 12.4 billion". Forbes also listed Kibar as one of the "Global Game Changers 2016". Billionaire Melih Abdulhayoglu (worth $ 1.8B in 2019 ) is the founder and CEO of Comodo Group , an Internet security company he founded in the United Kingdom in 1998 and relocated to the US in 2004. Billionaire Eren Ozmen (worth $ 1.2B in 2020 ) was listed number 15 in Forbes 's "America's Self-Made Women 2020". Alongside her husband, Fatih Ozmen (also worth $ 1.2B in 2020 ), they are
2880-473: Is $ 2 billion. On 26 April 2016, Ulukaya announced to his employees that he would be giving them 10% of the shares in Chobani. Joe Ucuzoglu is a businessman and Global CEO of Deloitte Ahmet Mücahid Ören is an entrepreneur and the current chairman and CEO of İhlas Holding , Muhtar Kent is the former chairman of the board and chief executive officer of The Coca-Cola Company . Hikmet Ersek
3040-469: Is a visual artist who was the first female New York City Ballet art series collaborator, and whose work the New York Times called "the most recognizable public art installations in the country." Hulis Mavruk is a world renowned artist. In the performing arts, Adam Darius was a dancer, mime artist , writer and choreographer. One of the earliest notable entrepreneurs of Turkish origin in
3200-553: Is also the birthplace of popular hip-hop dances such as the Harlem shake , toe wop, and Chicken Noodle Soup . Harlem's classical music birthed organizations and chamber ensembles such as Roberta Guaspari 's Opus 118, Harlem Chamber Players, Omnipresent Music Festival BIPOC Musicians Festival , Harlem Quartet , and musicians such as violinist Edward W. Hardy . In the 1920s, African-American pianists who lived in Harlem invented their own style of jazz piano, called stride , which
3360-527: Is an artist whose works have been exhibited in one-man shows in London and Washington, D.C.; Serkan Özkaya is a conceptual artist whose work deals with topics of appropriation and reproduction; Gizem Saka is a contemporary artist who is a senior lecturer at the Wharton School of Business , University of Pennsylvania , and a visiting lecturer at Harvard University , teaching art markets; Özge Samancı
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#17327906079543520-450: Is best known for tracking walls in various cities across the world for half a century, integrating them in his artistic work; Haluk Akakçe is a contemporary artist who explores the intersections between society and technology through video animations, wall paintings and sound installations; Sururi Gümen was an uncredited ghost artist behind Alfred Andriola 's comic strip Kerry Drake , finally receiving co-credit in 1976; Bülent Atalay
3680-613: Is bounded by Cathedral Parkway/110th Street on the south; 155th Street on the north; Manhattan/Morningside Ave/St. Nicholas/Bradhurst/Edgecombe Avenues on the east; and Riverside Park/the Hudson River on the west. Manhattanville begins at roughly 123rd Street and extends northward to 135th Street. The northernmost section of West Harlem is Hamilton Heights. A chain of large linear parks includes West Harlem Piers , Riverbank State Park , St. Nicholas Park, and Jackie Robinson Park. East Harlem , also called Spanish Harlem or El Barrio ,
3840-483: Is difficult to estimate the number of undocumented Turkish immigrants in the United States who overstay their visas or arrive illegally. Moreover, with the introduction of the Diversity Immigrant Visa more Turkish immigrants, from all socioeconomic and educational backgrounds, have arrived in the United States, with the quota for Turkey being 2,000 per year. The Turkish Cypriots first arrived in
4000-461: Is home to over 400 churches, some of which are official city or national landmarks. Major Christian denominations include Baptists , Pentecostals, Methodists (generally African Methodist Episcopal Zionist , or "AMEZ" and African Methodist Episcopalian , or "AME"), Episcopalians , and Roman Catholic . The Abyssinian Baptist Church has long been influential because of its large congregation. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints built
4160-544: Is located within Manhattan Community District 11, which is bounded by East 96th Street on the south, East 138th Street on the north, Fifth Avenue on the west, and the Harlem River on the east. A chain of parks includes Thomas Jefferson Park and Marcus Garvey Park. In the 2010s some real estate professionals started rebranding south Harlem as "SoHa" (a name standing for "South Harlem" in
4320-575: Is patrolled by the 28th and 32nd Precincts of the New York City Police Department . The greater Harlem area also includes Manhattan Community Districts 9 and 11 and several police precincts, while fire services are provided by four New York City Fire Department companies. Harlem is located in Upper Manhattan . The three neighborhoods comprising the greater Harlem area—West, Central, and East Harlem—stretch from
4480-428: Is professor at Northwestern University whose art installations merge computer code and bio-sensors with comics, animation, interactive narrations, performance, and projection art; Pınar Yoldaş is an architect and artist whose work emphasizes the role of neuroscience in understanding artistic experience; Hakan Topal is an associate professor of New Media and Art+Design at Purchase College , SUNY ; and Jihan Zencirli
4640-687: Is the Jerrahi Order of America following the Jerrahi-Halveti order of dervishes in Spring Valley, New York . Until the 1950s Turkish Americans had only a few organizations, the agendas of which were mainly cultural rather than political. They organized celebrations that would bring immigrant Turks together in a place during religious and national holidays. Turkish early migrants founded the first Muslim housing cooperatives and associations between 1909 and 1914. After World War I ,
4800-535: Is the former CEO of Western Union . Harlem Harlem is a neighborhood in Upper Manhattan , New York City. It is bounded roughly by the Hudson River on the west; the Harlem River and 155th Street on the north; Fifth Avenue on the east; and Central Park North on the south. The greater Harlem area encompasses several other neighborhoods and extends west and north to 155th Street, east to
4960-585: The 90125 album. He encouraged Squire and the group to make sure the album produced a hit single, which it did with " Owner of a Lonely Heart ". In 1987 Ertegun was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame , of which he himself was a founder. In the late 1980s, with the support of Bonnie Raitt and others, he provided $ 1.5 million to help establish the Rhythm and Blues Foundation to award money to underpaid blues artists. The Foundation's establishment arose from
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5120-470: The Encyclopedia of New York City takes a much more conservative view of Harlem's boundaries, regarding only central Harlem as part of Harlem proper. Central Harlem is the name of Harlem proper; it falls under Manhattan Community District 10. This section is bounded by Fifth Avenue on the east; Central Park on the south; Morningside Park, St. Nicholas Avenue and Edgecombe Avenue on the west; and
5280-582: The 1980 United States Census 1,756 people stated Turkish Cypriot ancestry. However, a further 2,067 people of Cypriot ancestry did not specify whether they were of Turkish or Greek Cypriot origin. On 2 October 2012, the first "Turkish Cypriot Day" was celebrated at the US Congress . In 1960, the Macedonian Patriotic Organization reported that a handful of Turkish Macedonians in American "have expressed solidarity with
5440-513: The Assembly of Turkish American Associations (ATAA), have been working to bring different Turkish American organizations together for which they receive financial and political support from the Turkish government. The New York based FTAA, which started in 1956 with two associations, namely the "Turkish Cypriot Aid Society" and the "Turkish Hars Society", hosts over 40 member associations, with
5600-471: The Balkan War of 1912–13 . These Turkish children had been sheltered, baptized and adopted , and then used as field laborers; when the adopting families emigrated to the United States they listed these children as family members, although most of these Turkish children still remembered their origin. Early Turkish migrants were mostly male-dominated economic migrants who were farmers and shepherds from
