Defunct
46-651: National Association may refer to: Politics [ edit ] National Association (South Korea) , a political party 1946–1960 Kokumin Kyōkai ('National Association'), a Japanese political party 1892–1899 United States baseball [ edit ] National Association of Base Ball Players (1857–1870), the first organization governing American baseball National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (1871–1875) National Association (1879–1880) Other uses [ edit ] National Association, or "N.A.",
92-571: A boat from Ch'ihap'o ( 치하포 ; 鵄河浦 ) in Hwanghae Province to Chinnamp'o ( 진남포 ; 鎭南浦 ), but ice in the river made traveling dangerous, so he stayed in Ch'ihap'o at an inn. There, Kim met a man also on his way to Chinnamp'o that he found suspicious. Kim wrote the following of this occurrence in his later autobiography: A short-haired man in the center room caught my eye. I overheard him greeting another traveler. He said his surname
138-431: A business trip would want to disguise his identity and name, other than that he was Miura Gorō or one of Miura's comrades that assassinated Empress Myeongseong . Even if he was not, he was a poison to our country and nation. I decided that killing at least him would wash away some of our shame. On March 9, 1896, around 3 am, Kim took the man by surprise and kicked him to the floor. A scuffle ensued, and Kim managed to take
184-541: A civilian merchant on a business trip. Kim was also involved in coordinating attacks against Japanese military and colonial government personnel. His legacy is somewhat less enthusiastically celebrated in North Korea, due to his anti-Communist views. Kim was born Kim Ch'angam, on August 29, 1876, in T'otkol village, Paegunbang, Haeju , Hwanghae Province, Joseon . He was the only child of two farmers: mother Kwak Nak-won and father Kim Sunyŏng. Kim's family
230-520: A companion around eight to nine years his elder named Kim Hyŏngjin ( 김형진 ; 金亨鎭 ) decided to first make a pilgrimage to the legendary ancestral home of Koreans, Paektu Mountain , then through Manchuria , and finally to the Qing capital Beijing . However, near the foot of the mountain, they decided the journey would be too perilous, and instead decided to go directly to Tonghua in Manchuria . On
276-533: A high fever. An took such a liking to Kim, that he took Kim into his own home and procured a separate house for Kim's parents. He scolded any officials that treated Kim poorly. During this time, Kim also became acquainted with An's eldest son An Jung-geun . The younger An would later infamously assassinate the Japanese resident-general of Korea, Itō Hirobumi , and become a national hero in both modern Koreas. An also introduced Kim to Ko Nŭngsŏn ( 고능선 ; 高能善 ),
322-589: A monk with the surname Lee, who guided him to Magoksa , a Jogye Buddhist temple in Chungcheong Province. As Lee held a high position at the temple, he offered to let Kim join as a monk and to cover Kim's expenses. Kim shaved his head and became a monk named Wŏnjong ( 원종 ; 圓宗 ). He was frequently criticized by the monks at the temple for making mistakes while performing chants and chores. As he did not necessarily believe in Buddhism or enjoy
368-532: A relaxed attitude towards Kim's arrest, and thus he was arrested three months later, around late June 1896, in his home. He was first held at a jail in Haeju , where he endured torture and poor treatment from Japanese authorities present at the jail, and was then moved to Incheon . In Incheon, the constable and superintendent of the prison asked Kim why he killed Tsuchida. Upon hearing his answer, they were sympathetic and treated him with respect. Influential Koreans at
414-475: A well-known scholar in the region who followed an isolationist Neo-Confucian ideology called Wijŏngch'ŏksa [ ko ] . They spoke every day for months. Robert S. Kim argues that this made a lasting impact on Kim's thinking, even after Kim's later conversion to Christianity. Ko convinced Kim that Joseon was in great danger from Japanese imperialism, and that he should go visit Qing China to convince them to help protect Joseon. Thus, at age 20, Kim and
460-583: A year, Kim became a well-known figure amongst hundreds of people in the movement. During this time, he changed his name to Kim Ch'angsu ( 김창수 ; 金昌洙 ), following the East Asian practice of changing names after significant life events. In early 1894, the peasant revolution began. 17-year-old Kim was appointed a district leader of P'albong ( 팔봉 ) and given a Donghak army regiment of around 700. Around September or November, by order of Donghak leader Ch'oi Sihyŏng ( 최시형 ; 崔時亨 ), Kim's troops stormed
506-591: Is now a museum. There, he was tortured and beaten. Kim's left ear became permanently disfigured, and he attempted suicide but failed. His calves were already scarred from his earlier imprisonment after the killing of Tsuchida. Fellow prisoner Han P'ilho ( 한필호 ; 韓弼昊 ) was killed, and Sin Sŏkch'ung ( 신석충 ; 申錫忠 ) committed suicide. An tried to commit suicide during the interrogation process but failed. In 1912, while imprisoned, Kim changed his name to his most famous one: "Kim Ku". This name, which literally means "nine",