5760-589: The Berklee College of Music in Boston in 1991, and was awarded the Grammy Trustees Award for his lifetime achievements in 1993. At the tenth annual Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Dinner in 1995, it was announced that the museum's main exhibition hall would be named after him. The United States Library of Congress honored Ertegun as a Living Legend in 2000. With brother Nesuhi, he
5920-778: The East Coast . Apart from these two groups, the Diyanet appoints official Turkish imams to the United States. The most prominent of these is the Turkish American Community Center of the Washington metropolitan area located in Lanham, MD ., on 15 acres of land, which was bought by the Turkish Foundation of Religious Affairs . Some international sufi orders are also active. An example
6080-625: The East River , and south to Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard , Central Park , and East 96th Street . Originally a Dutch village, formally organized in 1658, it is named after the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands. Harlem's history has been defined by a series of economic boom-and-bust cycles, with significant population shifts accompanying each cycle. Harlem was predominantly occupied by Jewish and Italian Americans in
6240-444: The Harlem River and East River to the east, to the Hudson River to the west; and between 155th Street in the north, where it meets Washington Heights , and an uneven boundary along the south that runs along 96th Street east of Fifth Avenue , 110th Street between Fifth Avenue to Morningside Park , and 125th Street west of Morningside Park to the Hudson River. Encyclopædia Britannica references these boundaries, though
6400-479: The Interborough Rapid Transit and elevated railway lines, helped Harlem's economic growth, as they connected Harlem to lower and midtown Manhattan. The Jewish and Italian demographic decreased, while the black and Puerto Rican population increased in this time. The early-20th century Great Migration of black people to northern industrial cities was fueled by their desire to leave behind
6560-502: The International Space Station ." Yalçın Ayaslı is founder of Hittite Microwave Corporation. His company was taken over by Analog Devices for 2.45 Billion Dollars. Hamdi Ulukaya is a Turkish billionaire businessman and activist. Ulukaya is the owner, founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of Chobani , the #1-selling strained yogurt brand in the US. According to Forbes, his net worth as of June 2019
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6720-500: The Jim Crow South, seek better jobs and education for their children, and escape a culture of lynching violence; during World War I , expanding industries recruited black laborers to fill new jobs, thinly staffed after the draft began to take young men. In 1910, Central Harlem population was about 10% black people. By 1930, it had reached 70%. Starting around the time of the end of World War I, Harlem became associated with
6880-663: The Masjid Malcolm Shabazz (formerly Mosque No. 7 Nation of Islam , and the location of the 1972 Harlem mosque incident ), the Mosque of Islamic Brotherhood and Masjid Aqsa. Judaism, too, maintains a presence in Harlem through the Old Broadway Synagogue . A non-mainstream synagogue of Black Hebrews , known as Commandment Keepers , was based in a synagogue at 1 West 123rd Street until 2008. Many places in Harlem are official city landmarks labeled by
7040-646: The New Negro movement, and then the artistic outpouring known as the Harlem Renaissance , which extended to poetry, novels, theater, and the visual arts. So many black people came that it "threaten[ed] the very existence of some of the leading industries of Georgia, Florida, Tennessee and Alabama." Many settled in Harlem. By 1920, central Harlem was 32.43% black. The 1930 census revealed that 70.18% of central Harlem's residents were black and lived as far south as Central Park , at 110th Street. However, by
7200-681: The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission or are listed on the National Register of Historic Places : Other prominent points of interest include: The demographics of Harlem's communities have changed throughout its history. In 1910, black residents formed 10% of Harlem's population, but by 1930, they had become a 70% majority. The period between 1910 and 1930 was marked by the Great Migration of African Americans from
7360-462: The Section 8 housing that was being placed, many were not able to live there and had to find homes elsewhere or become homeless. These policies are examples of societal racism , also known as structural racism. As public health leaders have named structural racism as a key social determinant of health disparities between racial and ethnic minorities, these 20th century policies have contributed to
7520-575: The TRNC ), the Balkans (e.g. Turkish Bulgarians , Turkish Macedonians , Turkish Romanians , etc.), North Africa (i.e. Turkish Algerians , Turkish Egyptians , Turkish Libyans , and Turkish Tunisians ), the Levant (i.e. Turkish Iraqis , Turkish Lebanese , and Turkish Syrians ) as well as from other areas of the former Ottoman Empire (e.g. Turkish Saudis ). Furthermore, in recent years there has been
7680-531: The United States between 1820 and 1860 due to religious or political persecution. About 2,000 Turkish Cypriots had arrived in the United States between 1878 and 1923 when the Ottoman Empire handed over the administration of the island of Cyprus to Britain . Turkish Cypriot immigration to the United States continued between the 1960s till 1974 as a result of the Cyprus conflict . According to
7840-521: The United States , as well as their American-born descendants, who originate either from the Ottoman Empire or from post-Ottoman modern nation-states. The majority trace their roots to the Republic of Turkey , however, there are also significant ethnic Turkish communities in the US which descend from the island of Cyprus , the Balkans , North Africa , the Levant and other areas of the former Ottoman Empire. Furthermore, in recent years there has been
8000-759: The biopic of Ray Charles , he is portrayed by Curtis Armstrong . In Beyond the Sea , the biopic about Bobby Darin , he is played by Tayfun Bademsoy . Musician Serj Tankian (from System of a Down ) has claimed that Ertegun was against recognising the Armenian Genocide in line with the official policy of Turkey, Ertegun's home country. In December 2006 (shortly after Ertegun's death), Harut Sassounian , an Armenian-American writer and contributor for The Huffington Post , published an op-ed in which he claims that he had talked personally with Ertegun some time before his death, and that Ertegun did acknowledge
8160-643: The devastating earthquake near Istanbul in 1999, Ertegun was instrumental in the success of the Society's Earthquake Relief Fund, which raised over $ 4 million for Turkey's rebuilding efforts, particularly in education. In addition to his endeavors at The American Turkish Society, Ertegun funded the Turkish studies departments at Princeton and Georgetown universities. In 2008, the Ahmet Ertegun Memorial Scholarship, established by
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#17327906079548320-582: The redlining policy. This policy rated neighborhoods, such as Central Harlem, as unappealing based on the race, ethnicity, and national origins of the residents. Central Harlem was deemed 'hazardous' and residents living in Central Harlem were refused home loans or other investments. Comparably, wealthy and white residents in New York City neighborhoods were approved more often for housing loans and investment applications. Overall, they were given preferential treatment by city and state institutions. In
8480-433: The secular Turkish Americans who arrived in the United States during the 1940s to the 1970s, more recent Turkish immigrants have tended to be more religious. Since the 1980s, the wave of Turkish immigrants has been quite diverse and have included a broad mixture of secular and religious people. Thus, due to the diversification of Turkish Americans since the 1980s, religion has become a more important identity marker within
8640-580: The " Turkish Women's League of America ". The Washington, D.C. based ATAA, which was established in 1979, shares many of the goals of the FTAA but has clearer political aims. It has over 60 component associations in the United States , Canada , and Turkey and has some 8,000 members all over the United States. The Association also publishes a biweekly newspaper, "The Turkish Times", and regularly informs its members on developments requiring community action. These organizations aim to unite and improve support for
8800-713: The "Rumi Forum", in 1999, which invites speakers to inform the public about Islam and Turkey. The Gülen community has also established mosques and interethnic private schools in New York , Connecticut , and Virginia , several colleges like the Virginia International University in Fairfax County, Virginia , and over a hundred charter schools throughout the United States. Followers of Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan , otherwise known as "Süleymancılar", also formed many mosques and cultural centers along
8960-612: The "Turkish Aid Society" ("Türk Teavün Cemiyeti") in New York City and the "Red Crescent" ("Hilali Ahmer"), were collecting money not only for funeral services and other community affairs but also to help the Turkish War of Independence . In 1933, Turkish Americans established the "Cultural Alliance of New York" and the "Turkish Orphans’ Association", gathering to collect money for orphans in Turkey who had lost their parents in
9120-495: The 109,091 counted in 2000 . Covering an area of 926.05 acres (374.76 ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 128.1 inhabitants per acre (82,000/sq mi; 31,700/km ). The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 9.5% (11,322) White , 63% (74,735) African American , 0.3% (367) Native American , 2.4% (2,839) Asian , 0% (46) Pacific Islander , 0.3% (372) from other races , and 2.2% (2,651) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 22.2% (26,333) of
9280-737: The 1909 Third Hallgarten Prize for his painting Elfrida . A founding member of the National Association of Portrait Painters [ Wikidata ] , he was elected an Associate member of the National Academy of Design from 1912. In the 1930s, Haggin turned his abilities to stage design and created sets for the Metropolitan Opera Ballet and the Ziegfeld Follies . Other notable Turkish American artists include Burhan Doğançay who
9440-579: The 1930s, the neighborhood was hit hard by job losses in the Great Depression . In the early 1930s, 25% of Harlemites were out of work, and employment prospects for Harlemites stayed poor for decades. Employment among black New Yorkers fell as some traditionally black businesses, including domestic service and some types of manual labor, were taken over by other ethnic groups. Major industries left New York City altogether, especially after 1950. Several riots happened in this period, including in 1935 and 1943 . There were major changes following World War II . In
9600-400: The 1950s, with Jerry Wexler and, later, Ertegun's brother Nesuhi on board as partners. Hit artists that recorded on Atlantic included Ruth Brown , Big Joe Turner , The Clovers , The Drifters , The Coasters and Ray Charles . Like the Erteguns, many independent record executives were from immigrant backgrounds, including the Bihari and the Chess brothers . The Ertegun brothers brought
9760-478: The 1960s and 1970s, Turkish immigration to the United States changed its nature from one of unskilled to skilled migration; a wave of professionals such as doctors, engineers, academicians, and graduate students came to the United States. In the 1960s, 10,000 people entered the United States from Turkey, followed by another 13,000 in the 1970s. As opposed to the male-dominated first flows of Ottoman Turkish migrants, these immigrants were highly educated, return migration
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#17327906079549920-484: The 1960s, uneducated black people could find jobs more easily than educated ones could, confounding efforts to improve the lives of people who lived in the neighborhood through education. Land owners took advantage of the neighborhood and offered apartments to the lower-class families for cheaper rent but in lower-class conditions. By 1999 there were 179,000 housing units available in Harlem. Housing activists in Harlem state that, even after residents were given vouchers for
10080-423: The 21st century, crime rates decreased significantly, and Harlem started to gentrify . The area is served by the New York City Subway and local bus routes. It contains several public elementary, middle, and high schools, and is close to several colleges, including Columbia University , Manhattan School of Music , and the City College of New York . Central Harlem is part of Manhattan Community District 10 . It
10240-421: The American Turkish Society, was officially announced and designated for music students of Turkish descent to study at the Juilliard School . On October 29, 2006, Ertegun tripped, striking his head on a concrete floor during a Rolling Stones concert at the Beacon Theatre . He was immediately taken to hospital. Ertegun fell into a coma and died on December 14, 2006, at Weill Cornell Medical Center . Ertegun
10400-439: The Armenian Genocide, and he even wished to speak publicly about it; according to Sassounian, Ertegun "firmly believed that once Ankara put the issue of the Genocide behind it, the country would attain the respect of the international community and would not waste its efforts and resources to counter Armenian efforts for Genocide recognition". The writer ends his piece by explaining: "I could not write this column while he [Ertegun]
10560-409: The Black population's decrease by 11% (9,544). While the growth of the Hispanic / Latino was predominantly in Central Harlem North, the decrease in the Black population was slightly greater in Central Harlem South, and the drastic increase in the White population was split evenly across the two census tabulation areas. Meanwhile, the Asian population grew by 211% (1,927) but remained a small minority, and
10720-442: The English government did ultimately repatriate about 100 of them to the Ottoman realms. Significant waves of Turkish immigration to the United States began during the period between 1820 and 1920. About 300,000 people immigrated from the Ottoman Empire to the United States, although only 50,000 of these immigrants were Muslim Turks whilst the rest were mainly Arabs , Armenians , Greeks , Jews and other Muslim groups under
10880-544: The Genocide, Turkey would earn many political dividends and lose practically nothing!" In 2017, Dorothy Carvello alleged that Ertegun tried to remove her underwear and groped her under her shirt at a public event in 1987. Her book Anything for a Hit tells of her experiences. Turkish Americans Turkish majorities: Turkish Americans ( Turkish : Türk Amerikalılar ) or American Turks are Americans of ethnic Turkish origin. The term "Turkish Americans" can therefore refer to ethnic Turkish immigrants to
11040-468: The Harlem River on the north. A chain of large linear parks includes Morningside Park, St. Nicholas Park , Jackie Robinson Park , as well as Marcus Garvey Park (also known as Mount Morris Park) which separates this area from East Harlem to the east. Central Harlem includes the Mount Morris Park Historic District . West Harlem ( Manhattanville , Hamilton Heights , and Sugar Hill ) comprises Manhattan Community district 9. The three neighborhoods' area
11200-449: The M.P.O.'s aims, and have made contributions to its financial needs." Exiled first from Georgia in 1944, and then Uzbekistan in 1989, approximately 13,000 Meskhetian Turks who arrived in Krasnodar , Russia , as Soviet citizens were refused recognition by Krasnodar authorities. The regional government denied Meskhetian Turks the right to register their residences in the territory, effectively making them stateless and resulting in
11360-448: The Night" by The Clovers, "Ti-Ri-Lee" by Big Joe Turner, and "Story of My Love" by LaVern Baker . All of these were originally recorded for Atlantic Records. He also wrote "Missä Olit Silloin (Dawn in Ankara)" for Finnish singer Irina Milan as Ahmet Ertegun. In 1958, Ertegun replaced Abramson as Atlantic's president and Abramson left the company after selling his financial interest. On 6 January 1953 Ertegun married Jan Holm (née Enstam),