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#1732757381673552-580: The Donghak movement after traveling to meet its leader, O Ŭng-sŏn [ ko ] in Podong. The movement was created in 1860 in reaction to the instability of Joseon in the 19th century and the spread of foreign influence and religion in Korea. It sought to rejuvenate the country by revising Confucian practices, introducing democracy, establishing human rights, and eliminating foreign interference. Within
598-742: The Empire of Japan , head of the Korean Provisional Government for multiple terms , and a Korean reunification activist after 1945. Kim is revered in South Korea, where he is widely considered one of the greatest figures in Korean history . Kim was born into a poor farming family during the Joseon period. In Joseon's last century, it experienced several peasant rebellions and interventions from multiple global powers, including
644-773: The Korean Independence Party and a faction of the Communist Party . The Communist Party faction later withdrew its support, but the others involved formed the National Association for the Rapid Realisation of Korean Independence ( Korean : 대한독립촉성국민회 ; Hanja : 大韓獨立促成國民會 , NARRKI ) on 8 February 1946. The new party opposed the proposed trusteeship, but when Rhee called for separate elections to be held in South Korea, President Kim Koo and others left
690-676: The Korean Patriotic Organization and the Korean Liberation Army . He was the target of numerous assassination attempts and planned a number of his own, including an assassination attempt on Japanese Emperor Hirohito . After the 1945 surrender of Japan in World War II , Kim returned to the peninsula alongside the provisional government and tried to prevent the division of Korea . However, in 1949, just four years after his return and just before
736-769: The Empire of Japan, the Russian Empire , Qing China, and the United States . Kim fought for Korean independence for most of his life, and was jailed, tortured, and permanently disfigured by Japanese authorities for his activities. He spent 26 years in exile in China, serving various roles in the Provisional Government and collaborating with the Republic of China . During this time, he founded and led
782-763: The Haeju fort in Hwanghae province, but the unit was eventually defeated by government and Japanese forces. A power struggle then occurred, in which Yi Tongyŏp ( 이동엽 ), a fellow rebel, wished to take control of Kim's unit. In December of that year, Yi's unit attacked Kim's and won. Kim managed to escape to the mountainous Monggeumpo. In the meantime, Yi captured and executed Kim's close subordinate Yi Chongsŏn ( 이종선 ). Eventually, Kim buried his comrade and decided to defect. In 1895, Kim defected and joined Royal Army General An T'aehun ( 안태훈 ; 安泰勳 ; 1862–1905). He spent three months in hiding, while recovering from measles and
828-566: The Japanese colonial government on charges of planning to assassinate Terauchi Masatake , the Governor-General of Chōsen . Kim was arrested via his connection to An Myeong-geun [ ko ] , the cousin of An Jung-geun. In total, 105 people were sentenced, leading this incident to be known as the "105-Man Incident". Kim received a sentence of 15 years. He spent two years and six months in Seodaemun Prison , which
874-569: The West. He was deeply impressed by what he read, in spite of the isolationist beliefs he had acquired from his time in the Donghak movement and from Ko. He reportedly then abandoned the idea that Westerners were barbarians, and decided that embracing new ideas would revolutionize Korea. He taught many of his fellow prisoners how to read and write. While he first did this in exchange for favors, he began doing it voluntarily. This helped his standing in
920-411: The end of his presidency in 1960. It won three seats in the 1954 elections , but lost parliamentary representation in the 1958 elections . Kim Koo Inactive or defunct Inactive or defunct Kim Ku ( Korean : 김구 ; August 29, 1876 – June 26, 1949), also known by his art name Paekpŏm , was a Korean politician. He was a leader of the Korean independence movement against
966-406: The father of 12-year-old Kim suffered a stroke that left him paralyzed. Desperate to cure him, Kim's mother sold off all of the family's belongings, including silverware, and left Kim Ku at a relative's house while she took her husband around the province in search of a doctor. Kim paid for his accommodations by cutting and carrying wood during this time. Kim's father eventually somewhat recovered, and
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#17327573816731012-530: The identity of the man are still debated. However, the general consensus is that the man was Tsuchida Josuke ( 土田譲亮 ), a Japanese trader from Tsushima Island , Nagasaki who arrived in Korea in December 1895. Meanwhile, Im Hakkil ( 임학길 ; 林學吉 ), a Korean interpreter, went to Pyongyang and reported the murder to Hirahara Atsumu ( 平原篤武 ) at the Japanese consulate. Hirahara arrived in Ch'ihap'o on March 15, and ordered Kim's arrest. Joseon authorities took
1058-446: The lifestyle, he decided he wanted to leave. In spring of 1899, Kim requested to go study at Geumgang Mountain . His request was approved by the head monk, who gave him rations of grain for his journey. Instead of going to the mountain, Kim slipped away from his fellow monks and reunited with his parents. By May, they made their way to Taebo mountain near Pyongyang . After his return to his home region, Kim visited Ko Nŭng-sŏn, who
1104-481: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Association&oldid=1238390625 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages National Association (South Korea) The National Association ( Korean : 국민회 ; Hanja : 國民會 )
1150-656: The main great power in the region. In a few years, in 1910, Korea would be formally annexed into the Japanese Empire. Shortly after the November 1905 treaty, Kim went to Seoul to participate in protests against the treaty. He and other future leaders of the Korean independence movement such as Yi Dong-nyeong and Yi Tjoune gave speeches at the palace gates Daehanmun of the royal palace Deoksugung . They urged Emperor Gwangmu (formerly "King Gojong") to withdraw from
1196-400: The man's own sword and stab him. Afterwards, Kim announced to other people what he had done, and left a proclamation on a wall that read "I killed this Japanese to avenge the death of our queen. Signed Kim Ch'angsu of T'otkol, Paegunbang, Haeju". Kim inspected the man's possessions, and claimed that they positively identified the man as a Japanese army first lieutenant. The exact events and
1242-559: The official designation of federally chartered banks in the United States See also [ edit ] All pages with titles beginning with National Association All pages with titles containing National Association American Association (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title National Association . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
1288-416: The outbreak of the 1950 Korean War , Kim was assassinated by Korean Lieutenant Ahn Doo-hee . While Kim is mostly celebrated in modern South Korea, he is not without his share of critics. In 1896, Kim murdered a Japanese man whom he believed may have been connected to the Japanese military or even involved in the recent assassination of Empress Myeongseong . The man is generally agreed to be Tsuchida Josuke,
1334-699: The party. In the 1948 elections it won 55 of the 200 seats, emerging as the largest party. The party was subsequently renamed the "National Association". In the 1950 elections it was reduced to 14 seats, finishing third behind the Democratic Nationalist Party and the Korea Nationalist Party . In 1951 Rhee established the Liberal Party . However, the National Association remained extant until
1380-406: The prison, as even guards would ask him for help reading and writing. On March 19, 1898, he and several fellow prisoners successfully broke out of prison. In response, the Japanese arrested Kim's father and held him for a year. He then walked from Seoul through Suwon and Osan , through the southern half of Korea, on a journey of over 800 km (500 mi). In the fall, Kim eventually met
1426-566: The short-lived Korean Empire became a protectorate of Japan, after it was compelled to sign the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905 (also known as the "Eulsa Treaty"). The treaty was the result of Japanese victory in the 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War , the 1905 Taft-Katsura agreement between Japan and the United States, and the 1894–1895 First Sino–Japanese War. The combination of these factors effectively cemented Japan's status as
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1472-547: The superintendent, under pressure from the consulate, suggested by telegram to the Incheon court that Kim be executed promptly. The court responded by saying they should ask King Gojong 's permission. On October 22, 1896, the King read the motivation behind Kim's actions, and did not approve the sentences of Kim and 10 others. Thus, Kim escaped death. In prison, Kim read newly-published translations of history and science books from
1518-440: The time, including major merchants of Incheon, repeatedly petitioned Korean Justice Department officials to pardon him and collected money for his bail. Through processes that he did not fully understand at the time, Kim narrowly avoided an execution. On September 12, 1896, the Japanese consular agent Hagiwara Shuichi ( 萩原守一 ) found Kim guilty of the crime of manslaughter, and recommended execution by beheading. On October 2, 1896,
1564-506: The treaty. However, these protests were dispersed by the Korean authorities. Disheartened, Kim decided that Korea would continue to be stuck in a weak position until its people became smarter and more patriotic. He resolved to commit himself more fully to his educational activities. He returned home and continued teaching. In 1907, Kim joined the New People's Association . He then became the leader of its Hwanghae branch. The organization
1610-566: The way to Tonghua, near the Yalu River , which currently serves as the border between China and North Korea, the two men joined the righteous army commanded by Kim Iyŏn ( 김이언 ; 金利彦 ), who was in the midst of attacking Kanggye fortress. However, the attack failed, and Kim escaped. In February 1896, upon hearing of China's impending loss in the Sino–Japanese War, Kim decided to give up on his trip and return home. He tried to take