11520-454: The Ottoman rule. Most ethnic Turks feared that they would not be accepted in a Christian country because of their religion and often adopted and registered under a Christian name at the port of entry in order to gain easy access to the United States; moreover, many declared themselves as "Syrians" or "Greeks" or even "Armenians" in order to avoid discrimination. The majority of Turks entered
11680-754: The Prohibition era, and was dubbed "Jungle Alley" because of "inter-racial mingling" on the street. Some jazz venues, including the Cotton Club , where Duke Ellington played, and Connie's Inn , were restricted to whites only. Others were integrated, including the Renaissance Ballroom and the Savoy Ballroom. In 1936, Orson Welles produced his black Macbeth at the Lafayette Theater in Harlem. Grand theaters from
11840-477: The South to northern cities, including New York. Within the city, this era also witnessed an influx of black residents from downtown Manhattan neighborhoods, where black people were feeling less welcome, to the Harlem area. The black population in Harlem peaked in 1950, with a 98% share of the population of 233,000. As of 2000, central Harlem's black residents comprised 77% of the total population of that area; however,
12000-897: The Turkish American Community put the Turkish American population at between 350,000 and 500,000 with majority concentrations living in the New York/New Jersey region as well as California. The 2023 American Community Survey conducted by the United States Census Bureau recorded 252,256 Americans of Turkish descent. In addition, the Turks of South Carolina , an Anglicized isolated community identifying as Turkish in Sumter County for over 200 years, numbered around 500 in
12160-458: The Turkish American community efforts and the schools that serve the Turkish community in the U.S. are responsible for the retaining of the Turkish language and slowing of assimilation. A detailed study has documented the efforts of language and culture-disseminating schools of the Turkish American community and is available as a doctoral dissertation, a book, book chapters, and journal articles. Although Islam had little public importance among
12320-568: The Turkish War of Independence. As Turkish immigration increased after the 1950s Turkish Americans gained more economic status and formed new organizations. Thus, Turkish American organizations and associations are growing throughout the United States as their number increases. Most of these organizations put emphasis on preserving the Turkish identity. Two umbrella organizations, the Federation of Turkish American Associations (FTAA) and
12480-452: The Turkish community in the United States and to defend Turkish interests against groups with conflicting interests. Today, both the FTAA and the ATAA organize cultural events such as concerts, art-gallery exhibits, and parades, as well as lobby for Turkey . During the 1970s Turkish Americans began to mobilize politically in order to influence American policies in favor of their homeland as
12640-618: The Turkish government. They have been lobbying for Turkey's entry into the European Union and have also defended the Turkish involvement in Cyprus. Turkish Americans have also expressed concerns about the Greek lobby in the United States undermining the typically good Turkish-American relations . In recent years, Turkish Americans have established more influence in the US Congress . In 2005, second-generation Turkish American Oz Bengur
12800-552: The U.S., Namik Tan , hosted a series of jazz concerts at the historical residence on Sheridan Circle in Washington, D.C. The "Ertegun Jazz Series," in collaboration with Jazz at Lincoln Center , reviving the brothers' legacy of bridging cultures and bringing people together with one common objective: celebrating music. In that same spirit, Ambassador Tan opened the doors of his home to residents of D.C. from various backgrounds – Members of Congress, Administration officials, academia,
12960-532: The United States from Beirut , Mersin , İzmir , Trabzon and Salonica . However, the flow of immigration to the United States was interrupted by the Immigration Act of 1917 , which limited entries into the United States based on literacy, and by World War I . Nonetheless, a large number of Turks from the Balkan provinces of Albania , Kosovo , Western Thrace , and Bulgaria emigrated and settled in
13120-469: The United States from all areas of the Ottoman Empire , whilst those who migrated since the 20th century have come from various post-Ottoman modern nation-states. Thus, Turkish Americans mostly descend from the Republic of Turkey ; however, there are also significant ethnic Turkish communities in the US which descend from the island of Cyprus (i.e. Turkish Cypriots from both the Republic of Cyprus and
13280-535: The United States is James Ben Ali Haggin , who was the grandson of the Ottoman Turkish migrant Ibrahim Ben Ali . Haggin was an attorney, rancher, investor , art collector , and a major owner and breeder in the sport of Thoroughbred horse racing . Haggin made a fortune in the aftermath of the California Gold Rush and was a multi-millionaire by 1880. Many of Haggin's descendants adopted
13440-667: The United States via the ports of Providence, Rhode Island ; Portland, Maine ; and Ellis Island . French shipping agents, the missionary American college in Harput , French and German schools, and word of mouth from former migrants were major sources of information about the " New World " for those who wished to emigrate. The largest number of ethnic Turks appear to have entered the United States prior to World War I , roughly between 1900 and 1914, when American immigration policies were quite liberal. Many of these Turks came from Harput , Akçadağ , Antep and Macedonia and embarked for
13600-413: The United States was quite low, as a result of restrictive immigration laws such as the Immigration Act of 1924 . Approximately 100 Turkish immigrants per year entered the United States between 1930 and 1950. However, the number of Turkish immigrants to the United States increased to 2,000 to 3,000 per year after 1965 due to the liberalization of US immigration laws. As of the late 1940s, but especially in
13760-479: The United States, many early Turkish migrants returned to their homeland. The rate of return migration was exceptionally high after the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923. The founder of the Republic, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , sent ships from Turkey, such as "Gülcemal", to the United States to take these men back to Turkey without any charge. Educated Turks were offered jobs in the newly created Republic, while unskilled workers were encouraged to return, as
13920-432: The United States. According to the 2000 United States Census 117,575 Americans voluntarily declared their ethnicity as Turkish. However, the actual number of Americans of Turkish descent is believed to be considerably larger because most Turkish Americans do not declare their ethnicity. In 1996 Professor John J. Grabowski had already estimated the number of Turks in the United States to be 500,000. Other sources such as
14080-446: The United States; they were listed as "Albanians", "Bulgarians" and "Serbians" according to their country of origin, even though many of them were ethnically Turkish and identified themselves as such. Furthermore, many immigrant families who were ethnic Albanians, Bulgarians, Greeks, Macedonians or Serbians included children of Turkish origin who lost their parents during ethnic cleansings committed by Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece following
14240-473: The absence of basic civil and human rights , including the right to employment, social and medical benefits, property ownership, higher education, and legal marriage. In mid-2006, over 10,000 Meskhetian Turks had resettled from the Krasnodar region to the United States. Out of approximately 21,000 applications, nearly 15,000 individuals in total were eligible for refugee status and likely to immigrate during