1656-553: Was "Chŏng", and that he was from Changyon County . But in Changyon, most civilians had shaved heads due to a grooming order. And he spoke in the Seoul accent, not the Changyon accent. Not being able to speak Korean fluently made him, in my eyes, a Japanese bastard ( 왜놈 ). Looking closer, I could see a sword hidden underneath his robe . When asked where he was going, he said "to Chinnamp'o". I could think of no other reason that someone on
1702-794: Was a political party in South Korea . Syngman Rhee established the Central Committee for the Rapid Realisation of Korean Independence in October 1945, shortly after he had returned from exile. As a result of widespread opposition to the Moscow Conference , the Committee gained the backing of the leaders of the provisional government and several political parties, including the Korea Democratic Party ,
1748-537: Was able to walk on his own, albeit with difficulty. The family then struggled to pay for Kim's school supplies, so his mother worked to afford them by weaving and working as a hired farm hand. In 1892, at the age of 16, Kim took the gwageo but failed. He reportedly witnessed and was frustrated by the elite candidates engaging in cheating and bribes. He quit studying at the seodang and spent three months studying philosophical and military texts on his own and reflecting on his life. In January 1893, Kim joined
1794-401: Was around nine years old, his parents moved to place him in a local seodang (school) in preparation for the gwageo , the demanding civil service examinations that determined placement in government intellectual jobs. However, schools rejected him on the basis of his lower class, so he eventually began his education at age twelve with a tutor that was willing to teach him. In 1888,
1840-472: Was deliberately plain, in contrast to the often intricate names chosen by others. His also-famous art name, "Paekpŏm", follows a similar theme. It literally means "ordinary person". Together, these names reflected Kim's belief that even the most ordinary person could and needed to fight for Korean independence. After his time in Seodaemun, he was transferred to an Incheon prison. As prisoner number 55, Kim
1886-507: Was disappointed to learn that Kim had embraced foreign ideas. Kim decided Ko's ideas were outdated, and left him. Kim returned home, around September or October, and his father died on December 9, 1900. After his father's death, Kim adopted the religion he had once opposed and was baptized as a Protestant Christian in February 1903. In December 1904, he married Ch'oe Chunrye ( 최준례 ; 崔遵禮 ) from Sinchon , Hwanghae Province . He
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1932-471: Was founded in 1906 by Ahn Changho in Los Angeles, California , and was dedicated to the independence of Korea. In 1909, after An Jung-geun assassinated Itō Hirobumi, Kim was arrested and jailed for around a month amongst a wave of arrests in the independence movement. He was eventually released after no evidence linking him to the murder was found. In January 1911, over 700 Koreans were arrested by
1978-589: Was impoverished, poorly educated, and looked down upon by the community. His father belonged to the formerly yangban (upper-class) Andong Kim clan . However, the clan had lost its noble status in 1651, when its member Kim Ja-jeom fell from grace. Ja-jeom's direct descendants became slaves, and the rest of the Andong clan became commoners. At age two, Kim suffered from smallpox , leaving him with scars on his face. His family placed great emphasis on his education in order to have him escape poverty. When he
2024-515: Was previously briefly engaged to two women, including Ch'oe Yŏok ( 최여옥 ; 如玉 ), who died from illness in 1903, and An Sinho, whom he broke the engagement off with in 1903. He and Ch'oe Chunrye had a daughter together in 1906, but the daughter died within a year. He worked as a farmer and started and became principal of several schools. He himself taught various subjects and at various levels, including middle school math. He moved several times for his work during this period. In November 1905,
2070-505: Was released on parole. He wanted to resume teaching, but his status as a political prisoner prevented him from doing so. Instead, he engaged in farming. On March 1, 1919, Kim participated in a nationwide non-violent protest now known as the March First Movement that was violently suppressed by Imperial Japan, resulting in thousands of deaths and tens of thousands of arrests. Kim and many other Korean nationalists soon left
2116-605: Was reunited with his former cellmate from 17 years ago, Mun Chongch'il ( 문종칠 ; 文種七 ). Kim did not end up serving his full sentence in prison. Emperor Meiji died in July 1912, and Empress Shoken in April 1914, which led to successive pardons issued by the Japanese government. His sentence was first reduced to seven years, then a third of his remaining sentence was commuted. He spent the remaining two years of his sentence doing hard labor. In July or August 1915, 39-year-old Kim
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