14400-558: The age of nine to see the Duke Ellington and Cab Calloway orchestras in London. In 1935, Ahmet and his family moved to Washington, D.C. , with his father, Munir Ertegun , who was appointed as the Ambassador of the Republic of Turkey to the United States. When Ahmet was 14, his mother bought him a record-cutting machine, which he used to compose and add lyrics to instrumental records. Ertegun's love for music pulled him into
14560-634: The ages of 0–17, while 35% are between 25 and 44, and 24% between 45 and 64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 10% and 11% respectively. As of 2017, the median household income in Community District 10 was $ 49,059. In 2018, an estimated 21% of Community District 10 residents lived in poverty, compared to 14% in all of Manhattan and 20% in all of New York City. Around 12% of residents were unemployed, compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or
14720-619: The assembled gathering then saw a special screening of the American Masters documentary Atlantic Records: The House That Ahmet Built . Among those who paid tribute to Ertegun in person were: Solomon Burke , Jerry Leiber & Mike Stoller , Keith Emerson , Peter Asher , Spencer Davis , the film's producer (and longtime friend) Phil Carson , Taylor Hackford , and event producer Martin Lewis . The Martin Scorsese film Shine
14880-552: The band's set, and also provided backing vocals on two songs. The concert also included Paolo Nutini , Mick Jones of Foreigner and Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings who supported their acts, and additionally shared the stage with them. The show was held to raise money for the Ahmet Ertegun Education Fund, which pays for university scholarships in the UK, US and Turkey. The show had been scheduled for late November but
15040-432: The black population has recently declined as many African Americans move out and more immigrants move in. As of 2021, central Harlem's Black residents numbered 56,668, comprising 44% of the total population. In that regard, there are an estimated 27% (34,773) Hispanics, 18% (23,182) White, 4% (5,151) Asian, 6% (7,727) of two or more races and 2% (2,575) Other. Harlem suffers from unemployment rates generally more than twice
15200-551: The chairman of the American Turkish Society for over 20 years until his death. He also co-founded the New York Cosmos soccer team of the original North American Soccer League . Ahmet Ertegün's great-grandfather, İbrahim Edhem Efendi, was the last sheikh of the Üsküdar Özbekler Tekkesi . He was the second son of Washington ambassador Münir Ertegün and Hayrünnisa Rüstem. His father, Münir Ertegün,
15360-458: The chairman of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and museum, located in Cleveland, Ohio . Ertegun has been described as "one of the most significant figures in the modern recording industry." In 2017 he was inducted into the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame in recognition of his work in the music business. Ertegun helped foster ties between the U.S. and Turkey , his birthplace. He served as
15520-404: The changing nature of Turkish American associations from those that organized cultural events to those with a more political agenda coincided with the hostile efforts of other ethnic groups, namely the Greek and Armenian lobby . As well as promoting the Turkish culture , Turkish American organizations promote Turkey's position in international affairs and generally support the positions taken by
15680-508: The cities of Paterson and Clifton in New Jersey . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , in 2000, Americans of Turkish origin mostly live in the State of New York followed by California , New Jersey , Florida , Texas , Virginia , Illinois , Massachusetts , Pennsylvania , and Maryland . According to the 2000 Census, the Turkish language is spoken in 59,407 households within
15840-485: The citywide average, as well as high poverty rates. and the numbers for men have been consistently worse than the numbers for women. Private and governmental initiatives to ameliorate unemployment and poverty have not been successful. During the Great Depression , unemployment in Harlem went past 20% and people were being evicted from their homes. At the same time, the federal government developed and instituted
16000-650: The club. They transformed the Cosmos into a "dream team". When Atlantic became part of the Kinney conglomerate in 1969, and later part of Time Warner , Atlantic Records continued with Ertegun at the helm, and although he was less directly involved as a producer, he wielded considerable influence in the new conglomerate. He continued to produce some rock acts, such as Dr. John and The Honeydrippers . He also used his considerable personal skills in negotiations with major stars, such as when The Rolling Stones were shopping for
16160-539: The co-owners of Sierra Nevada Corporation (SNC) which is a privately held aerospace and national security contractor specializing in aircraft modification and integration, space components and systems, and related technology products for cybersecurity and eHealth. SNC is best known for providing the US military with souped-up planes, loaded with cameras, sensors, navigation gear and comms systems. In particular, SNC's Dream Chaser spaceplane has been "tapped by NASA to ferry food, water, supplies and scientific experiments to
16320-564: The community has also hosted numerous actors and theater companies, including the New Heritage Repertory Theater, National Black Theater, Lafayette Players, Harlem Suitcase Theater, The Negro Playwrights, American Negro Theater , and the Rose McClendon Players. The Apollo Theater opened on 125th Street on January 26, 1934, in a former burlesque house . The Savoy Ballroom , on Lenox Avenue ,
16480-495: The community. Especially after the 1980s, religious organizations, Islamic cultural centers, and mosques were founded to serve the needs of Turkish people. Various groups are active in the United States. Followers of the Islamic preacher Fethullah Gülen (known as "Hizmet" or "Gülenciler") formed a local cultural organization, the "American Turkish Friendship Association" (ATFA), in 2003, and an intercultural organization, called
16640-408: The construction of new projects. From the mid-20th century, the low quality of education in Harlem has been a source of distress. In the 1960s, about 75% of Harlem students tested under grade levels in reading skills, and 80% tested under grade level in math. In 1964, residents of Harlem staged two school boycotts to call attention to the problem. In central Harlem, 92% of students stayed home. In
16800-423: The current population health disparities between Central Harlem and other New York City neighborhoods. For census purposes, the New York City government classifies Central Harlem into two neighborhood tabulation areas: Central Harlem North and Central Harlem South, divided by 126th street. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census , the population of Central Harlem was 118,665, a change of 9,574 (8.1%) from
16960-444: The date when the Turkish liberation movement led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk started in 1919. Furthermore, the annual "Turkish Day Parade", which began as a demonstration in 1981 in reaction to Armenian militant attacks on Turkish diplomats , has evolved into a weeklong celebration and has since continued to increase in scope and length. Numerous Turkish Americans have made notable contributions to American society , particularly in
17120-470: The entire U.S. population, and in 12,409 households in NYC alone by highly bilingual families with Turkish ancestry. These data show that many speakers with Turkish origins continue speaking the language at home despite the fact that they are highly bilingual. The number of English-proficient households using Turkish as a home-language outweighs that of families who have switched completely to English. In this sense,
17280-426: The fewest opportunities for success. Though the federal government's Model Cities Program spent $ 100 million on job training, health care, education, public safety, sanitation, housing, and other projects over a ten-year period, Harlem showed no improvement. The city began auctioning its enormous portfolio of Harlem properties to the public in 1985. This was intended to improve the community by placing property in
17440-434: The fields of education, medicine, music, the arts, science, and business. Within academia, Feza Gürsey was a professor of physics at Yale University and won the prestigious Oppenheimer Prize and Wigner Medal . Another influential Turkish American was Muzafer Sherif who was one of the founders of social psychology which helped develop social judgment theory and realistic conflict theory . In 2015 Aziz Sancar
17600-750: The flow of Turkish immigrants to the United States has included an increasing number of students and professionals as well as migrants who provide unskilled and semi-skilled labor. Thus, in recent years, the highly skilled and educated profile of the Turkish American community has changed with the arrival of unskilled or semi-skilled Turkish labor workers. The unskilled or semi-skilled immigrants usually work in restaurants, gas stations, hair salons, construction sites, and grocery stores, although some of them have obtained American citizenship or green cards and have opened their own ethnic businesses. Some recent immigrants have also arrived via cargo ships and then left them illegally, whilst others overstay their visas . Thus, it
17760-574: The group at a Westhampton nightclub in 1965 and signed them to Atlantic. They went on to chart 13 Top 40 singles in four years and were elected to the Rock-n-Roll Hall of Fame in 1997. Ertegun heard Led Zeppelin 's demo and knew they would be a smash hit after hearing the first few songs, and quickly signed them. In the late 1970s, during the disco era, Ertegun contracted producer Silvio Tancredi (Wonderband, Lourett Russell Grant , Herbie Mann) to Atlantic Records. Atlantic Records also held
17920-406: The hands of people who would live in them and maintain them. In many cases, the city would even pay to completely renovate a property before selling it (by lottery) below market value. After the 1990s, Harlem began to grow again. Between 1990 and 2006 the neighborhood's population grew by 16.9%, with the percentage of black people decreasing from 87.6% to 69.3%, then dropping to 54.4% by 2010, and
18080-622: The heart of Washington, DC's black district where he would routinely see such top acts as Duke Ellington, Cab Calloway, Billie Holiday and Louis Armstrong . He attended Landon School , an affluent all-male private school in Bethesda, Maryland . Ahmet joked, "I got my real education at the Howard" — Howard being the Howard Theatre , an historic performance space located in Washington, DC. Despite his affluent upbringing, Ertegun began to see
18240-493: The late 1950s and early 1960s, Harlem was the scene of a series of rent strikes by neighborhood tenants, led by local activist Jesse Gray , together with the Congress of Racial Equality , Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited (HARYOU), and other groups. These groups wanted the city to force landlords to improve the quality of housing by bringing them up to code, to take action against rats and roaches , to provide heat during
18400-549: The late 19th and early 20th centuries were torn down or converted to churches. Harlem lacked any permanent performance space until the creation of the Gatehouse Theater in an old Croton aqueduct building on 135th Street in 2006. From 1965 until 2007, the community was home to the Harlem Boys Choir , a touring choir and education program for young boys, most of whom are black. The Girls Choir of Harlem
18560-469: The late 19th century, while African-American residents began to arrive in large numbers during the Great Migration in the early 20th century. In the 1920s and 1930s, Central and West Harlem were the center of the Harlem Renaissance , a major African-American cultural movement. With job losses during the Great Depression of the 1930s and the deindustrialization of New York City after World War II , rates of crime and poverty increased significantly. In
18720-695: The leadership of Peter Stuyvesant . During the American Revolution , the British burned Harlem to the ground. It took a long time to rebuild, as Harlem grew more slowly than the rest of Manhattan during the late 18th century. After the American Civil War , Harlem experienced an economic boom starting in 1868. The neighborhood continued to serve as a refuge for New Yorkers, but increasingly those coming north were poor and Jewish or Italian. The New York and Harlem Railroad , as well as
18880-451: The life of the resettlement program. Official statistics on the total number of Turkish Americans (of full or partial ancestry) do not provide a true reflection of the total population. In part, this is because ethnic Turkish people often choose not to report their ethnic ancestry, which is only voluntary in censuses. Moreover, the Turkish American community is unique in that many trace their roots to early Ottoman Turkish migrants who came to
19040-535: The lower socioeconomic classes; their main concern was to save enough money and return home. The majority of these migrants lived in urban areas and worked in the industrial sector , taking difficult and lower-paying jobs in leather factories, tanneries, the iron and steel sector, and the wire, railroad, and automobile industries, especially in New England , New York , Detroit , and Chicago . The Turkish community generally relied on each other in finding jobs and
19200-533: The majority of these groups located in the northeast region of the United States. The FTAA is located in the Turkish House in the vicinity of the United Nations . The Turkish House, which was bought by the Turkish government in 1977 as the main office for the consulategeneral, also serves as a center for cultural activities: there is a Saturday school for Turkish American children, and it also houses
19360-438: The male population was depleted due to World War I and the Turkish War of Independence . Those who stayed in the United States lived in isolation as they knew little or no English and preferred to live among themselves. However, some of their descendants became assimilated into American culture and today vaguely have a notion of their Turkish ancestry. From World War I to 1965 the number of Turkish immigrants arriving in
19520-624: The media, business leaders, and others. A benefit concert held in Ertegün's memory took place on 10 December 2007 at the O2 Arena in London . The headline act was the English rock band Led Zeppelin , who performed their first full-length concert for almost three decades, since the death of drummer John Bonham in 1980, in a one-off reunion. Bonham's son Jason Bonham played drums during
19680-609: The mid-20th century. Turkish Americans live in all fifty states, although the largest concentrations are found in New York City and Rochester, New York ; Washington, D.C. ; and Detroit, Michigan . The largest concentrations of Turkish Americans are found scattered throughout New York City, Long Island , New Jersey , Connecticut , and other suburban areas. They generally reside in specific cities and neighborhoods including Brighton Beach in Brooklyn , Sunnyside in Queens , and in
19840-563: The name "Ben Ali" (e.g. the painter Ben Ali Haggin ), and many continued with the family business, including his grandson, Richard Lounsbery , who established the Richard Lounsbery Foundation . Billionaire Osman Kibar (worth $ 2.9B in 2020 ) is the founder and CEO of San Diego-based biotech firm Samumed . The company "raised $ 438 million in August 2018 to further its work developing drugs to reverse aging, claiming
20000-468: The newly established English colony of Roanoke on the coast of present-day North Carolina . Only a short time before reaching Roanoke, Drake's fleet of some thirty ships had liberated these Muslims from Spanish colonial forces in the Caribbean where they had been condemned to hard labor as galley slaves . Historical records indicate that Drake had promised to return the liberated galley slaves, and
20160-683: The other 1950s independent record labels disappear with the waning popularity of rhythm and blues, and said only Ertegun's foresightful adaptation of signing white rock musicians turned out to be the basis of Atlantic's continued success. Four years later, the Ertegun brothers took some of the money and co-founded the New York Cosmos Association football (soccer) team of the North American Soccer League . They were instrumental in bringing soccer legends like Pelé , Carlos Alberto and Franz Beckenbauer to
20320-491: The percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 48% in Community District 10, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018 , Community District 10 is considered to be gentrifying : according to the Community Health Profile, the district was low-income in 1990 and has seen above-median rent growth up to 2010. In 2010,
20480-512: The percentage of whites increasing from 1.5% to 6.6% by 2006, and to "almost 10%" by 2010. A renovation of 125th Street and new properties along the thoroughfare also helped to revitalize Harlem. In the 1920s and 1930s, Central and West Harlem was the focus of the " Harlem Renaissance ", an outpouring of artistic work without precedent in the American Black community. Though Harlem musicians and writers are particularly well remembered,
20640-739: The population of West Harlem was 110,193. West Harlem, consisting of Manhattanville and Hamilton Heights , is predominately Hispanic / Latino, while African Americans make up about a quarter of the West Harlem population. In 2010, the population of East Harlem was 120,000. East Harlem originally formed as a predominantly Italian American neighborhood. The area began its transition from Italian Harlem to Spanish Harlem when Puerto Rican migration began after World War II, though in recent decades, many Dominican , Mexican and Salvadoran immigrants have also settled in East Harlem. East Harlem
20800-680: The population. Harlem's Black population was more concentrated in Central Harlem North, and its White population more concentrated in Central Harlem South, while the Hispanic / Latino population was evenly split. The most significant shifts in the racial composition of Central Harlem between 2000 and 2010 were the White population's increase by 402% (9,067), the Hispanic / Latino population's increase by 43% (7,982), and
20960-412: The post-World War II era, Harlem ceased to be home to a majority of the city's black people, but it remained the cultural and political capital of black New York, and possibly black America. By the 1970s, many of those Harlemites who were able to escape from poverty left the neighborhood in search of better schools and homes, and safer streets. Those who remained were the poorest and least skilled, with
21120-651: The practice of rebranding historically recognized neighborhoods illegal. Politically, central Harlem is in New York's 13th congressional district . It is in the New York State Senate 's 30th district, the New York State Assembly 's 68th and 70th districts, and the New York City Council 's 7th, 8th, and 9th districts. Before the arrival of European settlers, the area that would become Harlem (originally Haarlem)
21280-713: The recording and release of Music of the Whirling Dervishes , featuring ayin singer Kâni Karaca and ney player Akagündüz Kutbay on the Atlantic label. In addition to being a seminal figure in the history of popular music, Ertegun was also a prominent philanthropist dedicated to enhancing relations and cultural understanding between the United States and his native country, Turkey. As the chairman of The American Turkish Society , he introduced numerous American dignitaries, business leaders, investors, and artists to Turkey and garnered U.S. support for Turkey. Following
21440-403: The rest of the family returned permanently to Turkey, Ahmet and Nesuhi stayed in the United States. While Nesuhi moved to Los Angeles , Ahmet stayed in Washington and decided to get into the record business as a temporary measure to help him through college. In 1946, Ertegun became friends with Herb Abramson , a dental student and A&R man for National Records , and they decided to start
21600-482: The rights to recordings by Stephen Stills . After negotiating with David Geffen , who in turn was negotiating with Clive Davis at Columbia Records to transfer the rights to David Crosby and Graham Nash to Atlantic Records, he signed Crosby, Stills and Nash and convinced the trio to allow Neil Young to join them on one of their tours, thereby founding Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young . Ertegun initially had no desire to sell Atlantic, but his partner Jerry Wexler
21760-506: The same year, Munir Ertegun died. In 1946 President Harry Truman ordered the battleship USS Missouri to return his body to Turkey as a demonstration of friendship between the US and Turkey. This show of support was meant to counter the Soviet Union 's potential political demands on Turkey. At the time of his father's death, Ahmet was taking graduate courses in medieval philosophy at Georgetown University . Soon afterward, when
21920-424: The small population of all other races increased by 4% (142). The entirety of Community District 10, which comprises Central Harlem, had 116,345 inhabitants as of NYC Health 's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 76.2 years. This is lower than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are children and middle-aged adults: 21% are between
22080-1211: The style of SoHo or NoHo ) in an attempt to accelerate gentrification of the neighborhoods. "SoHa", applied to the area between West 110th and 125th Streets, has become a controversial name. Residents and other critics seeking to prevent this renaming of the area have labelled the SoHa brand as "insulting and another sign of gentrification run amok" and have said that "the rebranding not only places their neighborhood's rich history under erasure but also appears to be intent on attracting new tenants, including students from nearby Columbia University". Multiple New York City politicians have initiated legislative efforts to curtail this practice of neighborhood rebranding, which when successfully introduced in other New York City neighborhoods, have led to increases in rents and real estate values, as well as "shifting demographics". In 2011, U.S. Representative Hakeem Jeffries attempted but failed to implement legislation "that would punish real estate agents for inventing false neighborhoods and redrawing neighborhood boundaries without city approval." By 2017, New York State Senator Brian Benjamin also worked to render
22240-644: The tribute with the jazz standard "Didn't He Ramble", Eric Clapton and Dr. John performed "Drinkin' Wine Spo-Dee-O-Dee", and other performers included Solomon Burke , Ben E. King , Sam Moore , Stevie Nicks , Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young , and Phil Collins . Another informal salute to him took place in Los Angeles on July 31, 2007, the anniversary of his birth. The tribute took place at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood. Several of his friends shared anecdotes about their experiences with him and
22400-470: The winter, and to keep prices in line with existing rent control regulations. The largest public works projects in Harlem in these years were public housing, with the largest concentration built in East Harlem. Typically, existing structures were torn down and replaced with city-designed and managed properties that would, in theory, present a safer and more pleasant environment than those available from private landlords. Ultimately, community objections halted
22560-473: The words and phrases from the dictionary. He released several editions until 1944, the last being The New Cab Calloway's Hepsters Dictionary: Language of Jive . Poet Lemn Sissay observed that "Cab Calloway was taking ownership of language for a people who, just a few generations before, had their own languages taken away." Religious life has historically had a strong presence in Black Harlem. The area
22720-640: Was a French-born vivandière who fought for the Union army during the American Civil War . Tepe served with the 27th and 114th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiments. Her father was Turkish and her mother was French. Ivan Turchin , was a Union Army brigadier general in the American Civil War One of the earliest Turkish American artists was Ben Ali Haggin who was a portrait painter and stage designer . He began exhibiting his paintings formally in 1903. The National Academy of Design awarded him
22880-483: Was a popular hit for Pat Boone . He also wrote the Ray Charles hit " Mess Around ", with lyrics that drew heavily on " Pinetop's Boogie Woogie ". He was briefly listed as "Nuggy" in the credits before changing to "A. Nugetre". Ertegun was part of the shouting choral group on Turner's " Shake, Rattle and Roll ", along with Wexler and songwriter Jesse Stone . He also wrote "Ting A Ling", a 1956 hit for The Clovers that
23040-537: Was a renowned venue for swing dancing, and was immortalized in a popular song of the era, " Stompin' at the Savoy ". In the 1920s and 1930s, between Lenox and Seventh Avenues in central Harlem, over 125 entertainment venues were in operation, including speakeasies , cellars, lounges, cafes, taverns, supper clubs, rib joints, theaters, dance halls, and bars and grills. 133rd Street , known as "Swing Street", became known for its cabarets, speakeasies and jazz scene during
23200-555: Was a statesman who undertook significant duties and services during the National Struggle period. Ertegun was born Ahmet Munir in Istanbul , Turkey, on July 31, 1923. His mother, Hayrünnisa, was an accomplished musician who played keyboard and stringed instruments. She bought the popular records of the day, to which Ahmet and his brother, Nesuhi , listened. His older brother Nesuhi introduced him to jazz music, taking him at
23360-482: Was alive, since I did not want him to become the target of hate mails and threats from Turkish extremists by alerting them that he was considering the possibility of issuing a public statement on the Armenian Genocide. Alas, he passed away without being able to do so, which is a great loss for both Armenians and Turks. I hasten to add that it is a greater loss for Turkey. Ertegun believed that by acknowledging
23520-409: Was among the first labels to record in stereo , and in 1957 was the first record company to utilize an 8-track tape machine . Ertegun himself wrote a number of classic blues songs, including "Chains of Love" and "Sweet Sixteen", under the pseudonym "A. Nugetre" ("Ertegun" backwards). The songs were given expression first by Big Joe Turner and continued in B.B. King 's repertoire. "Chains of Love"
23680-579: Was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his mechanistic studies of DNA repair . Two prominent Turkish-American economists include Daron Acemoğlu at MIT , who writes on democracy and national development, and Dani Rodrik at Harvard Kennedy School , an expert on globalization. Seyla Benhabib is a Turkish-born political theorist, and professor at Yale , who writes on citizenship, identity, and ethics. Marie Tepe , known as "French Mary,"
23840-533: Was buried December 18 in the Garden of Sufi Tekke, Özbekler Tekkesi in Sultantepe , Üsküdar , Istanbul next to his brother, his father and his sheikh great-grandfather Şeyh İbrahim Edhem Efendi, who was once the head of the tekke in his native Turkey. A memorial service for Ertegun was held in New York on April 17, 2007. A large part of the evening was given over to musical performances. Wynton Marsalis opened
24000-519: Was covered by Buddy Holly . "Fool, Fool, Fool", another Clovers song was a hit for Kay Starr . His " Don't Play That Song (You Lied) " was recorded by Aretha Franklin , Ben E. King , and in an international version by Adriano Celentano . The five lines of the lyrics of "Lovey Dovey" by the Clovers were used by Steve Miller in his hit " The Joker ". Other Nugetre rhythm and blues hits include "Whatcha Gonna Do" by The Drifters, "Wild, Wild Young Men" by Ruth Brown, Ray Charles's "Heartbreaker", "Middle of
24160-424: Was founded in 1989, and closed with the Boys Choir. From 1967 to 1969, the Harlem Cultural Festival took place in Mount Morris Park . Another name for this festival is "Black Woodstock". Artists like Stevie Wonder , The 5th Dimension , and Gladys Knight performed here. Harlem is also home to the largest African American Day Parade , which celebrates the culture of African diaspora in America. The parade
24320-674: Was founded in 2021 to celebrate cuisine, community, and culture. It is one of the largest night markets in Manhattan . The main attractions include musical performances, arts and crafts shows, and food. Many R&B/Soul groups and artists formed in Harlem. The Main Ingredient , Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers , Black Ivory , Cameo , Keith Sweat , Freddie Jackson , Alyson Williams , Johnny Kemp , Teddy Riley , Dave Wooley , and others got their start in Harlem. Manhattan's contributions to hip-hop stems largely from artists with Harlem roots such as Doug E. Fresh , Big L , Kurtis Blow , The Diplomats , Mase or Immortal Technique . Harlem
24480-498: Was heavily influenced by ragtime . This style played a very important role in early jazz piano In 1938, jazz bandleader and singer Cab Calloway published the first dictionary by an African-American, Cab Calloway's Cat-ologue: A "Hepster's" Dictionary , which became the official jive language reference book of the New York Public Library . In 1939, Calloway published an accompanying book titled Professor Cab Calloway's Swingformation Bureau , which instructed readers how to apply
24640-524: Was inducted into the National Soccer Hall of Fame in 2003. In 2005, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences presented Ertegun with the first "President's Merit Award Salute To Industry Icons". He was also a recipient of The International Center in New York's Award of Excellence. Ertegun is interviewed on screen in the 2005 documentary film Make It Funky! , which presents a history of New Orleans music and its influence on rhythm and blues , rock and roll , funk and jazz . Ertegun approved
24800-411: Was inhabited by a Native American band , the Wecquaesgeek , dubbed Manhattans or Manhattoe by Dutch settlers, who along with other Native Americans, most likely Lenape , occupied the area on a semi-nomadic basis. As many as several hundred farmed the Harlem flatlands. Between 1637 and 1639, a few settlements were established. The settlement of Harlem was formally incorporated in 1660 under
24960-401: Was minimal, migrants included many young women and accompanying families, and Turkish nationalism and secularism was much more common. The general profile of Turkish men and women immigrating to the United States depicted someone young, college-educated with a good knowledge of English , and with a career in medicine, engineering, or another profession in science or the arts. Since the 1980s,
25120-434: Was nervous about the label's future and after convincing Ertegun's brother Nesuhi of his position, Ertegun eventually conceded and they sold Atlantic to Warner Bros.-Seven Arts in 1967 for $ 17 million in stock, although Wexler later admitted that, because of assets like the rights to the hit movie Woodstock and the accompanying record , the deal paid them less than half of what the label was actually worth. Wexler had seen
25280-513: Was postponed by two weeks because Jimmy Page fractured a finger. Ertegun's collection of modernist works is now housed at The Baker Museum in Naples, Florida . The collection includes works by Oscar Bluemner , Thomas Hart Benton , Stuart Davis , Werner Drewes , John Ferren, Ilya Bolotowsky , and Albert Swinden ; Ertegun's alma mater , St. John's College, presented an exhibition of works from this collection in 2015. Ertegun has been represented several times in popular culture. In Ray ,
25440-417: Was started up in the spring of 1969 with Congressman Adam Clayton Powell Jr. as the Grand Marshal of the first celebration. Arthur Mitchell , a former dancer with the New York City Ballet , established Dance Theatre of Harlem as a school and company of classical ballet and theater training in the late 1960s. The company has toured nationally and internationally. Generations of theater artists have gotten
25600-451: Was the first candidate (Democrat from Maryland's 3rd district) of Turkish origin to run for Congress in US history. Turkish American festivals are major public events in which the community present themselves to the wider public. The Federation of Turkish American Associations (FTAA) organizes the "Turkish Cultural Month Festival" starting on 23 April each year, the date when the first Turkish parliament opened in 1920, and ending on 19 May,
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